CHAPTER- 01

STRUTURE )
2Mnaks
G usrie don the electronte
elecnonte tonfiquaaton o
N24

,.CR - t6² 2s22pb3s 3pfus's

24fe*- 182 2s2 2pt3s2apbus' 3q

eDafine 1s0tope wtth Suttabla erample 7

’ 1sctopes at ths atoms ol tha Same element
-the Same atomic number but oibeent may
Dumbery.
Ea nplss :- Hycegen hes thrcee soBops
prcotium (H) Deuterium (H) &
Trdtiun (4)

isotone uftth Suita bla enampe :

’ ls0tones oJe the atoms of the elements havtng

24
12

29
13

32,
an
 6 Marks
4. Exolain Ruther foe's gol Poil erpend ment and stado
ts obse va tton and conclustons.

In qM Ruther Fors gawe the eat ta7orematon abat

the aost Coeect pictuns o an atom. He
bombarck a no. o d- partteles (Hezt tens)
emittg Prom a nato acte mateia ike veantu
thin gol Potl A Chrecular ztne sulphice
(Zns) scresn was providec at tha back ot tho gol
fofl io oncler to rggistor tho tmpeAs fons made
by -parttele.
0BSUE Vafon :and Concluslon : -
’Most ol the a- parrttcle& uont undeal ucte ie they
foyed otraight thraugh the gold fofl msttout ang
clevaton .Thís elecry indteatey that most o< the
part o an atom is empty :
 A Foun to be
oellbcted sAronqly treom thein nbrma mal poth tis
inclieates the presenee heayg ety chorged hedy
tastde the atom Calleol nuclews.
’A very Fee (o.o %) - parteles 7oemec to
uwe
be nacacted trom heire orcigtna) path (ale lection
that the size o nuclous
(80 ) this tndicaes
is veuy Son t . Stze o< atornte nucleus
be p3
Fou to m

State te aic eplain Ruthex for atomic

An to Consist
Nucleus
etra nucloar part
’ Evey atom Censtut o o Smal but heavy
positivaly charge oedy catlec) nuckues
bly
’The whole ms an otom s concentratec
at the nucle.
’ Electrons rcevolve arcoun the nut leuy w
tree onenaus Spegc ke planets rcevol be arounl
Sun hore force tha electrons Qre call ac) as
plangtary electuons .
electrons

nuclees
 The electrostattes Forcu el ccttractons acting in
woe ) betugen the nucleus etectrons isís
balanee by the Centtkugal ferce (acting ut
uobrol ) achsing du to the moton ot electron
electens do ot fall into the nuelaus.
ohy
3 State an enplai Dohr atoe model.
’ In 1913 Niels Bohe on utch Seiantist- propeu
this theery it uswas based
based on 'plank's guantum
anel quantzaton o7 enegy heory
postolates o Bohre's ato nic moclel :
’ Evey atom, Censist o7a heavy posively
ehanged beoly at the Centr&B Ca liec nucles
$ elecrons revolve arcoUndtte nucley fncentag
dettntte Cirecule path Ceatlec shells , orbits oR

Statfonay Stetes:
’ The stationay Stetes olesig natat
K,L,M,N, Cor 4st , 2nl, 2ro,shell
ruspectey
N

principle quantuy unberGo)

Each Shell s awociated uoith a che tain oe kinite
quantity o7 enegy hanee she ls ee
Ca lle ay enerqy uels
’ he energY Content o varcious Shells
Cenplainec by the Poremula
En -2n2 nez2
n2h2
o an elactron
chacge of an eletrcon
z = atomie number
no. ok shll
prineple quantim numbe
h planks Constant
-34

for hyereegen atom

- |312
En KJ /ml
2n eeite State
-328 Ist excited Stte

-3)2

’ The
KJ/mol
enray Cootent Rncceases
louer to Shells > become Zero For the he)
wkich s peeyent at an iaiate istence Freom the
nucleuy.
7 The encxqy tavelu
evels are
a not
not agualy fneed.
’ Theough a lage numbex ok concerntrie Círcles
pasctble arcnund the nucleuy ony thole Cinculare pathy
allowe,foe the elec trcons to eagolve for which
the anqular mormentum value (mvn) fs on ohole umber
that is

h wheen=L2, 3

herte
tangen tai wlocity oy the rovolwing elea
rcadius o the ocbit
he planek's Constant
’ when the eectrons in an aty ae tn their
noemal eneqy State (groun - State),thy Reep
on revolving t their respoc tive orbits wtthot
(osiag enegy
’ appeary in the
Tho enarqy thuy rcaleaeo
foem o bght ohich is the oritn o} spectea)
tines

Enong aborec
enogy enntt
 shate an expain Hund's Rue o marimum mulieioby.
’ t State that "poicing ob electrens do not take place
in the degenercate orbi tals el P.d an -sub shs lls
untl each degenorcate ore bital tn the qven Sub Shell
Contaios ene eloctreon?
Reason -
That elec treons being Pdentcal in charge recpel ach
other whon paese nt in the Same cebital
’his rcepulsion Can ,haver ,be minimized teo
electrcons fasz a povct as possibla oy
by
scupyglng jeant deganexate oeikt.
B Z5)

(Z=)

0 (Z=8)

( Explaig Bohe- Suny

Buny scheme
’ Pohr -bure Scheme deols wth the anzangaant o
electrons in Vercious Shells various postula tes Ob the
Scheme are.
1. A Shell Can Contai, Kimum n² no.
electreons in oLs She lls youcoous postulates o
various
the Schem axe
Shell reimum n0. o eleton n2
x12 2
2. 2 %22 = 2
2 X3218
2 Xt g2.
2. The outer most Shell (valonce Shell ) o on olement
Cannot hold mora than 'g elecrons.
3. The penultimate Shall (tto Shell Just bione tha wter
most shell ) annot hol more thon 18 alecrons.
A hiahex orkit rmay Shoet itag baorca the lsucer
onbit is
Complstzly Ftled. Arange ments o
electres ta dik7erant oebits of Sore eliments
accoediag to the Bohre- Buey Schome fs
Eleconc
Eements
k- Shell L-&hel hell N-Shel!

He 2

2 2
sB 2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
nk
2
2
2Se 2 9 2
 CHAPTER - 2

CHEMICAL BONDING
2 Macks
kine Co- onclinate bond.
9 Da by the prrtta
he ck chamica bonel toemec
donation and partta Shortng a lone pair o7
atong s calle a co-oncinate
electrons b/o toe toms
datie bone Condiions foe the formation o
Coesfnate dative bond
’ One o the parfcipatiaq atoos
atoms Should hae at
(ast one (one or unsharecy pecin od electrons
’Tke othex. actom Shoul be in horct o a poairc
o< electrons than the nearest fnset
5 Maaks
@ Defne eleetova lont bono Explatn the Porma tion
nacl and
’ Focmoton. o< Nacl
Na- |s2 2s-2pb3s'
acl- ts 2s°2p'2s2 8ps
,Na e >Nat.
(2,8,1) (2,8) electreo state

19 cl+ e Nacl
(2, 8,4) 2,8,8)
(Pormation oe Nacl )
+

Aodium A ehlocede A Soiun A chlorctde

atom + atton + anion
N atom
 Nat,': [Na] +
elechon treontkex gorm
Soclium to ch lorona
for ma ton o Mgcle
1s- 25°2p2s2
1s 2s*2p3s
-22 -Mg 2t
(2,8,2) (28)

2 +2e 2c gele
(2 8,+)
he electrcestatie force o. attracton betucen
Calcium anol chlorbde tons rcesult in the
foaton o mgele 2+

CQ 2,8,8)
Deting Covalet bon . Explain the fomation
) Ha0, CHy NHa molacue
’ Covalent kon e chemfea bonel foreme y
-he riutua (egual) Shaning ol alanee alee trons
betosei tuo atoms is caled ovelant bonc an
the
Ca ltee Covalent boro.
 foc matn o H,0 molocule
elec tronfc Conlqun ation o'
The

) H Slogls Covalat
bono
XH y0- H
wcter
( ) (2 6) C
molsculs
(for motion oh H,0 molcule )

H
for macton o methane cHs) moleeule
The electro nic Contiqurcaton of e ae
c - 1s2 2s22p²

H C H

(forrnaion o cHy molacule )

foa enaton o) ammenio (NH2) molecule
The elochrconic Con hiqurati en ol

H
Pyrcamiola
(For maton o NHg moleulo )
 CHAPTER -03
ACID 2ASE AND SALT
2Maxks
) what you
do you mean by neu trali za fon reac+fon
Give an
’ Acconctng to Arrh¡nhes theory acf react with
basey to forzm Sa lt and cate Thss pe e rceac tog
Is alle netea i za tog neaton
Neutka lizatog betoren a strong aci an a strong
base to foen a Simple 0orma Salt . t's
Or

a9uebuy
gustus Solutiog has
has a pH o< about anol is nautal.

what ote tho Consugat aciol an base ol Hg0 )

Conju, gte aciol o Ha0’ Hot
Conju gade base o Hs0
3 Datine miked Salt an Complen Satt uotth Sutabe
exampls ?
These Qve the Salts wléch gwe
eithe more than one caton or
tn aqueouy Soluton
Calocl)cl
Examples :- sleachbng
Sleaching pooder
potasum sulphat aKsoy te
Ca (oce ) ce
NaRs04
Compleg Sa4 mnleculor aifon
Compoun)s obtinc)
cbtin by the Combiraton o tomte

Coludog , Such e(4s do not qve tests o

ConsHtuont ons in agtus Solu fon.
a he

other exampl :. Ka [fe (enN))

etc
baic salte.
Detine with example a achoic an
’ Aciolic Salt i- The Soa lt obtaina by the patia
replacment ore ne placable yargen atoms ol an acio by
metel atorm is alleo an actolic at
Ex:- Na HSO, , KHSO, et
’ Basíc Sal4 :- Tee the Sal+s obtein8 bq
the fncomplete neutnaliza on o poly ackdre ses Such
Solts Contio onR or more OH' groups
Ex:- Ca (OH)cl, g(oH) ete
5 Mark
ODe tine and plaig -Areehentur thorty o< acie
’ Aconcdtag to thós theorty acfs are
fons (peotens) whtlo ha prorluce

HD

CH3600H
 Ex - Baye
NaOH Nat + DH
LiOH Lt + OH
Ht
+ NH NH4
(Aeid) (Pse )
liitaionsi
i Ht ion cloes not enkst ia aqueow 8outton
H* + H0
H,o H2 ot

to explig nature of the Substance

)
ijo feils to exptai, tn act dic natoe o< the Subskanc
URe Co2 S0, SS02 P, or etc
iyo Pails to expoig bastc nature oo< the substouee

explata neutralizaton &blo Bome ouciolic

And bruic sub stenee wtch olo not
procuee wcter
HC. t NH
Drte an euplain laot 's thory o acel an bas
’ Accondtng losts theory "Acids ae the Substenees
(molocules Jfoni) ohich can acrept a paie
poik ol electrons gomm
any erther Substances ,whilo boses ane tho Substaes
(molscules ons ) which Can aoate pir ol electrons
to any other ybttnce .')

accs ae elec tront ptors hole

elacton olonors .
 Exsmpus o4 aci
i Catons liKe : CH,+ , Ht,ete
K Neutral moecules Con teintng elec tron dechnt atom

Sf , s1clu ,ete

NHe, PH, , H0 et
Silat fcatyres ;
P Aecordtaa to Thís thesny an acid reactt aotth
a base form a Coco -brdfate or afiue bonol.

Os a aatie bona Coorinatt

one pair ob
elecfrons
XN
N

hyorsgen
fon
Ommonam
fon

bases ae Luc bases hila

is nd aloay tree
 CHAPTER-4
Solutons
2. Maxks

The Solution orttning 4,gn mols o the oute

Pen 8ter Soluton is calle a'mola Soutton '.
EX:-The Soltton Cortairiag s6sgm gm

per LBter ol Soltog %calles| molae Souton

(2) wkat is a noemal souton 9
’ ihe Soluton Contating 4gm equi valant o< the Solute
per titer ol Solaton on the sSolutton hatng nornalt
a normo

pr Soetion is
Calle normal Solutog.
atie pH what fs the

’the pt o a Sdution mey be olaiae as'the nggatie

eoncentration ia nolas/Bter
molariy
’ 0 to 4 en the pH scoe
the vau o pH rangiag trtom o to 4 en pHSca
Knbuon ay baie &outoos .
 o Dettae molacty ucl normabty 4gm laOH 1s presnt
ta
in 2 6toes o ts Souton , caleulate the
the molanity and
’ Molaei ty o a Solutton moy be oeined as "the
numb gam mole o7 the ote pruLent pe Gter
oltfon,
’Nerma ity e< a Solutton my be o tnec
number o aram 2quiveleat o ths Sote praent pe
(8tex ol Solutio
’ w
8gm
vml

nelaiy

Noronmaty EX TDVMR
 peesant
Caleulate the molarlty an noe ma loty ol tho SoltHo

E49

4s X 1b00

245

Norma lity: Ex Voml

24
O"02s
49x 2X \00
3) so0 ml o an aqueous olton Contains29.7S gm
cacl2 caleulate molaty ano noamatty o the Solut
 7
2

rm

a
DH
present
 2
2H

(2 xo-DI )

pH - -lgg (2410 )
Aa the p 0-0| M gloHe) Sola Hon.

(B what is the mpotaee o p# tn tenetncleteg

’ In al
used, balaneiag ete pH the solutog is primany "pH
Control s critoa koR a um br o teacons.
p
depuclend."he omeunt chenians kguined jore a gie
proccus is directy olate to the pH. Tu Solubilbty
otth
Subseueed Such ay yes and fnputtes, vagy w
pH. he Conn osive onol Sealtay potentia ) o%proczain9
outtons
 CHAPTER-S

2 Marks Electochenistrey
ODefine electroyte Give an
eletnalyte
"he ckemtce) Su bttaneed wkich allho plectnicity to
pas thrcough thir molten fuscd or Soton state
Calecd electaolytes
EX!- weak electreyte cHgcoOH, HCO0 H, (CooH)
steong electra lyte:- Hel HNOg. Haso4 ete
State ane) eplain faracay's 2n lano
electoligis
’ The tao may be stactec) as" hen te Same quantity
y electrídty s poued thragh dikeent elec ireeytes
at vouiouy electredei irecty proporctonal to
ein equ'valont masses (E) .
nataeally |wQE
3) what ís Galvonizahog 9
Coatiag e zinc
frcon wtth aa vteo to prrotect it trom ustg
is Calles Galantzation.
5 Macks
ODegine
Deftoe electroyss . Erplain the paocs oy electuges
o4 malten la.

electroyte hg the pamoge o electráeity through the

molton fuse Sobetton ate is calle electolysis.
Electreolysis o melten Nacl:
olten Nacl enefst n the onie torcn Nat

grate soasaeds he aoe Durgisg electralgai s tha

elacteoks.
foltaoing ehanges take placa at aijeront
At Anoe
cl (priary change )
change )
Na+e ’ Na (primany chong )
Thes electroly sis molten Nacl bratey dhtbrine
y at the anoelez ohile matatlie Soolium at the
catthode
Define farolag's eleetrolysis . tHo
any grame o s'lver wll be depositeo oy the
patang 50 Ayp Currant thraugh Sher
ntrate Soutton kore 30 minutes 9
’ t stetes that "durdag he
tha procey } eecrays
ammunt o Substonees (w) olepasteo ore Gbete
at tho electroce fs olirectby preopotona) to the

elecirayte
where W Amount o Substanee in gam
Q Quan tthy oF elac tricoty or cha nge in
Quantty
Coulumb
I Curcent n amperu
tomR

z - Electnoahemfea egunalent (ECE)·

 CHAPTER-6
2. Marks Corrosion
O what fs atmosphexic conrosfon 2
’ he preces o developrrant o unleeiaa be
Substarees wsualy endde over the Bunaca o a meta!
bhen erpocecl to atmosphere ts callaed atro sçlerie
Corresion

Tarníshing a silver

bronze
what is uOateline Correosi on 9
type ob Corercaston oceuwes olue to d'}osial
0ygen eoncontten above an batoo the leve) o
boater swhen ectex is store tn aa Stea! tanlk t
is noegd that Cornosion oc
jut be lo the love) o uoate he ContertrcatHo
in the above tha coatr Une
and henca the area is calad cathooe
part. Tka areD jst beloo ho unter Line is Calleo
avocic part as thes part fs
Thés Seen tn Ships,uete
n Expain ths merhansm o7 ustag o fron,
2fe2+ 4 4oH4 H,0 +0)

20H
Fe
(CRUsT)H Hyb4 2e
ANDI CATHOS
AREA AREA

Mechanicm oy rugtng o icon

pur ion cloes not rust
HouverLver Cormy2ial forrom ok teon behaves
GKe a toy electric cell tn praseinca ok water
Contaising lis .ygen and acidie Sob shnees

At anocle outs cniolizec) tn to fenous ino

2 fe > 2ett 4e
-u electnons thus Forcrnael rjorate teucarol the
Cathede
he cathelie pert , tha electrons Cobe ith
rs'hyes anc fcolves enyen to form hyoy ioAS.
, 0 + 042e
tez* 1ons andl on ons thon
biagen anol fe2t fons ae
*idzic irto fet Pons . hese fesic fong