Arya College of Engineering & IT.

Kukas, Jaipur
Topic Name –Energy Basics

Subject Name – Energy Management, 8th Sem. B.Tech.

Final Year, Unit – 2nd
Prepared by
Abhishek Kumar Chopra
Electrical Department
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
ENERGY BASICS
Energy is the ability to do work and work is the transfer of energy from one
form to another. In practical terms, energy is what we use to manipulate the
world around us, whether by exciting our muscles, by using electricity, or by
using mechanical devices such as automobiles. Energy comes in different forms
- heat (thermal), light (radiant), mechanical, electrical, chemical, and nuclear
energy.

Various Forms of Energy

There are two types of energy - stored (potential) energy and working (kinetic)
energy. For example, the food we eat contains chemical energy, and our body
stores this energy until we release it when we work or play.
 Arya College of Engineering & IT.
Kukas, Jaipur
Potential Energy: Potential energy is stored energy and the energy of position
(gravitational). It exists in various forms.
Chemical Energy: Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and
molecules. Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, propane and coal are examples of
stored chemical energy.
Nuclear Energy : Nuclear energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom -
the energy that holds the nucleus together. The nucleus of a uranium atom is an
example of nuclear energy.
Stored Mechanical Energy: Stored mechanical energy is energy stored in objects
by the application of a force. Compressed springs and stretched rubber bands are
examples of stored mechanical energy.
Gravitational Energy: Gravitational energy is the energy of place or position.
Water in a reservoir behind a hydropower dam is an example of gravitational
energy.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur

ENERGY DEMAND MANAGEMENT

Demand side management (DSM) has been traditionally seen as a means of reducing
peak electricity demand so that utilities can delay building further capacity. In fact,
by reducing the overall load on an electricity network, DSM has various beneficial
effects, including mitigating electrical system emergencies, reducing the number of
blackouts and increasing system reliability. Possible benefits can also include
reducing dependency on expensive imports of fuel, reducing energy prices, and
reducing harmful emissions to the environment. Finally, DSM has a major role to play
in deferring high investments in generation, transmission and distribution networks.
When DSM is applied to the consumption of energy in general—not just electricity
but fuels of all types—it can also bring significant cost benefits to energy users (and
corresponding reductions in emissions). Opportunities for reducing energy demand
are numerous in all sectors and many are low-cost, or even no-cost, items that most
enterprises or individuals could adopt in the short term, if good energy management
is practiced.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Concept of DSM
Cost reduction – many DSM and energy efficiency efforts have been
introduced in the context of integrated resource planning and aimed at
reducing total costs of meeting energy demand; Environmental and social
improvement - energy efficiency and DSM may be pursued to achieve
environmental and/or social goals by reducing energy use, leading to reduced
green house gas emissions;

Reliability and network issues – verting problems in the electricity network

through reducing demand in ways which maintain system reliability in the
immediate term and over the longer term defer the need for network
augmentation; Improved markets - short-term responses to electricity market
conditions (“demand response”), particularly by reducing load during periods
of high market prices caused by reduced generation or network capacity.
Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur

Energy Conservation
It is the term used for reducing the consumption through using less
energy service. Energy conservation is not about making limited
resources last longer, but it is a process of doing nothing more than
delaying a crisis until we finally run out of all our energy resources.
Conservation is the process of reducing demand on a limited supply (for
example natural gas) and ensuring that the demand is met by alternative
means of supply. Most of the times the best way to do this is to replace
the existing energy used with an alternate one. Energy Conservation is all
about using energy only when it is required and using it as much as
needed for the job and not wasting any amount of it. It requires a
conscious effort from the user of energy to make sure that there is no
wastage on a regular basis.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
1. Using Smart Grids: these grids improve efficiency by using technology to optimize
the production and distribution. Through a combination of distributed resources,
interactive technologies, renewable energy, two-way communications, and dynamic
utilization, they provide businesses and consumers with information that allows
them to alter their consumption based on supply, demand, and pricing. That
improves the reliability and flexibility of energy use.
2. Installing CFL lights: trying to replace the incandescent bulbs with CFL lights. CFL
bulbs cost more upfront but last 12 times longer than the regular bulbs and will not
only save energy but over time it is cost effective.
3. Using maximum daylight: turning off the lights during the day and using daylight
as much as possible will reduce the burden on the local power grid and will save a
good amount of money in the long run.
4. Getting the energy audit done: one of the primary ways to reduce energy usage
is to conduct an energy audit. It is mostly done by a panel of trained professionals
for analysing the energy use and flow for energy in a building,
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur

5. Building technologies and smart meters allow the energy users, both
business and residential to see graphically the impact their energy use can
have in their workplace. Advance real time metering allows people to save and
conserve energy by their actions.
6. Energy Tax: Some countries employ energy or carbon taxes to motivate the
energy users to reduce their consumption. Carbon taxes allows consumptions
to alter. Nuclear and other alternative methods of energy can help reduce
environmental impacts. Taxes on all energy consumption helps reduce energy
use across the board, while reducing the environmental consequences arising
from energy production.
7. Switching off the electric appliances when not in use.
8. Drive less, walk more and carpooling: is yet another way of conserving
energy. This will not only reduce the carbon footprint but will also keep us
healthy
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Importance of Energy Conservation
Energy conservation plays a significant role of lessening climate change. It helps
the replacement of non-renewable resources with renewable energy. Energy
conservation is often the most inexpensive solution to energy shortages, and it
is more environmentally kind alternative to increased energy production.
Since, we have limited quantity of non-renewable energy resources available on
earth, it is very important to preserve energy from our current supply or to
utilize renewable resources so that it is also available to our future generations.
Energy conservation plays a very important role because utilization of non-
renewable resources also impacts our environment. Specially, usage of fossil
fuels supplies to air and water pollution such as carbon dioxide is produced
when oil, coal and gas combust in power stations, heating systems, and engines
of car.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Energy Resource Development
The recent sharp increases in the prices of oil, natural gas, uranium and coal
underline the importance for all countries to focus on development of
alternative energy resources. For developing countries, these price increases can
have ruinous economic consequences; for many countries already plagued by
poverty this means a choice between fuel and food, health care, education and
other essentials. Renewable energy resources need priority because: 1) the
overwhelming scientific evidence that anthropological emissions of greenhouse
gases from carbon combustion threaten catastrophic results from rapid climate
change; 2) the severe health and environmental consequences from fossil fuel
combustion being experienced in every major developing country city; and 3)
the high cost, environmental damages and security threats of nuclear power.
Renewable resources covered here include: electricity produced from the light
of the sun via photovoltaic cells on individual buildings or for communities of
buildings, or for the production of central station .
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Nuclear energy at any rate is not renewable because of the limits on supply of uranium
unless reprocessing of spent fuel is utilized, an even more prohibitively expensive and
technologically challenging option for developing countries. Reprocessing is a
technology that is particularly vulnerable to proliferation because of its resulting
plutonium that can readily be used in weapons and is virtually detection-proof. Waste-
to-energy power from trash incineration is excluded because it is so highly polluting and
because recycling options for wastes are so much cleaner and more economic. Large
hydroelectric dams also are excluded because of their expense, their unreliability
because of vulnerability to droughts as recently demonstrated in Brazil and the west
coast of the United States, because of their potential hazard in breaching, and because
of their environmental damages both from flooding large areas of productive and often
populated lands and their carbon dioxide releases from decaying vegetation in their
reservoirs, particularly in shallow reservoirs
SOLAR Solar energy presents great development opportunities in developing countries,
particularly since most of them are in the Sun Belt. Solar photovoltaic energy is uniquely
useful in rural areas unnerved by electric grids to provide basic services such as
refrigeration, irrigation, communications and lighting.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Energy for Sustainable Development
Energy sustainability is becoming a global necessity, given the pervasive use energy
resources globally, the impacts on the environment of energy processes and their reach
beyond local to regional and global domains, and the increasing globalization of the
world’s economy. Energy is directly linked to the broader concept of sustainability and
affects most of civilization. That is particularly evident since energy resources drive much
if not most of the world’s economic activity, in virtually all economic sectors, e.g.,
industry, transportation, residential, commercial. Also, energy resources, whether
carbon-based or renewable, are obtained from the environment, and wastes from
energy processes (production, transport, storage, utilization) are typically released to the
environment. Finally, the services provided by energy allow for good living standards,
and often support social stability as well as cultural and social development. Given the
intimate ties between energy and the key components of sustainable development, the
attainment of energy sustainability is being increasingly recognized as a critical aspect of
achieving sustainable development.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur

the concept of energy sustainability is simply the application of the general definitions of
sustainability to energy. In other ways, energy sustainability is more complex and
involved. Energy sustainability involves the provision of energy services in a sustainable
manner, which in turn necessitates that energy services be provided for all people in
ways that, now and in the future, are sufficient to provide basic necessities, affordable,
not detrimental to the environment, and acceptable to communities and people.
The connection between energy, the environment and sustainable development is worth
highlighting. Energy supply and use are related to climate change as well as such
environmental concerns as air pollution, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and
emissions of radioactive substances.
These issues must be addressed if society is to develop while maintaining a healthy and
clean environment, especially since the future will be negatively impacted if people and
societies continue to degrade the environment.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Approach to Energy Sustainability
There are several distinct components to the manner in which energy resources can be
used sustainably in society, each of which is a requirement for energy sustainability. In
the following sections, each of these aspects of energy sustainability is described and
examined.
Harness Sustainable Energy Sources .
The requirements for energy services need to be satisfied, and sustainable energy
sources need to be utilized for that objective. This will be a particularly challenging task
as the use of energy resources increases with increasing populations and living
standards, especially as developing countries become more industrialized and affluent.
Renewable energy includes solar radiation incident on the earth, and energy forms that
result from that radiation, as well as energy from such other natural forces as gravitation
and the rotation of the earth. Solar radiation, which is incident on the Earth at 20,000
times the global energy-use rate, can be collected as heat or concentrated to high-
temperature heat or converted directly to electricity in photovoltaic devices. Several
other renewable energy types stem from solar radiation.
 Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur
Utilize Sustainable Energy Carriers
Utilizing sustainable energy carriers usually implies the conversion of
sustainable energy sources into appropriate energy carriers. The range of
energy carriers is diverse. Material energy carriers include secondary
chemical fuels, ranging from such conventional ones as oil products(e.g.,
gasoline, diesel fuel, naphtha), coal products (e.g., coke) and synthetic
gaseous fuels (e.g., coal gasification products), to non-conventional
chemical fuels like hydrogen, methanol and ammonia. Thermal energy can
be either heat (or a heated medium such as hot air, steam and exhaust
gases) or cold (or a cooled medium such as cold brine and ice), and can be
transported via district energy systems. For example, buildings in some
cities are connected by pipes through which hot water or steam flows to
provide space and water heating, while district cooling uses a piping
network to provide cooling.
Arya College of Engineering &
IT. Kukas, Jaipur

Thank You