SCHEME OF WORK FIRST TERM

 COMPUTER NETWORK AND NETWORKING

 NEWORK CATEGORY BASED ON SCALE, COVERAGE AND SCOPE (TYPE)
 NEWORK CATEGORY BASED ON TOPOLOGY
 NEWORK CATEGORY BASED ON FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP
 INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB(WWW)
 WEBSITE NAVIGATING
 PROTOCOLS
 NETWORK CABLES
 COMPUTER CABLES
 DATA BASE
 COMPUTER GRAPHICS

COMPUTER NETWORK
It is a group of two or more computer Systems linked together to share available resources
and data.
OR
A connection of computer and other peripheral devices interconnected by
communication channels that allow sharing of available resources and information.

NETWORKING is the process or act of using computer network equipment or

devices to connect or link computers in a network.

BASIC COMPUTER NETWORK COMPONENTS (NETWORK DEVICES)

These are hardware components used to connect computer and other electronic devices in a
network so that they can share data from one device to another.

1. SERVER: A dedicated computer that holds and shares files and provides access to other
computers in a network.
2. CLIENTS: They are computers that accesses the service made available by the server in a
network.
3. TRANSMISSISON MEDIA: A channel through which data is been transferred in a
network from one device to another. OR
Transmission media is a pathway that carries data from sender to receiver. OR

Transmission media is a material used as a communication channel in a computer system .It

is divided into two.

a.WIRED OR GUIDED MEDIA OR BOND TRANSMISSION MEDIA: These are cables

that have physical existence and are limited by the physical geography. examples coaxial,
fiber optic, twisted pair cables etc.
b.WIRELESS OR UNGUIDED MEDIA OR UNBOUND TRANSMISSION MEDIA These
are ways of transmitting information without using any physical cable. Examples; Bluetooth
communication, Infrared communication, Microwave communication, Radio wave
communication, Satellite communication, xender, flash share Wireless Fidelity etc.
 COMMUNICATION
MEDIA

Weird /guided
Wireless/unguided

Optic fiber Coaxial cable

Twisted pair Micro wave
Radio waves Infrared

4. HUB: It is a networking device that is rectangular in shape with ports used to connect
computers and other networking devices physically together. It receives data but broadcast
it to all the computers in a network, because it is not aware of the destination, address or
source of the data.

5. SWITCHES: It is a network device that looks like the hub but with more advanced
features. Unlike the hub, the switch knows the source, address and the destination of each
data and delivers only to the connected device intended rather than broadcast it. It does so
by having an inbuilt learning of the Media Access Control (MAC) address of the device
connected to it. It is also called switching hub or bridging hub or MAC Bridge.

6. BRIDGES: Is a network device that connects two LAN into a large logical LAN or two
segments of the same LAN that uses the same protocol. It operates in the data link layer of
the OSI (Open System Interconnection model), it acts as a traffic director in LAN and other
network. It has the ability to filter data from traffic either incoming or outgoing.

7. ROUTERS: Is a network device that provides a platform for internetworking in a

network. It operates in the network layer of OSI. It sends and receives packets over a
network using logical address.it can be connected in either wired or wireless. It is divided
into two the Broadband router which is open to anyone and the wireless router which is
secured with IP address and password

8. NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC): Also known as network card, Network

interface controller, Network adapter, LAN adapter and physical Network interface. It is a
hardware device that connects a computer with a network. It is installed on the mother board
for developing a physical connection between the network and the computer. It is a circuit
board or card that translates computer data into electrical signals and sends to the network
via Nic.it is divided into internal network card and external network card.
9. MODEMS: MODULATE DEMODULATOR: It is a network device that converts digital
into analog signals a process called modulation via phone lines while converting form
digital to analog is called demodulation. Its configuration can be either internal, external or
wireless.

10. REPEATER: This type of network device found in the physical layer of OSI model that
regenerates signals. it receives data and sends it to the receiver at a long distance by
evaluating the data sent with the aim of achieving the main sender’s intention.

11. BROUTERS: It is the combination of the bridge and router. It filters some data into the
local network devices used to connect to multiple networks.

12. GATEWAYS: It is a network device that acts as a gate within two network. It can be a
router, firewall, server or any network device that enables traffic to flow in and out of a
network unlike bridge, gateway is used to connect dissimilar network, therefore; it can
receive data from outside a network and translate it to the format of the internal network.

CLASSIFICATION OR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

There are three categories of network they are;
1. Network based on scale or coverage or scope (Type)
2. Network based on functional relationship
3. Network based on topology

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SCALE,SCOPE OR COVERAGE (TYPES)

1.LAN: (Local Area Network) Is a computer network that covers a particular area in the
same building for sharing hardware devices.it is built with network devices that do not
involve heavy routing.

TYPES OF LAN PROTOCOL

These are protocols that delivers data within a short distance, they are:

a. ARCNET:(Attached Resource Computer Network): it is the oldest, cheapest and simplest

form of LAN. It was designed for office automation and task in 1970 by john Murphy but
was introduced by Datapoint Corpoation in 1977 and became popular in 1980.It uses star
topology, coaxial or twisted pair cable with speed of 2.5mbps, it could handle up to 255
nodes per network. In 1992 a new version known as ARCNET plus known as fast ARCNET
was developed with speed of 100mbps and it uses fiber optic cables.
b. LOCALTALK: is a LAN network that was developed by apple computer Inc for
mackintosh computers. it uses a method called (CSMA\CA) carrier sense Multiple
Access/Collision avoidance similar to CSMA \ CD except that it sends signals to avoid
collision, it allows peer to-peer network. It uses linear bus, star or tree topology, twisted
cables with speed of 230kbps or 23mbps.It has a very low speed. The introduction of
Ethernet in the early 1990s quickly made LocalTalk an obsolete networking medium. PCs
produced by Apple’s competitors only supported the now familiar Ethernet standard with its
10 Mbps transfer speed. Apple itself ditched Local Talk with the release of the iMac in
1998. A few LocalTalk-to-Ethernet converters were made to allow older devices, mainly
printers, to work on the newer networks. However, today LocalTalk is all buy extinct
c. TOKEN RING: It is a type of network which uses the ring topology model that resides at
the data link layer (DLL) of the open system interconnection model (OSI MODEL). It uses
three-byte frame that is called TOKEN to travel around the ring. It was developed by IBM
in the 80”s .It uses ring topology, twisted pair on fiber optic cable with speed of 4mbps to
16mbps in data transfer. It is slow in data transfer because of the token passing during data
transfer.
d. ETHERNET: Is a type of LAN network that was developed by Robert Metcalfe of Xerox
company and Intel in collaboration with IBM in 1980 .It uses a method called CSMA\CD
(carrier sense multiple access\ collision detection) to carry data and to detect when there is
collision in data transfer. It is the most widely used network because its communication
happens on the same wire. It divides its data into frames where each frame contains; source
destination, address, and error checking data. It uses liner bus topologies, coaxial, fiber optic
, and twisted pair cables with speed of 10mbps .It has fast Ethernet and lately 1Gigabit
Ethernet as its latest development in 1999 with speed of 100mbps and 1000BaseTx of
copper and fiber optic which is of high speed also is not expensive and easy to maintain .
e. FDDI :( Fiber distributed data interface): it is a network for two or more LAN over a long
distance. Its access method is token passing and dual ring physical topology (whereby
communication continues if one of the rings has problem) .It uses fiber optic cable, dual
ring topology and speed of 100mbps.
2.PAN: (Personal Area Network) Is a computer network used by an individual workspace to
communicate among its computer devices with a range of 10 meters. Probably the most
well-known PAN technology is Bluetooth connection.
3.MAN: (Metropolitan Area Network) Is a computer network for a city. It covers a large
area than LAN. Eg cable tv.

4.WAN: Is a computer network that covers the globe or a computer that covers a wide
geographical area. It was developed by Thomas Marill and Lawrence G. Roberts in 1965. It
uses telephone lines and radio waves to transfer data. Eg internet

TYPES OF WAN PROTOCOL

These are protocols that delivers data within a short distance, they are:

a.ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode): is a network that transmits data in small packets of
size while others transfer at variable length packets. It is used to interconnect two or more
LAN. It uses Internet Service provider (ISP) to utilize its high speed access. It supports
media transfer such as CDs, video and imagining. It uses twisted pair and fiber optic cable,
tree, star, and linear bus topology and speed of 155mbps or more.

b. Frame Relay and X.25 are similar in that they are both packet-switching technologies for
sending data over large distances. Frame Relay is newer and faster, whereas X.25 delivers
data more reliably.
c. Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a protocol that is used to transmit data for other protocols
over mediums that they would not normally support, such as sending the Internet Protocol
(IP), over serial lines.
d. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a method of combining multiple dial-up
lines on a public telephone network into a single data stream.
e. MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a combination od ATM and Frame Relay.
5. CAN: (Campus Area Network) also known as Cluster, Controller or Corporate Area
Network; Is a computer network that is made of interconnections of LAN with a small
geographical area. It is used in universities. It covers buildings which are close to each
other.
6. WLAN: (Wireless LAN) it can also be called Local Area Wireless Network (LAWN) Is a
LAN network that provides access to internet. A computer network that covers a limited
area. It uses wireless network like WIFI, therefore it does not require cables when you’re
using WiFi, you’re using a WLAN. Most of the WIRELESS PROTOCOLS in use today
are based on the 802.11 standard and are differentiated by the letter appearing after the
number. The four main protocols are "802.11a," "802.11b," "802.11g" and "802.11n."
802.11a" is designed to carry data over shorter distances at higher speeds of up to
52Mbps.
"802.11b" does the opposite, operating at lower speeds of up to only 11Mbps but
with higher reliability at longer distances and with more obstructing objects in the
environment.
"802.11g" combines the best of the previous two protocols, operating at up to
54Mbps over longer distances.
"802.11n" is the latest wireless protocol to be released. It can operate at speeds of
greater than 150Mbps over longer distances than the other protocols.

7. SAN: (Storage Area Network) is a computer network that allows storage devices to
connect and share data with the server.
8.HAN (Home Area Network) is a type of network used in our homes to share data for more
than two computers ..

9. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) it is a network that protects your data

from hackers in a network. VPN network increases security and privacy while accessing a
network. The VPN acts as a middleman between you and the network by encrypting your
data and hiding your identity. This is a great option for sending and receiving sensitive
information, however, using a VPN is ideal anytime you connect to the Internet. Anytime
you’re on a public network, you run the risk of being targeted by a hacker, so using a VPN
is your best bet at ensuring your cyber security.

10. Enterprise Private Network (EPN) is a custom-design network, built and operated by a
business to share company resources. It connects a company’s offices across different
geographic regions and is optimized to ensure that bandwidth-centric applications run
smoothly without burdening the network.

11. Desk Area Network (DAN) is a workstation with multimedia capabilities that
uses ATM interconnect .A workstation is a computer that is specially designed for
scientific or technical applications. Workstations provide higher performance than personal
computers and have better multitasking, memory and graphics capabilities.
12. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN) is a significant upgrade from copper
cables, replacing them with fiber-optic telecommunications technology that uses optical
splitters to split and combine upstream and downstream signals that are eventually sent on a
strand of single-mode fiber.
The fiber bandwidth is divided among different access points and the use of wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) enables bi-directional communication that reduces the
number of copper cables.

NOTE: (WIFI) WIRELESS FIDELITY’’. Is a faculty that allows computers, smart phones
and other devices to connect to the internet or communicate with each other or one another
wirelessly within a particular area.

Factors for choosing a network

1. Cost
2. Purpose
3. Availability
4. scalability

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP

1. PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) NETWORK CONNECTION: Is an architectural design of a

computer network that shares information equally where nobody where nobody is the
master. It was developed in the 60’s and later in May 1998/99. An American
computer programmer SHAWN FANNING who was born on Nov. 22. 1980 (he was
a drop out) developed a program called NAPSTER which uses p2p to share data.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Easy to install Prone to virus
Easy to establish Hard to maintain
Fast movement of files No central point of storage
2 .CLIENT- SERVER NETWORK CONNECTIONS: It is an architectural design of
computer network that receives information from the server and distribute to the clients. It
was developed by Howard Sturgis, James Mitchell and Jay Israel of Xerox Company in
1978. In this network the server serves as the master while the other computers in the
network serves as the slaves, because information passes from the server to the client. It is
mainly used in World Wide Web, E-mail etc.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
It is very secured It requires professional administration
It has centralized back up It is more hardware intensive
It is very reliable It is more software intensive

CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK BASED ON TOPOLOGY

Network topology is the physical arrangement of computer in a network. They are Bus,
Ring, Mesh, Tree, Star and Hybrid.

1. BUS: Is a type of topology that has two end points and its data travels in a single line
or common transmission media known as a Backbone or trunk. But when the endpoint has
more than one endpoint it is called distributed bus topology while the formal can be called
Linear Bus Topology.

End point

NODE BACK BONE OR DISTRIBUTED BUS

TRUNK

ADVANTAGES

1. Easy to setup
2. Best suited for small network
3. Low cost.
DISADVANTAGES
1.) Heavily dependent on the central bus
2.) Not easy to isolate faulty system
3.) All the computers in the network sees all the data been transmitted.
 4.) Limited cable length.

2.) STAR: Is a type of network topology where all the nodes are connected to its center
called HUB. The hub acts as a signal repeater because it receives data and transmits it to the
nod it has the information. But distributed star is formed by the interconnection of two or
more individual star in linear form with no particular Hierarchy.

HUB

NODE

STAR TOPOLOGY DISTRIBUTED STAR

ADVANTAGES

1.) Easy to detect faulty system.

2.) Data goes to the node from the node.
3.) Adding and removal of node is easy

DISDVANTAGES

1.) Functionality depends on the HUB.

2.) Number of the nodes depends on the capacity of the HUB
3.) High cost.

3.) RING: Is a network topology where each node is connected to two other nodes forming
a ring closed loop. Data travels in a ring from one node to the other until it gets to its
destination. But in dual ring, the nodes are connected with two different rings whereby one
goes clockwise and the other anticlockwise. Though the rings are independent on each other
in data flow. If one ring fails, the other serves as its backup.

ADVANTAGES

1. No central server is required

2. Low cost than star
3. High-speed data transfer
4. Easy to identify
5. Adding and removal of node is easy

DISADVANTAGE

1. Data sent on node passes through other nodes

2. Failure of a node affects others
3. Heavy depends on the wire

4. MESH: Is a network topology where all the nodes are connected to each other, making it
easy to transmit data. It is called full mesh all the nodes are not connected to each other.

Fully connected mesh Partially connected mesh

ADVANTAGES

1. Easy to transmit data to any desired node

2. It can handle heavy traffic
3. Easy to identify fault
4. Failure of one node doesn’t affect others

DISADVANTAGES

1. Too much cable

2. It is difficult to get an administrator
3. Redundancy of some connections.

5.).TREE: Also known as hierarchical topology. Is a network topology that can also be
described as a combination of bus and star because central root node connected to one or
more nodes of a lower hierarchy?

ADVANTAGES

1. Faulty identification is easy

2. Easy to access
3. Very useful where bus and star cannot be implemented

DISADVANTAGES

1. Number of nodes depend on the capacity of the bus

2. High cost of maintenance
3. It depends on the bus difficult to configure
 6 .)HYBRID: It is the combination of two or more network structure.

HYBRID

INTRANET AND EXTRANET

INTRANET is a network of computer within a particular company or environment whereby

all resources are shared by members of that company.

EXTRANET is a network of computers between two or more company that allows sharing
of available resources. It is bigger than intranet.

BENEFITS OF NETWORK

1.) File sharing

2.) Sharing of resources
3.) Ease of communication
4.) Ease of collaboration
5.) Improved security
6.) Less financial liability
7.) Remote database access
8.) Addition and removal of terminals
DEMERITS OF COMPUER NETWORK
1.) Difficult to set up
2.) Faulty cable affects the system in a network
3.) It requires time for administration
4.) It is expensive to set up
INTRODUCTION TO WORLD WIDE WEB

World Wide Web also known as W3 or WWW is a collection of text documents,

multimedia and other resources linked together by hyperlink and uniform resources locator
(URL) and accessed through a web browser from the web server. OR

It is a service that runs the internet.

 BRIEF HISTORY OF W3

It was developed by Tim Benser-lee on May 12th 1989; he is a British computer scientist and
a contractor at the European organization for Nuclear Researcher (CERN) in Geneva
Switzerland. In 1990 Robertzz Cailliaus a Begian developed the hyperlink which runs on
w3. There were so many development of w3 in the 90’s but in 1993 April 30th w3 was
lunched for public use.

Meanwhile the first browser Mosaic was also designed and made public in 1993, though
it was slow and could not download pictures but its developer Mare Andreessen later
becomes the founder of Netscape browser. Between 1994 till date we have up to trillion or
more domain names.

BASIC TERMS IN WWW

1. WEBSITE: it is a collection of related web pages in the internet.

2. WEBPAGE: it is a collection of text, graphics, and sounds etc. that are stored
electronically on the web which contain hyperlinks.
3. HYPERLINK: it is a word or phrase on the webpage that connects one webpage to
another mostly colored blue.
4. HOMEPAGE: it is a collection of information about the content of the website. Or it is
the first page of website.
5. UNIFORM UNIVERSAL RESOURCE LOCATOR: Ii is the address of the website; it
contains the protocol, domain name or server name, server type and document. Example

protocol Server name or domain Server document

name type

6. WEB SERVER: a computer that delivers the request of a website

7. WEV BROWSER: It is software used to access different website in the internet.
8. BANDWIDTH: It is a frequency used in transmitting signal
9. WORKSTATION: is a computer for technical or scientific application in LAN.
10.FIRMWARE: software programmed to control how a device communicates with others.
11.BLOG: a discussion group on W3 for expressing views
12.THROUGHPUT: the maximum rate at which something can be processed or the
maximum rate of production.
WEBSITE NAVIGATING

It is a process of moving one point to another in the website through a web browser with
your computer or other electronic device with internet facilities.

STEPS TO NAVIGATE

1.Connect your computer to the internet

2.Open your computer web browser e.g., Maxilla Firefox

3.Type the website addresses at the address bar, then click the search button beside the
address bar.

4.Use your mouse to navigate the website

5.Connect your computer to the internet

6.Open your computer web browser e.g., Maxilla Firefox

7.Type the website addresses at the address bar, then click the search button beside the
address bar.

6.Use your mouse to navigate the website

FEATURES OF HOMEPAGE

Search engine
Favorites/bookmark
Address bar
Back
Forward
History
Refresh etc.

SOFTWARE FOR WEB DEVELOPMENT

Front page
Web studio
Flash professional
Dream weaver
Adobe dream weaver
Web plus x 4.3
Microsoft express
Studio 3.4
Nemo web editor 8
Drope
Word press etc
WORLD WIDE PROTOCOL

Protocol is a set of rules or a standard rule that governs the movement of data in website. Th

The most common type of protocol is the HTTP (Hyper test link transfer protocol) it was
developed by Tim Berners- Lee in 1990, its version are 0.9, 1.0 and 1.1. It is used to send
and receive Webpages between server and client. Others are
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for sending and receiving mail

IP (Internet protocol) is a protocol used for obtaining address foe TCP.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) a protocol responsible for data delivery.
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
HTTP-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
HTML-Hyper Text Make-up Language
DNS (Domain Name System)
DHCP-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) it can be used when TCP is not available
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
POP3 (post office protocol 3)
LAYERS OF PROTOCOL

There are (7) layers of the protocol according to OSI, (Open System Interconnection)
reference mode which are

OSL LAYER NAME COMMON PROTOCOL

1 Physical layer Ethernet
2 Data link Layer
3 Network Layer IP/IPX
4 Transport Layer TCP/SPX
5 Session Layer HTTP,FTP,SMTF,DNS,TELNET
6 Presentation Layer ETC.
7 Application Layer

This layer can also be grouped into four ways as

1 Physical data link layer Ethernet

2 Network Layer IP/IPX
3 Transport Layer TCP/SPX
4 Session layer ,presentation HTTP, FTP, SMTF, DNS,
layer, application layer TELNET ETC

The physical and data layer involves the hardware connection.

The network and transport layer involves the routing with internet, while the rest is for data
transmission.

BENEFITS OF WWW
1. Easy communication
2. Be able to access information from anywhere
3. Making of new friends
4. It promotes business
5. Disseminating of information
 DEMERITS OF WWW
1. Fraud
2. Identity theft
3. Virus
4. Addiction
5. Watching of pornography
6. Hacking
CABLES

Cables are medium through which information usually moves from one computer to the
other. It requires of two or more conductors that is protected with insulator. It is divided into
two via: network cables and computer cables.

NETWORK CABLES is a hardware used to connect one network device to the other or
a medium used to connect two or more computers in a network for the transfer of
information. There are three major network cables and others; they are

1. TWISTED PAIR CABLES: it is a cable with two conductors twisted together to avoid
electro-magnetic interference (EMI) from the external electrical device. It is divided into
two, the shielded twisted pair (STP) and the unshielded twisted pair (UTP). While the
UTP is used in ETHERNET, STP is used in token ring.
2. OPTIC FIBER OR FIBER OPTIC: it is a cable used to carry light during transmission
rather than electronic signals thereby eliminating problem of electric interference. It is
surrounded with several layers of protective material. It is divided into multi-mode fiber
optic mode and single-mode optic fiber.
3. COAXIAL CABLE: it is a cable that is used as a transmission line for radio frequency
signals, internet etc. it is has a single conductor at its center, a plastic layer that provides
insulation and braided metal shield. It is highly resistance to signal interference. It is
divided into two via; thin and thick coaxial. The thin coaxial also called thinned carries
Ethernet signal of 10 base 2 (2 is refers to 200 meters ) used in linear bus while the thick
coaxial also known as thick net carries Ethernet signal of 10 base 5, it is difficult to
install because]e it does not bend easily.
4. PATCH CABLES: it is a cable used to connect one electronic or optic device to another
for transmitting of signals. It is produced in different colors’ e.g. microphone,
headphone.
5. TELEPHONE CABLE: is a cable used to send signals to phone modems and fax
machine. It uses the two of the two of the four-strand wires made of green and red or
black and yellow, where the green or black carries the signal the red or yellow activates
the ringer.
COMPUTER CABLE
These are cables used to connect computer with other peripheral devices. It is divided into
two;
 1. POW ER CABLE: is cable used to connect computer accessories to electric power; they
are always black in color and can come with two or three pins.
2. DATA CABLE: it is cable used to send and receive data between computer and its
peripherals, they are
a. MONITOR CABLE: it is also known as video graphics array cable (VGA) it is used to
connect computer monitor and some television set, it is used to transmit video signals. It
has three rows of 15 pins at its connector.
b. PRINTER CABLE: it is a cable used to transmit information from the computer to the
printer; it has parallel port and serial port.
c. UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB): it is a cable designed and released in 1995. It is
used to connect computer and other peripheral to ease the transfer of information. It is
configured automatically to the computer. Its versions like USB 1.0, 2.0 and OTO (on-
the-go) though compactable but the varies in of data transfer. Its connector is divided
into two, USB A and USB B, A is used to connect to the computer while B is used to
connect to peripheral devices.
d. SERIAL CABLES: it is a cable that has 9 or 25 ports in its serial ports, it can be called
RS 232. It is mostly used in modem.
e. HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACING CABLE (HDMI): it is a cable
that sends both audio and video signals together.
f. DIGITAL VISUAL INTERFACE (DVC): it is cable that succeeded VGA because its
technology is digital and high quality.
g. INTEGRATED DRIVE ELECTRONIC (IDE): it is cable used to connect storage
devices to a motherboard.
h. SERIAL ADVANCED TECHNOLOG ATTACHMENT CABLE (SATA): it is cable
designed to succeed IDE because of its high data transfer. It is easily identify by its two
connectors of 7 pins and an empty notch (L or V shape).
i. EXTERNAL SERIAL ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ATTACHMENT CABLE
(ESATAC): it is an improved SATA with much faster than so many cables.
j. FIREWIRE: it is a cable that is similar to USB but with higher speed data transfer of
400mbps. It was designed for peripheral like printers, scanners etc.
k. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA CABLE (RCA): it is cable used to connect
devices like DVD and VCD players to TV set or CD players to stereo receiver it has two
connectors and three colors; red and white are for audio while yellow is for video etc.

CONNECTORS

This is hardware devices used to join a cable to a computer system. It is divided into two.

1. THE MALE CONNECTOR: it is a connector with one or two pins that enable it to
connect to a device. It is divided with M or P which stand for male or pug.
2. THE FEMALE CONNECTOR: it is a connector that has receptacle for receiving
the pin. It is divided with F (Female) or S (Socket).
EXAMPLES OF CONNECTORS
1. Registered jack connectors (RJ connectors ), they areRJ 45used for computers, RJ 14
used for terminating phone lines other are RJ 11 and RJ 25.
2. Power connectors used to connect computers to power supply.
3. US connectors
4. T-connectors, a connector that has a T-shape used to connect two cables to

NIC: it is also called BNC (Bayonne-Neill- Concelman) others are straight up connector up
connector, Subscriber connector, Fiber connector, Lucent connector, Mechanical connector
etc. DATABASE

Database is collection of information that is organized in a systematic way so that it can be

easily accessed, managed and updated.

Database management system (DBMS) is a specially designed software that help users to
create, construct, manipulate, query and update in database OR it is software for creating
and managing database.

EXAMPLES OF DATABASE SOFTWARE

MS Access, Dbase 4, Informix,My SQL,Oracle,Quarto pro etc. while

COMMERCIAL DATABASE ARE

Airline reservation, Medical records, Legal records,Telecommunications records etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF DATABASE

There are two classifications of database, they are

1. MANUAL DATABASE is the arrangement of related records in a file jacket and

stored in a file cabinet.
ADVATAGES OF FILE DATABASE
1. It is cheap to setup
2. It does not require electricity
3. It is easy to collect
4. It does not require technical know how
DISADVANTAGES OF FILE DATABASE
1. It occupy space
2. Files can be misplaced
3. It is time consuming
4. It makes use of much paper work
5. Information cannot be accessed from a remote site
2. COMPUTERIZED DATABASE is the arrangement of related records in a file
stored in the computer system.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED DATABASE
1. It is easy to store data
 2. It is easy to transfer data
3. It reduces the use of paper work
4. There is data security
5. Backup data are created
DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED DATABASE
1. It requires electricity
2. It is expensive to setup
3. Viruses can cause data loss
4. Lack of ICT knowledge
BASIC TERMINOLOGY IN DATABASE
1. Field is a single piece of information. It is in column
2. Record is a collection of related item of information which are dynamic in nature
or a computer set of fields. It is row
3. File it is the sequence of records which is stored in binary format or a collection of
records
4. Primary key is unique identifier in database
5. Foreign key is a field in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table
or the same table or a field used to connect two tables.
6. Tables is a set of fields using model of vertical column and horizontal rows
7. Query is a command use to retrieve information in database. It can be selection
query, cross-tab query and action query etc.
8. Columns is the smallest unit of storage or it represent one pieces of information
about an object.
9. Rows is a collection of a set of values for all fields in one table
10. A formatted result of database query that contains useful information for making
decision, data recovery and analysis.
11.Form is a term that provides platform to enter, edit or display data from a table
FORMAT OF COMPTER DATBASE
1. Files are design as tables with fields
2. Tables are composed of rows and columns
3. Rows contain related information
4. Column contain specific type of information
SIMPLE DIAGRAM OF DATABASE
DATABASE

CABLE

FIELD

RECORD

DATATYPE
 STRUCTURE/TYPE/MODEL OR FORMS OF DATABASE

There are several types of data bases management systems. Here is a list of common
database managements systems:

Hierarchical databases TYPES OF DATABASE

Network databases
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Relational databases
1. HIERARCHICAL DATABASES
Object-oriented databases 2. NETWORK DATABASE
Graph databases 3. RELATIOAL DATABASES
4. GRAPH DATABASES
ER model databases 5. OBJECT ORIENTED DATABASES
NOSQL databases 6. ER MODEL DATABASES
7. DOCUMENT DATABASES
Flat databases

1. Hierarchical Databases: In a hierarchical database management systems (hierarchical

DBMSs) model, data is stored in a parent-children relationship node. OR data is
organized into tree like structure. The data is stored in form of collection of field
where each field contains only one value. The records are linked to each other via
links into a parent- children relationship. In a hierarchical database model, each child
record has only one parent. A parent can have multiple children. The hierarchical
database systems structure was developed by IBM in early 1960. Hierarchical
databases are widely used to build high performance and availability applications
usually in banking and telecommunication industries.
The two popular examples of hierarchical databases are IBM Information
Management System (IMS) and Windows Registry ROOT

Level 1 child Level 1 child

Level2 child Level 2 child Level 2 child Level 2 child

ADVANTAGES

1. Hierarchical database can be accessed and updated rapidly because its model
structure is like a tree.
2. The relationships between records are defined in advanced. This feature is a two-
edged.
DISADVANTAGES
 This type of database structure is beneficial to the top ones
2. Network Databases: Network database management systems (Network DBMSs) use
a network structure to create relationship between entities. Network databases are
mainly used on large digital computer. Network databases are hierarchical databases
but unlike hierarchical databases where one node can have one percent only, a
network node can have relationship with multiple entities. A network database looks
like a cobweb or interconnected network of records.
In network databases, children are called members and parents are called occupier.
The difference between child and member can have more than one parent.

The network database structure was invented by Charles .W. Bachman and later made
standard by Conference on Database System language (CODSYL)

3. Relational Database: In relational database management systems (RDBMS), the

relationship between data is relational and data is stored in tabular form columns and
row. Each column of a table represents an attribute and each row in a table represents
a record. Each field in a table represents a data value.
Structured Query language (SQL) is the language used to query RDBMS including
inserting, updating, deleting, and searching records.
Relational databases work on each table has a key field that uniquely indicates ach
row, and those keys fields can be used to connect one table of data to another.

Relational databases are the most popular and widely used databases it was developed by
Dr. Edgar F. Codd in 1970 and he called his structure the N- tuples. Some of the popular
RDBMS are access, Oracle, SQL Server, MYSQL, SQLITE, and IBM DB2.

The relationship database has two major reasons

Relational databases can be used with little or no training.

Database entries can be modified without specify the entire body.

Properties of Relational Tables

1 It’s Values are atomic

2 Each row is alone

3 Column Values are of the same thing

4 Columns is undistinguished

5 Sequence of Rows is Insignificant

6 Each column has a common name

4. OBJECT ORIENTED MODEL: In the model we have to discuss the functionality of

the object oriented programming. It takes more than storage of programming language
objects. Object DBMS’s increase the semantics of the C++ and Java. It provides full-
featured databases programming capability, while containing native language
compatibility. It adds the database functionality to object programming languages. This
approach is the analogical of the application and database development into constant
data model and language environment. Applications require less code, use more natural
data modeling and code bases are easier to maintain. Object developers can write
complete database applications with a decent amount of additional effort.
The object-oriented database derivation is the integrity of object-oriented programming
language systems and consistent systems. The power of the object-oriented databases
comes from the cyclical treatment of both consistent data, as found in databases, and
transient data, as found in executing programs.

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 Object oriented databases use small, recyclable separated of software called objects. The
objects themselves are stored in the object-oriented database. Each object contains of two
elements:

Piece of data (e.g. sound, videos, text, or graphics).

Instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data.

Object-oriented database management systems (OODBMs) WRE created in early 1980s.

Some OODBMS were designed to work OOP languages such as Delphi, Ruby, C ++, Java,
and python. Some popular OODBMS are TORNADO, Gemstone, Object Store, GBase,
VBASE, Intersystem’s Cache, Versant object database, ODABA, ZODB, POET, JADE,
AND INFORMIX

BENEFITS OF OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASES

1. The benefits to object –oriented databases are compelling.

2. The ability to mix and match reusable objects provides incredible multimedia capability.
DISADVANTAGES OF OBJECT ORIENTED DATABSES
1. Object-oriented database is more expensive to develop.
2. Most organizations are unwilling to abandon and convert from those databases.
5. GRAPH DATABASES: Graph databases are NoSQL databases (Non-SQL) and use a
graph structure for sematic queries. The data stored in form of nodes, edges and properties.
In graph database, a node represents an entity or instance such as customer, person, or a
car.
A node is equivalent to a record in a relational database system.
An edge in a graph database represents a relationship that connects nodes.
Properties are additional information added to the nodes. The eo4j, Azure Cosmos DB,
SAP HANA, Sparksee, Oracle Spatial and Graph, Orient DB, ArrangoDB,

MS ACCESS
MS Access is an example of a database application package used to create database for
organizations. it is also known as Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
STEPS TO LOAD MS ACCESS
1. Click on all programs from the start button
2. Click on MS office
3. Scroll and select Ms Access (windows 7 and 10)
For windows 8
1 from the right hand side at the search button
2 type MS access and click on enter key on the keyboard
Or
If the icon is at the task bar or desktop
Double click on the icon and it will open
 When the window opens
  In the name box type your database name and
 click on create
IMPORTANT THINGS TO DESIGN IN DATABASE
1 A Table
2 A form
3 A report
4 A query etc
HOW TO DESIGN A TABLE
1 On the menu select create
2 select table design
3 right click on the table and from the pop-up or pop-down menu select design view
4 fill in the fields, datatype and description
5 right click on the table and select datasheet view
6 the save it with a name
You can now use your table records to design other items.

GRAPHIC PACKAGE
It is a specially designed software used for creating of pictorial design using the
computer or it is a digital representation of non-text information.
Examples of graphic package
Corel draw, logic graphic, MS paint, Photoshop, Corel dream, adobe Photoshop, instant
artist, Harvard graphic etc.
COREL DRAW
It is a graphic package or software used for creating image or graphic design. Its versions
are Corel draw 8, 9, 11, 12, X3, X6, X7, X8 etc.
FEATURES OF COREL DRAW
1. Title bar: it is the first bar and the bar that carries the name of the file
2. Menu bar: it is the bar that contains the entire menu for editing drawing
3. Standard toolbar: it is a bar that contains shortcut menu for formatting drawing
4. Tool box: it is a bar that contains the shortcut tools for creating and modifying drawing.
It can also be called floating bar or detachable bar.
5. Property bar : it is a bar that has the command that relate with the active tool or object. It
is also a detachable bar.
6. Colour palate: it is a dockable bar that contains colour swatches
7. Docker bar: it is a bar that contains available commands and settings relevant to a
specific tool or task
8. Drawing page: it is the drawing section of the window which is in rectangular shape. It is
also the printable area of the window.
9. Drawing window: the area outside the drawing page and close to the scroll bar.
10. Status bar: the area at the bottom of the application window
11. Rulers: it is at the horizontal and vertical borders used to determine the position and
size of object. Etc
TOOLS IN TOOLBOX

Below is some important tool in CorelDraw

Pick Tool: This tool allows you to pick or select the object and transform it..
Shape Tool: it is used to edit the shape of objects chosen by the pick tool
Free Transform Tools: This tool allows you to alter the image objects with the help of
rotation angle, rotation free, and resize. It also lets you bend the image structure.
Smudge Brush: This tool will help you change and distort the picture in general with
engaging shorelines.
Roughen Brush: This tool will let you change as well as distort the outline shape of the
sketch in general with engaging shorelines.
Crop Tool: This tool can be used in clipping the region of an image that is not needed.
Virtual Segment Delete: it is used to remove an object which is a part of an intersection,
Erase: It helps to get rid of some areas of the image.
Zoom Tool: It helps you change the level of magnification; it is used as a magnifying glass.
Hand: It helps in balancing the images that materialize in the image window
Curve Tools
Freehand Tool: This tool lets you sketch curves and lines with the help of a mouse.
Essentially it is used for sketching.
Bezier: It helps to draw curves in the shape of a solitary line per point.
Pen: It helps in sketching curves in the form of a node.
Three-Point Curve: It helps you in drawing a curve first by identifying the start and the
endpoint, then its center.
Poly-line: It lets you sketch curves and lines in preview mode.
Dimension: It helps you sketch a horizontal, vertical, oblique and angular line.
Interactive Connector: It lets you combine the two objects accompanied by a line.
Artistic Media Tool
It helps in accessing the sprayer, brush, calligraphic, preset and pressure tools.
Rectangle Tool: This tool helps you in drawing squares and rectangles to initiate boxes and
terms.
Three-Point Rectangle: it is used to arrange boxes and create terms from one point to
another
Ellipse Tool: This tool helps you sketch circles and ellipses.
Polygon Tool: it is used to sketch stars and polygons in a symmetric manner
Star: This tool can be used to draw stars.
Complex Star: This tool allows you to create stars that have intersection angles and
complex shapes.
Basic Shapes Tool
This tool helps you to select from a complete set of forms such as a right-angle triangle,
smiley face, and hexagram. You can draw arrows and slanted rectangles.
Arrow Shapes: You can draw arrows ranging from diverse shapes such as arrowheads,
direction, etc.
Flowchart Shapes: You can create a flowchart with this tool.
Text And Table Tool
This tool helps you in typing words straight on the screen as paragraph text or creative text.
The table tool helps you in creating and editing tables.
Dimension Tools
This tool allows you to draw numerous lines like segment, slanted, horizontal, vertical, and
three-point dimensions.
Connector Tools
This tool helps you in drawing a straight line, right-angle, edits anchor connector line and
rounded right-angle connector lines.
Interactive Tools
Interactive Blend: Boxes and terms can be created using this tool.
Interactive Distortion helps you apply a pull or push distortion and a zipper distortion to
an object.
Interactive Drop Shadow: It helps you to put an object into the shadow.
Interactive Fill: It helps you to apply numerous amount of fills to an object.
Interactive Mesh: If you want to apply network lines to an object, then you can use this
tool.
Interactive Contour : To establish terms and arrange boxes with point to point
Interactive Envelope : To change the shape of the object by dragging a point (node) on the
outline
Interactive Extrude : To form the illusion of depth on the object.
Interactive Transparency : To insert a transparent effect on the object.
Eyedropper Tool: Object properties like size, line thickness and effects can be selected and
copied using the eyedropper tool.
Outline Tool
This tool lets you open a fly-out that helps you in setting the outline properties.
Fill Tool
This tool lets you open a fly-out that helps you in setting the fill properties
These are some of the tools in tool box used to draw and format your work
Knife : Alter / distort the overall picture with attractive shorelines
Smart Fill : To create objects of an area then fill with color or texture.
Smart Drawing : To change your pointer graffiti images to form the basis of its form or
shape that is more subtle.
Banner Shapes : To make it easier to draw shapes and symbols tape explosion.
Callout : To make it easier to draw and label the speech bubble shape
Graph Paper : To establish a similar arrangement of tables or boxes such as engineering
drawings on paper.
Spiral : To form a spiral (per) is symmetrical and logarithmic.
Fountain Fill Dialog : To access the dialog box filler color and gradation to the object.
Pattern Fill Dialog : To access the dialog box filler patterns into objects.
Texture Fill Dialog : To access the dialog box filler into the texture object.
Post Script Fill Dialog : To access the dialog box filler image post-script to the object.
No Dialog : To eliminate the filler element of an object
Interactive Mesh : To apply network lines on an object. may be useful
Simple designs in Corel draw
1. Complimentary cards
2. Business cards
3. School logos
4. Flags
5. Birthday / congratulatory cards

BASIC PROGRAMMING 2
ARRAY
Arrays are those variables with the same datatype and name in the
computer memory.
The way similar elements with the same datatype are arranged in the computer
memory.
A set of a variable that have a common name and uses the same datatype in a
particular program with a unique identifier known as ’’index or subscript’’.
Array makes use of dimensions statement, datatype and range when used in
program. Therefore, to declare an array,
 You write the dimension statement
 The name of your work
 The range and lastly
 Your datatype OR dimension statement
 Name of your work
 Datatype and lastly
 Range.
CATEGORIES OF ARRAY
1. STATIC ARRAY: they are those arrays that are numbers to specify their
array size. E.g(0-5)
2.DYNAMIC ARRAY: they are those arrays that use variables to specify their
array size.e.g(0-Q)
TYPES OF ARRAY
1.ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAY: they are arrays that contain only one
subscript.e.g:DIM NO%(1-10)
2.MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY: they are those arrays that contain more
than one subscript. E.g DIM salary # (1-10,20-25,30-50
DATA TYPE
There are two (2) main types of data, they are;
Strong data type: These are data that are in text form ad it is represented with a
dollar sign ($)
Numeric data type: These data type are numbers. It divided into; a) Integer
represented with % sign (percentage). b) Long integer represented with “and”
sign. c) Single precision represented with (!) or 1. (Exclamation mark or one).
d) Double precision represented with # sign. out on an array;
OPERATIONS ON ARRAY
There are basic operations carried out on an array;
A) Input on array.
B) Output on array.
C) Arithmetic on array.
USING LIERATION OR LOOPING IN ARRAY
This is a process of repeating a section of a program or the whole program using
the constructs.
For …… Next Construct and,
While … Wend Construct.
For …; next construct: It is used when you know the number of times a program
is to be repeated. Therefore, it must have an initial value and a final value,
whereby you did not put initial value of the computer will put a default initial
value for you which is zero (0). E.g. write a program using for … next construct
display all the integer numbers from 1-100.
PROPERTIES OF AN ARRAY
1.it holds variables that have the same datatype.
2.its elements are stored in subsequent memory location.
3.its name represents the address of the starting variable its size should be
mentioned in the declaration.
NOTE: one dimensional array can also be called the vector, linear array, or
single dimensional array.

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE

High level language is a programming language that makes use of human
understandable language to give instruction to the computer OR it’s a
programming language that makes use of English like words, syntax and
mathematical symbols in communicating with the computer.
EXAMPLES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
BASIC:beginners all-purpose symbolic language.
PASCAL:a program named after blaise.
FORTRAN:formular translator.
COBOL: common business oriented language.
ALGOL: algorithmic language.
APL: a programming language.
RPG: report program generator.
AI: artificial intelligent.
LISP: list processing.
SNOBOL: string oriented symbolic language.
PROLOG: program in logic.
Others are;CH,Ada,phythom,scala,C,CH,Java,smalltalk,programming language
1-PL/1.
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS
HLL is an English-like language which will be understood by computer through
a translatior;
We have two major translators and others.
1.INTERPRETERS: it is one of the major translators that some high level
language to machine readable code. It translates program line by line, therefore
if any error occurs in any line it must be debugged before proceeding. Also
interpreter translates program everytime that program runs. E.g BASIC, APL,
LISP, PASCAL.
2.COMPLIER: it is another major translator that translator high level language
to machine readable code. But as in interpreter, complier translates the source
code (hand-written program) to object code (computer form) and it is done at
once, ones a program is changed to object code, it remains like that.it is also
faster than interpreter because it runs once whileinterpreter runs line by line. E.g
C++, FORTRAN, C.