Module 1
Module 1
Module 1
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction ……………………………………………... iv
What You Will Learn In This Course…………………… iv
Course Aim………………………………..................... iv
Course Objectives……………………………………….. iv
Course Requirements……………………………………. v
Course Materials………………………………………… v
Study Units…………………………………………… …. vi
Presentation Schedule……………………………........ …. vii
Assessment………………………………………………. vii
Tutor Marked Assignment………………………………. vii
Final Examination and Grading………………………… viii
Facilitators/Tutors and Tutorial…………………………... viii
Summary………………………………………………… ix
PHS 302 COURSE GUIDE
INTRODUCTION
COURSE AIM
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To achieve the goal of the course, each unit has its specific objectives.
You should read these objectives before you study the unit. You may
wish to refer to them during your study to check on your progress.
You should always look at the unit objectives after completion of each
unit. By doing so, you would have followed the instructions in the unit.
Set out below are the comprehensive objectives of the course as a
whole. By meeting the objectives, you can count yourself as having met
the aims of the course.
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PHS 302 COURSE GUIDE
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
To complete the course, you are required to read the study units and read
the sets of books and other relevant materials you may lay your hands
on. Each unit contains self-assessment exercises and at a certain point in
time you would be required to submit written assignments for
assessment purposes. At the end of the course you will be required to
write the final examination. The course should take you a total of about
21 weeks to complete. Below you will find listed all the components of
the course, what you have to do and how you should allocate your time
to each unit in order to complete the course on time and successfully.
This course requires that you spend a lot of time to read. I would
advise that you attend the tutorial sessions, where you will have the
opportunity of comparing your knowledge with that of other people.
COURSE MATERIALS
STUDY UNITS
There are 21 units in a total of four modules in this course. These are
listed below:
PHS 302 COURSE GUIDE
Module 1
Module 2
Module 3
Module 4
TMAs), references and other resources. The exercises and TMAs will
help you to achieve the stated learning objectives of the individual units
and of the course as a whole.
PRESENTATION SCHEDULE
Your course materials have important dates for the early and timely
completion and submission of your TMAs and attending tutorials. You
should remember that you are required to submit all your assignments
by the stipulated time and date. You should guide against falling behind
in your work.
ASSESSMENT
There are three aspects to the assessment of the course. The first is
made up of the self-assessment exercises, the second is the tutor–
marked assignments and the third is the written examination. You are
advised to do the exercises. In doing the assignments, you are expected to
apply information, knowledge and techniques you gathered during the
course. The assignment must be submitted to your facilitator for formal
assessment in accordance with the deadlines stated in the presentation
schedule and the assignment file. The work you submit to your tutor
for assessment will count for 30% of your total course work. At the
end of the course you will sit for a final or end of course examination
of three hours duration. This examination will count for
70% of your total course mark.
The end of course examination for the School Health Programme will be
for about three hours and it has a value of 70% of the total course
work. The examination will consist of questions, which will reflect the
type of practice exercises and TMAs you have previously encountered.
All areas of the course will be assessed. After you have completed the
last unit, make sure that you revise the whole course before the
commencement of the examination.
There are 21 hours of tutorials provided for those offering this course.
You will be notified of the dates, time and location of these tutorials, as
well as the name and the phone number of your facilitator, as soon as
you are allocated a tutorial group. Your facilitator will mark and
comment on your assignments and keep a close watch on your
progress and any difficulties you might face and provide assistance to
you during the course. You are expected to mail your TMA to your
facilitator before the schedule date (a t least two working days are
required) . They will be marked by your tutor and returned to you as
soon as possible. Do not delay to contact your facilitator by telephone
or e-mail if you need assistance.
The following might be instances that you may need assistance and
would have to contact your facilitator when:
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PHS 302 COURSE GUIDE
SUMMARY
I wish you success in the course and I hope you will find it interesting
and useful.
viii
MAIN
COURSE
CONTENTS PAGE
Module 1……………………………………………. 1
Module 2……………………………………………….. 33
Module 3…………………………………………………. 68
Unit 1 Accidents, Emergencies and Management
of Some Ailments in Schools……………… 68
Unit 2 The School First Aid Box and First Aid
Care……………………………………….. 74
Unit 3 First Aid Treatment of Some Chronic
Ailments 1………………………………… 78
Unit 4 First Aid Treatment of Some Chronic
Ailments 2………………………………… 86
Unit 5 Treatment of Common Ailments among
School Children…………………………… 97
Module 4………………………………………………… 105
MODULE 1
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition of Terms
3.2 Concept of Health Promoting School
3.3 Definition of School Health Services
3.4 Goal of School Health Service
3.5 Objectives of Health Programme
3.6 Importance of School Health Programme
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References / Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 OBJECTIVES
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
The main goal of the SHP is to improve the health of learners and staff
as responsible and productive citizens.
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
give adequate solution. School age child comes to school and faces
many risks e.g. accidents, emotional stress, and also communicable
diseases. The school therefore is a centre of risk and so the school
authority should take action to solve the problem. The school should
care for the health of the child because teaching about health in
school is usually more effective than teaching elsewhere eg. in the mass
media.
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit you have learnt the concept of health promoting school and
the twelve WHO criteria for a health promoting school .You also learnt
about the definition of school health, its goal and objectives as well as
the importance of school health for the promotion of the health and
development of the school community. You should at this stage be able
to define a health promoting school and the WHO criteria for health
promoting school. You should also be able to define school health, its
objectives and importance.
5.0 SUMMARY
This unit has focused on the concept of health promoting school as “one
that is constantly strengthening its capacity as a healthy setting for
living, learning and working” and also highlighted the twelve WHO
criteria for health promoting school. The unit defined school health
services as various actions that are taken by the health team in
conjunction with the school authorities, teachers and parents to
promote the highest possible level of health for school children
throughout their years of study, stated the objectives of school
health programme as well as its importance .
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Healthful School Environment
3.1.1 Objectives
3.1.2 Characteristics of Healthful School Environment
3.2 School Feeding Service
3.2.1 Objectives
3.2.2 Characteristics of School Feeding Services
3.3 Skill –Based Health Education
3.3.1 Objectives
3.3.2 Characteristics of Skill-Based Health Education
3.4 School Health Service
3.4.1 Objectives
3.4.2 Characteristics of School Health Services
3.5 School Home and Community Relationship
3.5.1 Objectives
3.5.2 Characteristics of School, Home and Community
Relationship
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Having gone through unit 1, you would have learnt the definition,
the concept and objectives of school health programme. This unit will
help you to understand the components of school health programme. Let
us have a view of what you should learn in this, as indicated in the
objectives below.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
3.1.1 Objectives
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
3.2.1 Objectives
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
health knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices among the learners. The
subject is also aimed at meeting the growth and developmental needs
and interests of learners.
3.3.1 Objectives
• Personal Health
• Diseases including HIV/AIDS
• Mental and Social Health
• First Aid & Safety Education
• Community Health
• Family Life Education
• Environmental Health
• Maternal and Child Health
• Nutrition
• Consumer Health
• Drug Education
• Ageing and Death (Bereavement) Education
• Parts of the human body
• Health Agencies.
School Health Services are preventive and curative services provided for
the promotion of the health status of learners and staff. The
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
3.4.1 Objectives
The first health educators of the child are the parents, who shape the
child’s habits from infancy. Long before the child is ready for school,
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
the parents should secure needed immunisation and medical care and
inculcate good habits into the child. The success of the School Health
Programme depends on the extent to which community members are
aware of and willing to support health promotion efforts. Schools
should encourage parents and community members to make
inputs regarding the design, delivery, content and assessment of the
SHP so as to respond to their concerns and obtain their commitment. At
the same time, schools can play an important role in improving the
health and development of the community as a whole. For a balanced
development of the child, life at home should complement a healthy life-
style provided in the school; therefore’ regular contacts between schools
and homes are essential.
3.5.1 Objectives
4.0 CONCLUSION
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
5.0 SUMMARY
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Establishing a Working Relationship with School
Personnel
3.2 Parents and Community Involvement In Schools
3.2.1 Involving Parents
3.2.2 Involving Parents Teachers Association
3.3 Organising Seminar/ Workshop for Teachers and Parents
3.3.1 How to Organise Seminar/Workshop
3.4 Maintenance of Personal Health by Teachers
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References / Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Having mastered the components of school health in unit 2, this unit will
help you to understand the involvement of School personnel, parents
and the community in school health programme. Before we do this let us
view what you should learn in this unit, as indicated in the unit
objectives below.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
For Workshop
There is the great need for teachers to maintain personal health because
they are not only teachers but also role models for the school children.
The school children always try to copy what their teachers do and this
will result to desirable behaviours if the teachers are good role models.
Teachers will maintain good health by doing the following:
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
4.0 CONCLUSION
5.0 SUMMARY
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Virginia School Health Guidelines, ( 1999 ). In: T.P Keen. & N . Ford (
Eds,) Parents and Community Involvement (p92-95 ). Richmond,
Virginia: Virginia Department of Health.
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Rationale for Needs Assessment
3.2 Methods Used to Collect Information for Needs
Assessment of the School Child
3.2.1 Description of the Methods Used for Needs
Assessment
3.2.2 Guidelines for Prioritising the Needs Identified
3.3 Resources for Meeting the Needs of a School Child
3.4 Developing Project Activities
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References /Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 OBJECTIVES
explain the rationale for needs assessment of the school child describe
the methods used to collect information for the needs assessment of the
school child explain the guidelines for prioritising the identified needs
discuss how you can assess the resources for school health programme.
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Teachers’ interview
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
Students’ Questionnaires:
Faced with numerous needs and problems, the following guidelines will
help you in prioritising your needs.
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
resources. Once the members of the community are made aware of the
identified needs and the danger of not meeting those needs, they will be
willing to provide the resources.
Having conducted the needs assessment, the health team must draw
up a list of activities for the school health programme, within the limits
of available resources. This list must be put into a time-table or
schedule. The schedule must state the time for the beginning and
completing each activity, and who is responsible to see that it is done;
thus:
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit, you have learnt the rationale for needs assessment of school
children, the methods for conducting needs assessment, guidelines for
prioritising the identified needs, the resources needed, and how to
develop project activities. You should at this time be able to state the
rationale for conducting needs assessment of school children as well as
be able to mention the methods used in conducting needs assessment.
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
5.0 SUMMARY
This unit has focused on the rationale for needs assessment of the
school child -which is necessary before the commencement of the
school health services programme in order to have base-line
information for project implementation and subsequent evaluation.
The methods used for collection of information were also discussed and
these include observation, interviewing, review of records and
documents, and physical examination of the school children. Guidelines
for assessment of identified needs and how to assess available resources
as well as how to schedule project implementation were discussed.
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Objectives
3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition of Appraisal Of Health Status
3.2 Objectives of Appraisal
3.3 Different Techniques of Appraisal of Health Status of
School Children
3.3.1 Health History
3.3.2 Health Examination
3.3.3 Health Observation
3.3.4 Health Screening
3.4 Conditions That Can Be Screened By Teachers and
Parents
3.4.1 Test for Vision by Parents
3.4.2 Test for Hearing by Parents
3.4.3 Screening for Epilepsy
4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment
7.0 References /Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Since you have studied unit 4 you would have understood the
rationale for doing a needs assessment for school children and the
methods used, the appraisal of health status of school children and
the various techniques used. Before we do this, let us look at the
objectives of the unit, viz;
2.0 OBJECTIVES
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
This is the technique used in school to determine the present and past
health history of the child.
• By oral questions
• By visitation to parents’ homes
• By check list – the child will mark the one that affects him on the
list.
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Medical examination
Dental examination
This should be done by the teachers and the health workers when
looking for evidence of ill health and conditions that affect health.
Medical examination can be done when a child wants to enter school
or can be done at intervals of 2-3 years in the school or done annually in
the classes to determine their health. Medical examination is case
finding rather than just diagnosis. In all school medical examination
acquaint both teachers and pupils with the importance of these
medical examinations:
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
Vision test
Hearing loss test
Growth and weight assessments
Chest X- ray
Mantoux test
Review of absenteeism
Look for obvious eye diseases in a child and these are evidenced
by Swelling of the eye Inflammation Redness Pain Burning
sensation Photophobia. The actual test is done by using the
Snellen’s or E chart. Procedure: For vision test using Snellen’s
chart. The instrument is hung at one side of a hall or room facing
a source of light.
Stand or sit patient six metres from the eye test chart (Snellen’s)
Test one eye at a time. Cover the other eye using the palm of the
hand or a cardboard. Starting from the top line of the test chart,
the examiner asks the patient to read the alphabets in the chart,
line by line.
The last line that is seen correctly is the visual acuity for the eye.
Then record the visual acuity accordingly at the side of the
student’s record.
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
able to read.
a. Whisper test
b. Watch test
c. Turning fork test
The hearing test as done under PHC has been fully described
under the unit on care of the disabled.
4. Mantoux Test:
Has been described under Diagnostic Services
After every test has been conducted, the findings are recorded in the
Health History Form Height and Weight Charts Observation Forms
Cumulative Health Records.
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PHS 302 MODULE 1
• Pallor
• The examiner will stand about six metres away from the child
• Hold three fingers of one hand up
• Ask the child to count from that distance or
• To hold up the same number of fingers as the examiner
• If he cannot do either, then it means he has difficulty in seeing
• Find out if problem is in the night/ dark only or in the daytime.
• Sudden insensibility
• Momentary loss of memory
• Convulsive movements (fits)
• Production of foaming saliva from the mouth during the fits.
4.0 CONCLUSION
In this unit you have learnt that appraisal of health status of school
children is the evaluation of health status of school children by health
workers, teachers and parents. You studied the objective of appraisal of
health status as well as the different techniques involved in health
appraisal of school children –including history taking physical
examination, health observation and health screening. You should at
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PHS 302 SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
5.0 SUMMARY
This unit has focused on the definition of health appraisal which is the
evaluation of health status of school children. It can be carried out
by health workers, teachers and parents. The objective of
performing health appraisal is to determine child health status, to
treat if child is unwell or to inform parents of any defect or disability.
The different techniques of health appraisal include history taking,
medical and dental examination, daily inspection and observation of
school children and various health screening such as vision test,
hearing loss test, growth and weight assessment ,chest x-ray, Mantoux
test, etc.
(a) Hearing.
(b) Vision
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