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Diesel Engines

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Fuel Injection system

in Compression
Ignition Engine
Fuel Supply System In C.I. Engines
Difference between
Diesel and Petrol
Engines
S.No Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
The petrol engine works on Otto The diesel engine works on diesel
1. cycle i.e. on constant volume. cycle i.e. on constant pressure.
The air and petrol are mixed in The fuel is fed into the cylinder by
the carburetor before they enter a fuel injector and is mixed with
2. into the cylinder. air inside the cylinder.
The petrol engine compresses a The diesel engine compresses
3 mixture of air and petrol which is only a charge of air and ignition is
. ignited by an electric spark. done by the heat of compression.
4 Compression ratio is higher in
. Compression ratio is low. diesel engine.
5 Less power is produced due to Due to higher compression ratio
. lower compression ratio. more power is produced.
6 Petrol engine i fitted with a
. spark plug It is fitted with a fuel injector.
7 Burns fuel that has high
. volatility. Burns fuel that has low volatility.
S.No Petrol Engine
Difference between Petrol and Diesel Engine
Diesel Engine
They are used in light vehicles
which requires less power. They are used in heavy vehicles
Eg: car, jeep, motorcycle, which require high power.
8. scooters etc. Eg: bushes, trucks, locomotive etc.
Fuel consumption in petrol Fuel consumption in diesel engine
9. engine is high. is less.
10
. Lighter Heavier
Petrol engine requires frequent Overhauling of diesel engine is
11. overhauling. done after a long time.
12. Lesser starting problem. Greater starting problem.
13. Lower initial cost. Higher initial cost.
14. Lower maintenance cost. Higher maintenance cost.
Working of Diesel (Compression Ignition) Engine
• Diesel Engine is a compression ignition engine.
• The Inlet valve/port is connected with air filter
• As the piston moves from TDC to BDC, vacuum is
created in the cylinder.
• The air enters in the cylinder.
• Then the piston moves from BDC to TDC and air is
compressed to high pressure.
• Then the fuel is injected in the form tiny particles, in
the cylinder at high pressure (high temperature) air.
• Due to this high temperature of air fuel is ignited and
the piston from TDC to BDC.
• Then the piston moves from BDC to TDC and waste
gasses are exhausted out from the cylinder
Fuel Injection System in Diesel Engine
It is the part of diesel engine Which injects the fuel in the
cylinder of the engine:
 when the compression of air is almost complete ( a few
degree before TDC),
 at very high pressure (100 to 2000 bar),
 the metered amount of fuel,
 the atomized fuel ( in extraordinary fine droplets),
 at appropriate velocity,
 every particle of fuel should be mixed with air,
 prepares homogenous mixture,
 should be quick on and off ( no dribbling)
 Should be able change fuel quantity with the change of
load and speed .
Introduction to Fuel Injection
System
• Engine Performance i.e. Power Output, economy is
greatly dependent on the effectiveness of the fuel
injection system.
• In case of injection, fuel is atomized by processes
relying on the air speed greater than fuel speed at the
fuel nozzle whereas in Fuel-injection the fuel speed at
the point of delivery is greater than the air speed to
atomize the fuel.
• In a fuel injection system, the amount of fuel delivered
into the air stream going to the engine is controlled by
a pump which forces the fuel underpressure.
Requirements of Injection Systems
• Thefuel injection should occur at the correct moment.
• It should supply the fuel in correct quantity as required by
the varying engineloads.
• The injected fuel must be broken into very fine
droplets.
• The spray pattern should ensure rapid mixing of fuel
and air.
• It should supply equal quantities of metered fuel to all the
cylinders in a multi cylinderengines
• The beginning and the end ofinjection should be sharp
Elements of Fuel Injection System
• Pumping elements: to supply fuel from fuel tank
to cylinder.
• Metering elements: to meter fuel supply as per
load and speed.
• Distribution elements: to divide the metered
fuel equally among the cylinders.
• Timing controls: to adjust the start and the stop
of injection.
• Mixing elements: to atomize and distribute the
fuel within the combustionchamber.
COMPONENTS OF FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

The systems comprise mainly of the following components.


• Fuel tank.
• Fuel feed pump to supply fuel from the main fuel tank to
the injection system
• Injection pump to meter and pressurize the fuel for
injection.
• Governor to ensure that the amount of fuel injected is in
accordance with variation in load.
• Injector to take the fuel from the pump and distribute it in
the combustion chamber by atomizing it into fine droplets.
• Fuel filters to prevent dust and abrasive particles from
entering the pump and injectors thereby minimizing the
wear and tear of the components.
Fuel Supply System In C.I. Engines
Fuel injection pump
• It is an important part of diesel engine. Fuel injection
pump assembly is usually composed of fuel injection
pump, governor and other components together to
form an integral whole.
• Traditionally, the injection pump is driven indirectly
from the crankshaft by gears, chains or a toothed belt
(often the timing belt) that also drives the camshaft. It
rotates at half crankshaft speed in a conventional four-
stroke diesel engine. Its timing is such that the fuel is
injected only very slightly before top dead centre of
that cylinder's compression stroke

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