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    Ice CH4 2019-2020 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohamad Ahmad
    This document provides information about air-standard cycles used to model internal combustion engines. It discusses the cold-air standard assumptions which consider air as the working fluid with constant specific heats. The document then outlines the four main air-standard assumptions used in the modeling: 1) air behaves as an ideal gas, 2) processes are internally reversible, 3) combustion is replaced by heat addition, and 4) exhaust is replaced by heat rejection restoring the initial state. It also discusses the Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles and how they model different internal combustion engine types based on whether heat is added at constant volume or pressure. Key differences between gasoline and diesel engines are highlighted.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Ice CH4 2019-2020 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohamad Ahmad
    121 views28 pages
    This document provides information about air-standard cycles used to model internal combustion engines. It discusses the cold-air standard assumptions which consider air as the working fluid with constant specific heats. The document then outlines the four main air-standard assumptions used in the modeling: 1) air behaves as an ideal gas, 2) processes are internally reversible, 3) combustion is replaced by heat addition, and 4) exhaust is replaced by heat rejection restoring the initial state. It also discusses the Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles and how they model different internal combustion engine types based on whether heat is added at constant volume or pressure. Key differences between gasoline and diesel engines are highlighted.

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    ICE CH4 2019-2020.pdf

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    This document provides information about air-standard cycles used to model internal combustion engines. It discusses the cold-air standard assumptions which consider air as the working fluid with constant specific heats. The document then outlines the four main air-standard assumptions used in the modeling: 1) air behaves as an ideal gas, 2) processes are internally reversible, 3) combustion is replaced by heat addition, and 4) exhaust is replaced by heat rejection restoring the initial state. It also discusses the Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles and how they model different internal combustion engine types based on whether heat is added at constant volume or pressure. Key differences between gasoline and diesel engines are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    121 views28 pages

    Ice CH4 2019-2020 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohamad Ahmad
    This document provides information about air-standard cycles used to model internal combustion engines. It discusses the cold-air standard assumptions which consider air as the working fluid with constant specific heats. The document then outlines the four main air-standard assumptions used in the modeling: 1) air behaves as an ideal gas, 2) processes are internally reversible, 3) combustion is replaced by heat addition, and 4) exhaust is replaced by heat rejection restoring the initial state. It also discusses the Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles and how they model different internal combustion engine types based on whether heat is added at constant volume or pressure. Key differences between gasoline and diesel engines are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Air-standard cycles

    Prepared by: Dr.


    Assim Adaraje
    CH. 4
    1
    Cold-air-standard assumptions:
    When the working fluid is considered
    to be air with constant specific heats
    at room temperature (25°C).
    Air-standard cycle: A cycle for
    which the air-standard assumptions
    are applicable.
    Air-standard analysis is a
    2
    simplification of the real cycle
    Air-standard assumptions:
    1.The working fluid is air, which continuously
    circulates in a closed loop and always
    behaves as an ideal gas.
    2.All the processes that make up the cycle are
    internally reversible.
    3.The combustion process is replaced by a
    heat-addition process from an external
    source.
    4.The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-
    rejection process that restores the working
    fluid to its initial state.
    3
    AN OVERVIEW OF RECIPROCATING ENGINES

    Compression ratio Mean effective pressure

    4
    Four-stroke cycle:1 cycle = 4 stroke = 2 revolution
    Two-stroke cycle:1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution

    5
    T-s diagram of the ideal Otto cycle.
    Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle as a
    function of compression ratio (r).
    6
    Air-Standard Otto cycle

    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
    FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    In diesel engines, only air is compressed during
    the compression stroke, eliminating the
    possibility of auto ignition (engine knock).
    Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to
    operate at much higher compression ratios than
    SI engines, typically between 12 and 24.

    In diesel engines, the spark plug is replaced by


    a fuel injector, and only air is compressed
    during the compression process.
    12
    Air standard Diesel Cycle for Diesel Engine

    13
    14
    15
    16
    𝑣4 𝑣4 𝑣2
    =
    𝑣3 𝑣2 𝑣3
    𝑣1 1 𝑟
    𝑣3 = , since 𝑣1 = 𝑣4
    𝑣2 ρ
    𝑣2

    17
    for the same
    compression
    ratio

    18
    Dual cycle: A more realistic ideal cycle model
    for modern, high-speed compression ignition engine.

    19
    Dual Cycle
    Process 1  2 Isentropic compression
    Process 2  X Constant volume heat addition
    Process X  3 Constant pressure heat addition
    Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
    Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection
    The use of the Dual cycle requires information about
    either:
    i) the fractions of constant volume and constant
    pressure heat addition (common assumption is to
    equally split the heat addition), or
    ii) maximum pressure P3. Transformation of r, rc and rp
    into more natural variables yields
    20
    21
    22
    23
    24
    For the same initial conditions P1, V1 and the
    same compression ratio:
    Otto   Dual   Diesel
    For the same initial conditions P1, V1 and the
    same peak pressure P3
    (actual design limitation in engines):

     Diesel   Dual   otto


    25
    S.No Petrol Engine Diesel Engine
    1. The petrol engine works The diesel engine works on
    on Otto cycle i.e. diesel cycle i.e.
    Heat Added on constant Heat Added on constant
    volume. pressure.
    2. The air and petrol are The fuel is fed into the
    mixed in the carburetor cylinder by a fuel injector
    before they enter into the and is mixed with air inside
    cylinder. the cylinder.
    3. The petrol engine The diesel engine
    compresses a mixture of compresses only a charge of
    air and petrol which is air and ignition is done by
    ignited by an electric the heat of compression.
    spark.
    4. Compression ratio is low. Compression ratio is higher
    in diesel engine.
    5. Less power is produced Due to higher compression
    due to lower compression ratio more power is
    ratio. produced.
    6. Petrol engine is fitted with It is fitted with a fuel
    26 a spark plug injector.
    Burns fuel that has high Burns fuel that has low
    volatility. volatility.

    They are used in light They are used in heavy


    vehicles which requires less vehicles which require high
    power power.
    Eg: car, jeep, motorcycle, Eg: bushes, trucks, locomotive
    scooters etc. etc.
    Fuel consumption in Fuel consumption in diesel
    petrol engine is high. engine is less.
    Lighter Heavier
    Petrol engine requires Overhauling of diesel
    frequent overhauling. engine is done after a long
    time.
    Lesser starting problem. Greater starting problem.
    Lower initial cost. Higher initial cost.
    Lower maintenance
    27 Higher maintenance cost.
    cost.
    OTTO CYCLE DIESEL CYCLE

    Heat addition takes place at Heat addition takes place at


    constant volume. constant pressure.
    Petrol engines work on this Diesel engines work on this
    cycle. cycle.
    At constant volume, heat in diesel cycle also the heat
    rejection takes place. rejection takes place at
    constant volume.

    Compression ratio is less. It is Compression ratio is more. It


    7:1 to 10:1. is 11:1 to 22:1.
    Efficiency is less. Efficiency is more.
    Adiabatic expansion takes After the heat addition is cut-
    place during the complete off in the backward stroke,
    backward stroke of the the adiabatic expansion takes

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