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Coaching Classes...

PROGRAM:-
Mechanical engineering
Third year diploma
{5th sem}
Subject :-
Power Engineering and Refrigeration
(Code:-22562)

Subject teacher:-
Mr.Nikhil Ekotkhane Sir
Unit-01
Internal combustion engine
(IC ENGINE)
Q.1) Define the following;

1. Compression ratio
2. Air standard efficiency
3. ECU
4. Mean effective pressure
5. Cut off ratio
6. Swept volume
7. Stroke
8. Piston speed
9. Bore

1)Compression ratio:-

It is the ratio of total volume of a cylinder to the clearance volume.

Mathematically;

Compression ratio= swept volume + clearance volume / clearance volume

Where;

C.R OR Rc=compression ratio

Vs= swept volume

2)Air Standard efficiency :-

Thermal efficiency of an air standard cycle is known as a standard efficiency. It is define as the ratio
of the available energy of the cycle for doing work to the heat supplied.
Mathematically;

ηa = Workdone / heat supplied

ηa = Qs – QR / Qs = W / Qs
Where;

QS = heat supplied during the cycle from the hot body.

QR = heat rejected by air during the cycle to the cold body.

W= work done per cycle.
3)ECU:-

The ECU in the electronic control system, receives signals from the sensors and determines the
opening time for the injector’s land which also controls the injection volume.
ECU stands for electronic control unit
ECU also known as ECM (electronic control module)

4)Mean effective pressure:-

It is the average pressure acting on the piston when it moves from top dead centre to Bottom dead
centre .
It is denoted by Pm
It is unit is N/m^2

5)Cutt off ratio:-

Cutt off ratio is defined as the ratio of volume at the end of heat supplied to the volume before heat
supplied.
It is denoted by Greek letter ρ (rho).

ρ = V3/V2

6)swept volume:- Swept volume can be define as the volume swept by the engine piston during one stroke.
Swept volume is also the product of piston area and stroke

7)stroke:-

It is the distance moved piston from either TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC.
It is denoted by “L”.
It is measured in “mm”.

8)Piston speed:-

It is the average distance travelled by the piston in 1 minute is known as piston speed.
Piston speed is measured in m/min
Piston speed=2×LN

Where;

L=stroke length in mm

N=number of revolution of a crank in RPM

9)Bore:-

The nominal in a diameter of working cylinder is known as bore

It is denoted by capital “d”.
It is measured in “mm”

Q.2) Name the diagnostic tool used for fault finding of MPFI engine

Ans:- Diagnostic tool

1.Engine Code Readers

2. Compression Testers

3. Spark Plug Testers

4. Mechanic’s Stethoscope

5.Scan Tool

6.Battery Tester

7.Power Probe III

Q.3) State the any two advantages of Turbocharging.

Ans:-

Advantages of Turbocharger:-

1. Power output of given displacement engine is increased.

2. Power loss due to decrease in air density at higher altitude is reduced.
3. Reduced fuel consumption.
4. Better torque characteristic.
5. More power to weight ratio.
6. Reduce pollution from exhaust gases.

Q.4) differentiate between two stroke and four stroke IC engine (any four points)
Sr no SI engine CI engine

01. SI stands for Spark ignition engine CI stand for competition ignition engine

02 Si engine works on Otto cycle CI engine works on diesel cycle

Diesel is injected directly into combustion

In petrol engine, a mixture of petrol and air chamber at high pressure at the end of
03. is admitted into the cylinder during suction compression stroke. Carburettor is
stroke with the help of carburettor eliminated but high pressure fuel pump
and injector is required

Throttle wall in carburettor controls the

Quantity of fuel is regulated by fuel
04. quantity of mixture introduce in
pump.
combustion chamber.

No spark plug is required as combustion

Petrol engine requires on ignition system of fuel is spontaneous due to very high
05.
with spark plug in combustion chamber pressure and temperature in combustion
chamber

06. Compression ratio is about 6 to 12 Compression ratio is about 14 to 22

07. Higher RPM due to lighter weight. Maximum RPM is lower.

Q.5) Draw the label wall timing diagram of typical four stroke diesel engine.

Ans:-
Q.6) Name the different component of IC engine.

Ans:-

The Maine components of IC engine are as follows;

1. Cylinder block and crank case

2. Sump or oil span
3. Gasket
4. Pistons
5. Connecting Rod
6. Crankshaft
7. Cylinder head
8. Manifolds
9. Piston rings
10. Piston pins
11. Main bearing
12. Mufflers

Q.7) List advantages of MPFI engine.

Ans:-

Advantages of MPFI engine;

 1. More uniform air-fuel mixture is supplied to each cylinder, hence same power is developed by each
cylinder.
2. Reduced vibration due to which life of component is more.
3. No need of crank the engine in case of cold starting.
4. Immediate response in case of sudden acceleration/deceleration.
5. More accurate amount of air-fuel mixture is supplied as the engine is controlled by ECM (engine
control unit), hence complete combustion and low emission level.
6. Mileage of the vehicle gets improved.
7. Higher compression ratio can be adopted without any danger of detonation.
8. Increase in volumetric efficiency with the corresponding improvement in power and torque.
9. Less fuel consumption.

Q.8) State the purpose of piezoelectric injector.

Ans:-

The purpose of piezoelectric injector is;

a. The high pressure fuel is constantly delivered at the tip of the injector where the needle rest and
block fuel from injection. Highly pressurized fuel is delivered to the top of the needle and forces to
keep the needle closed.
b. When no pressure at the top of needle it’s spring open the wall by a loving the fuel to inject into
the combustion chamber.

Q.9) Explain with neat sketch the construction of two stroke petrol engine with neat sketch.

Ans:-
Two stroke petrol engine

Working principle:-

In two stroke engine, the cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the piston, namely compression
stroke and power stroke. Spark plug is used to ignite the

air-fuel mixture. To stroke engine has one working stroke for every revolution of crankshaft.

Four stages of 2 stroke petrol engine are as follows:-

1.Suction stage: piston while going downward towards BDC, uncover body in late and exhaust ports. The
fresh air-fuel mixer floors into the Indian cylinder through the transfer port from the crank case.

Compression stage: piston while moving up, first covers the transfer port and then exhaust port. After that
the fuel-air mixture is compressed.

Expansion stage: shortly before the piston reaches the TDC, the charge is ignited with the help of spark
plug. It's suddenly increase the pressure and temperature of the product and combustion and piston
pushes in the downward direction. Power is produced during this stroke.

Exhaust stage: exhaust port is open as the piston moves downwards. Product of combustion is exhausted
through the exhaust port to the atmosphere.

Q.10) State the assumptions made for a standard cycle.

Ans:-

The following assumptions were made in the analysis of air standard cycle;
 1. The working medium in the Indian cylinder is a perfect gas.
2. There is no change in the mass of the working medium
3. All the process are reversible
4. No chemical reaction takes place in the engine cylinder.
5. Heat is supplied from a constant high temperature source.
6. It is rejected to a constant low temperature sink
7. The working medium has constant specific heat
8. The physical constant of the working medium in the Indian cylinder is same as those of air at
moderate temperature.

Q.11) Differentiate between supercharging and turbocharging in IC engine.

Sr. no Supercharging Turbocharging

It increase mass density of air and driven by It is a super charger driven by engine
01
engine power exhaust gas by gas turbine

When more power output required

Increase power output of engine depends on
throttle opening and engine speed
02 engine speed and increase mass intake air in
increase as source sufficient exhaust gas
section
must pin turbine

Higher exhaust pressure causes more heat

Higher intake air pressure increase power output
03 transfer from exhaust gas to mechanical
limited to detonation
port of engine

It is located before intake manifold or It is located in exhaust manifold (after

04
carburettor engine)

Q.12) explain MPFI with neat sketch.

Ans:-

Multi point fuel injection system (MPFI)

MPFI:-

The MPFI means multi point injection system. In this system is cylinder has a number of injector to
supply or spray fuel in cylinder as compared to one injector located Central to supply or spray fuel in case
of single point injection system.

MPFI system inject into individual cylinder after receiving command from the on board engine
management system computer or engine control unit is (ECU).

Advantages Of MPFI:-

Superior fuel combustion

Better fuel management
Better engine performance
Reduce pollution.

In past, the fuel systems war mechanical and were using pressure of 200 to 300 bar with one fuel injector
having single hole, result in plume of well in the combustion chamber having wide range of temperature in
combustion chamber due to improper mixing with air.

The combustion in the reach region of flame produces scoot and in lean region producers NOx
(oxides of nitrogen)

To Overcome this, now-a-days system operates at a pressure up to 1500 bar and have up to 8 holes
per injector.

Mechanical pumps are still used to create pressure but injection timing is now computer control
and deliver very precise amount of fuel. This make possible to develop homogeneous charge having
complete combustion reducing smoke and NOx

Upto 6 injectors are used for cylinder.

Q.13) State any two advantages of ”VVT-I”.

Ans:-
 1. Improved torque output:- It provide better RPM strength to accelerate the vehicle faster.
2. Better Fuel Economy:-engine efficiency has improved with the variable wall timing technology of the
exhaust valve and intake wall then the engine will be able to produce the same power without
consuming excess fuel so save on fuel cost.
3. Lower carbon emissions:- Reduce nitrogen oxide hydrocarbon emissions.

Q.14) State the effect of compression ratio (Rc) on air standard efficiency of otto cycle and diesel cycle.

Ans:-

1)SI engine:-

Air standard efficiency of IC engine depends upon the compression ratio and it increases with the increase
in compression ratio.

The compression ratio in SI engine is limited by knock and the use of economically feasible antiknock
quality fuels. Increasing competition ratio also increases the friction of the engine particularly between
piston ring and the cylinder walls. At this point, further increase in compression ratio would not be
profitable.

Effect of compression ratio on the air standard efficiency is the shown on the graph.
Q.15) State the advantages of CRDI system used in CI engine

Ans:-

1. It fulfills the requirements of either

b. The constant load with variable speed
c. Constant speed with variable load
4. Only one pump is sufficient for multi cylinder engine.
5. Variation inform supply pressure will affect all the cylinder’s uniformly.
6. The arrangement of the system is very simple and maintenance cost is less.

Q.16) State four objectives and advantages of supercharging.

Ans:-

Objectives of supercharging;
 1. To maintain the power output of the engine working at high altitude.
2. To Reduce the mass of the Indian per indicated power developed
3. To reduce bulk of the engine to fit into a limited space.
4. To reduce specific fuel consumptions.
5. Increasing the existing power of the engine.
6. To increase the thermal and mechanical efficiency.
7. Smooth running of the engine.

Advantages of supercharging;
1. Enhanced fuel atomisation
2. Improved air/fuel mixture
3. Increased power output
4. Better scavenging efficiency
5. Consistent torque characteristics throughout the RPM range
6. Smooth and complete combustion
7. Ability to utilise fuel with lower ignition quality
8. Reduced exhaust smoke emissions
9. Improved mechanical efficiency
10. Enhanced cold-starting performance
11. Acceleration of the vehicle is significantly faster
12. Quick response in delivering a power boost.

Q.17) Why does the Carnot heat engine not exist in practice? Give any four points

Ans:-

Carnot heat engine is an ideal heat engine and is not possible in practice due to following reasons;

1. Alternate reversible adiabatic and reversible isothermal process is not possible.

2. Isothermal process requires a very slow speed of operation and it is extremely difficult to design such
a mechanism.
3. Heat addition and heat rejection at constant temperature is not possible as it a quasi-static process.
4. All processes are reversible which is not possible in practice.

Q 18) Discuss in brief process of combustion in SI engine with sketch.

Ans:-
According to Ricardo,

There are three stages of combustion in SI Engine as shown in figure

Above;

1. Ignition lag stage

2. Flame propagation stage

3. After burning stage

1. Ignition lag stage:

There is a certain time interval between instant of spark and instant where there is a noticeable rise in
pressure due to combustion. This time lag is called Ignition Lag.

2. Flame propagation stage:

Once the flame is formed at “b”, it should be self sustained and must be able to propagate through the
mixture. This is possible when the rate of heat generation by burning is greater than heat lost by flame to
surrounding. After the point “b”, the flame propagation is abnormally low at the beginning as heat lost is
more than heat generated.

3.After burning:

Combustion will not stop at point “c” but continue after attaining peak pressure and this

combustion is known as after burning. This generally happens when the rich mixture is supplied to engine.
Q.19) Draw inline fuel injection pump. Name different components

Ans:-

Components:-

1)Camshaft pump

2)plunger fuel

3)barrel fuel

4)feed

5)rack and pinion.

Q.20) Draw neat sketch. Justify use of variable geometry turbocharger as compared to fix geometry
turbocharger.

Ans:-

Variable geometry turbocharger

Uses:-

Variable Turbine Geometry technology is the next generation in turbocharger technology where the
turbo uses variable vanes to control exhaust flow against the turbine blades. The problem with the fixed
geometry turbocharger that big turbochargers do not work well at slow engine speeds, while small
turbochargers are fast to spool but run out of steam pretty quick.A turbocharger equipped with Variable
Turbine Geometry has little movable vanes which can direct exhaust flow onto the turbine blades. The
vane angles are adjusted via an actuator. The angles of the vanes vary throughout the engine RPM range
to optimize turbine behaviour.

Q.21) Classification of SI engine;

Ans:-

IC engines are classified according to:-

1.Number of strokes
 a. Two stroke cycle engines
b. Four strokes cycle engine

2.Cycle of combustion

a. Otto cycle engine

b. Diesel cycle engine
c. Dual combustion cycle engine

3.Number of cylinders

a. Single cylinder engine

b. Multi cylinder engine

4. Arrangement of cylinders

a. Horizontal engine
b. Vertical engine
c. V-type engine
d. Inline engine
e. Opposed cylinder engine
f. Radial engine

5. Method of ignition

a. Spark ignition (SI) engine

b. Compression ignition (CI) engine

6. Method of governing

a. Hit and miss governed engine

b. Quality governed engine
c. Quantity governed engine

7. Method of cooling

a. Air cooled engine

b. Water cooled engine

8.Speed of the engine

a. Low speed engine

b. Medium speed engine
c. High speed engine

9.Types of fuel used

a. Petrol engine
b. Diesel engine
c. Gas engine
d. Bi-fuel engine
e. Light oil (kerosene) engine

10.Method of supply to the engine cylinder

 a. Carburettor engine
b. Air injection engine
c. Solid or airless injection engine

11.Their uses/ Applications

a. Stationary engine
b. Portable engine
c. Marine engine
d. Automobile engine
e. Tractor engine
f. Aero engine

Q.22)Compare the SI engine and CI engine

Ans:-
Parameters SI engine CI engine

Thermodynamic cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle

Quantity governing (constant A/F Quality governing,no throttling,

Governing
ratio) variable A/F ratio

Compression ratio 6-12 14-22

Fuel Petrol Diesel

Fuel supply method Through carburettor Fuel pump and injector

Weight Low High

Starting Easy,low cranking effort Difficult, high cranking effort

Ignition Spark ignition Compression ignition

Fuel safety Volatile fuel,more fire hazard Less volatile,less fire hazard

Operating life Less More

Noise and vibration Less More,idle,noise major problem

Higher thermal efficiency about

Efficiency Thermal efficiency up to 25 to 30%
40%

Use in light duty vehicle such as Used in heavy duty vehicles such
Application scooters, motorcycle, cars. Also use in as buses, trucks, jeeps, earth
aeroplanes. movers etc.

Calorific value High Low

Q 23) Draw the Actual and Theoretical indicator diagram for four stroke SI engine.

Ans:-

Q.24) Explain with neat sketch the CRDI system used in diesel engine control by ECU.

Ans:-
 Common rail direct injection system (CRDI)

CRDI:-

The Common Rail Direct Injection system is an intelligent technology where the highly
pressurized fuel is supplied to injectors through a common rail. As the name indicates it is a direct
injection system where the injectors spray fuel directly into the cylinders. CRDI technology is used in
diesel engines, while we have MPFI technology for gasoline engines. In the traditional diesel injection
system, fuel was pressurised for every injection cycle. Whereas in the CRDI system, constant pressure was
maintained in the common rail irrespective of the injection cycle.

Advantages:-

1. Reduce noise and vibration

2. Reduce smoke, particulates and exhaust
3. Increase fuel economy
4. Higher power output even at lower RPM

Q.25) Explain the procedure of fault finding in two wheeler with diagnostic tools.

Ans:-
Q.26)Compare the effect of supercharging on SI engine and CI engine with respect to following parameter.

Detonation
Combustion
Fuel economy
Quality of fuel

Ans:-

Parameters SI engine CI engine

Increases possibility of
Detonation Reduces possibility of detonation
detonation.

Rate of combustion is faster and

Combustion is improved,
is prove to knocking craze the
Combustion complete smoother improves
flame speed and the engine
combustion.
cannot run without knocking.

poor fuel as costly fuel needs to

be used lower thermal
Fuel economy Better Fuel Economy
efficiency,greater fuel
consumption.

High quality of fuel is required to Interior quality of fuel can be

Quality of fuel
reduce knocking. used.
Q.27) Impose P-V and TS diagram of otto cycles, diesel cycle and dual cycle to compare their efficiency
under the following conditions:

1. For same compression ratio and heat rejection

2. For same maximum pressure and temperature and heat rejection.

Ans:-

Case:-I

For same compression ratio and heat rejection

Efficiency of Otto cycle is given by;

ηotto = 1- QR / QS
Where, Qs, is the heat supplied in the Otto cycle and is equal to the area under the curve 2-3 on the T-s
diagram. The efficiency of the Diesel cycle is given by;
ηdiesel= 1- QR / Q’S

Where;

Q's is heat supplied in the Diesel cycle and is equal to the area under the curve 2-3' on the T-S diagram.
From the T-s diagram it is clear that Qs>Q’s i.e., heat supplied in the Otto cycle is more than that of the
Diesel cycle. Hence, it is evident that, the efficiency of the Otto cycle is greater than the efficiency of the
Diesel cycle for a given compression ratio and heat rejection.

Case:II

For same maximum pressure and temperature and heat rejection.

Figure shows the Otto cycle 1-2-3-4 and Diesel cycle 1-2’-3-4 on P-V and T-S-coordinates, where the peak
pressure and temperature and the amount of heat rejected are the same

The efficiency of the Otto cycle,

ηotto = 1- QR / QS

Where, Qs in the area under the curve 2-3. The efficiency of the Diesel cycle, 1- 2-3’-3-4 is,

ηdiesel= 1- QR / Q’S
Q.28) Differentiate between L-MPFI file system and D-MPFI system.

Ans:-

Sr no L-MPFI D-MPFI

01. It is port injection system. It is manifold injection system.

02. Injection depends upon air flow sensor. Injection depends upon vacuum sensor.

03. Fuel injected inside the engine directly. Rail injected inside intake manifold.

04. Air+fuel mixes inside the engine. Air+fuel mixes before engine.

Metering is regulated by the Indian speed Vacuum in the intake manifold and volume
05. and amount of air that actually enters in of air by its density are since in this type of
the engine. MP system.

Q.29) Name four sensor used in IC engine and explain working of anyone.

Ans:-

Sensor use in IC engine are as follows;

1. Oxygen sensor
2. Air flow sensor
3. Engine temperature sensor
4. Air inlet temperature sensor
5. Manifold pressure sensor
6. Throttle position sensor
7. Camshaft position sensor
8. Crankshaft position sensor
9. Detonation (knock) sensor

Explanation:-

1. Oxygen sensor:-

The amount of oxygen in the engine exhaust is a census and determine air fuel ratio. Sensor output
voltage changes in proportion to air-fuel ratio
 1. Air flow sensor:-

The determination of mass are volume of air entering in the manifold is adjusted and also the quantity
of fuel intake

1. Engine temperature sensor:-

The temperature of the engine coolant is a senses and computer adjust the mixtures strength to rich
side for cold starting.

Q.30) What is scavenging in IC engine? State its type.

Ans:- the process of sweeping out of the exhaust gases from the engine cylinder, with the help of fresh
charge is called scavenging.

Need of scavenging:-in four stroke cycle engine, the exhaust gases are push out of the cylinder by the
piston movement, but in case of two stroke engine, piston does not helps in forcing out the burnt gases
from the cylinder. Deflector is provided on the crown of piston to prevent the fresh charge from entering
the exhaust port. By the scavenging gives low mean indicated pressure, incomplete combustion, increase
we are of piston and liners, greater thermal stresses on the cylinder wall.

Method of scavenging:-

1. Cross flow scavenging

2. Loop or back flow scavenging
3. Uniflow scavenging

1)Cross flow scavenging:-

Transfer port and exhaust port are kept on the two opposite sides of the cylinder wall. The fresh charge
moves upward and pushes out the burnt gases through exhaust port in the form of cross flow.
2)Loop or back flow scavenging:-

Inlet port and exhaust port are situated on the same side of the cylinder wall. Here fresh charge forms a
loop and pushes out the burnt gases.

3)Uniflow scavenging:-

Inlet or scavenging Port is situated on one side of the cylinder wall and the exhaust valves

Are kept in the cylinder head for the removal of exhaust gases. Here the fresh charge and exhaust gases
move in the same upward direction.

Q.31) Explain the process of combustion in diesel engine.

Ans:-

Combustion in CI Engines :The combustion in CI engines is taking place in following stages as Shown in
figure;

1)Ignition delay period:

During this period, some fuel has been admitted but not yet Ignited. The delay period is a sort of
preparatory phase. It is counted from the start of Injection to the point where P-ɵ curve separates from air
compression curve.

2)Rapid or uncontrolled combustion :

In this stage , the pressure rises rapid because During the delay period the fuel droplets have time to
spray and have fresh air around Them. This period is counted from end of delay period to the max
pressure on Indicator diagram.

3)Controlled combustion :

uncontrolled combustion is followed by controlled combustion Stage. The period of this stage
assumed to be at the end of max cycle temperature.

4)After burning :

It is expected to end combustion process after 3rd stage. Because of poor distribution of fuel particles
combustion still continuous during remaining part of expansion stroke. This is after burning
Fig; combustion in CI engine

Q.32) Explain battery ignition in SI engine.

Ans:-
 Battery Ignition system : It consists of a battery of 6 or 12 volts, ignition switch, induction coil,
Condenser, distributor and a circuit breaker. One terminal of battery is ground to the frame of The engine
and other is connected through the ignition switch to one primary terminal of the Ignition coil . The other
terminal is connected to one end of contact points of the circuit Breaker. To start with the ignition switch
is made on and the engine is cranked. The contacts touch, the Current flows from battery through the
switch. A condenser connected across the terminals of The contact breaker points prevent the sparking at
these points. The rotating cam breaks Open the contacts immediately and breaking of this primary circuit
brings about a change in The magnetic fields and voltage changes from 12 to 12000 V. Due to the high
voltage. The Spark jumps across the gap in the spark plug and air fuel mixture is ignited in the cylinder.

Q.33) List the additives of lubricant used in SI engine and state their advantages

Ans:-

Lubricant additives are chemical substances which are added to the lubricating oil either to improve
some of its natural properties or to provide it with certain new properties.

Lubricant additives;

i. Oxidation inhibitors
ii. Corrosion inhibitors
iii. Detergent and dispersants
iv. Anti scuff additives
v. Viscosity index improvers
vi. Anti foaming additives
vii. Extreme pressure additives
viii. Pour point depressants.
ix. Oiliness and film strength agent

Advantages:-

i. Prevent the formation of gums, varnishes and acids during the combustion in the engine cylinder.
ii. Prevent the corrosion of the engine parts.
iii. Help to polish moving part such as piston, cylinder walls, cams etc. & Preventive tendency of
scuffing.
iv. Keep the oil viscosity constant with the increase in temperature
v. Prevent tendency of oil to form foam.
vi. To provide extra film strength by forming a chemical film
vii. Facilitate oil flow by lowering pour point.
viii. Prevent carbon deposition on engine components.
Q.34) What is pre-ignition? State any two factors responsible for pre-ignition.

Ans:- Pre-ignition:-

If the ignition of the charge starts before the end of compression stroke due to any reason, then it
is known as pre-ignition.

Factors responsible for pre-ignition;

i. Overheating of spark plug

ii. Incandescent Carbon deposit on the cylinder inner wall or spark plug or exhaust valve.
iii. Higher compression ratio
iv. Faulty timing of spark production.

Q.35) What are the effect of detonation in CI engine.

Ans:-

Detonation:- A sharp metallic sound which is heard from the engine cylinder just after ignition is known as
“detonation”.

Effect of detonation:-

i. Noise and roughness:-detonation increases the loud pulsating noise and engine and due to crankshaft
vibration, engine runs rough.
ii. Mechanical damage to engine components.
iii. Results in increased carbon deposits.
iv. Decrease in power output and efficiency.
v. Detonation may lead to pre-ignition
vi. Increase in heat transfer

Q.36) Explain with respect to dual cycle

i. Cut-off ratio
ii. Pressure ratio

Ans:-
 Dual cycle

(i) Cut off ratio w.r.t. Duel Cycle: ρ = V4/V3

(ii) Pressure ratio w.r.t. Duel Cycle: α = P3/P2

Q.37) Draw superimposed p-v diagram of otto cycle, diesel cycle and dual cycle to compare their efficiency
for same compression ratio (Rc) and heat rejection (Qr)

Ans:

Superimposed P-V Diagram of Otto, Diesel & Duel Cycle:

A comparison of the cycles (Otto, Diesel and Dual) on the p-v and T-s Diagrams for the same
compression ratio and heat supplied is shown in the Fig.Since all the cycles reject their heat at the same
specific volume, process Line from state 4 to 1, the quantity of heat rejected from each cycle is represented
By the appropriate area under the line 4 to 1 on the T-s diagram. As is evident from The cycle which has
the least heat rejected will have the highest efficiency. Thus, Otto cycle is the most efficient and Diesel cycle
is the least efficient of the three cycle.
Q.38) Explain turbocharging with a neat sketch.
Ans:-

1. Turbocharger is a gas turbine driven by exhaust gas of engine.

2. About 30% of heat input goes with exhaust gases. This exhaust gas can be used to run a gas turbine.
3. The gas turbine develops the sufficient power to drive centrifugal compressor, which is used to supply
the air to engine. This results in increased power output & better thermal efficiency of engine. Thus,
supercharging done by driving compressor with the help of engine turbine utilizing exhaust of engine
is called as turbocharging.
4. In order to supply sufficient energy to the turbo charger, the exhaust valve is opened much before the
BDC as compared to naturally aspirated engine, to allow the exhaust gas to escape at higher pressure
& temp giving the turbocharger enough energy to drive the compressor.

Q.39)Explain with neat skate turning moment diagram for a four stroke engine.

Ans:-
Turning moment diagram

During suction stroke, negative loop is formed as pressure inside engine cylinder is less than
atmospheric pressure.
During compression stroke, work is done on gases therefore higher negative loop is formed.
During expansion or power stroke, fuel burn & gases expand therefore large positive loop is formed &
during this stroke we get work output.
During exhaust stroke, work is done on the gas to expel it out of cylinder , hence negative loop is
formed.

Q.40) Draw P-V & T-S diagram of

1. otto cycle
2. Diesel cycle
3. Dual cycle
4. Carnot cycle
5. Brayton cycle

Ans:

P-V T-S

Process:

1-2= Isentropic or reversible adiabatic compression

2-3= constant volume heat addition

3-4= Isentropic or reversible adiabatic expansion

4-1=constant volume heat rejection

2)diesel cycle

P-V T-S

Process:

1-2=Isentropic compression

2-3= Isobaric Heat addition

3-4= Isotropic Expansion

4-1= Isochoric heat rejection

3)Dual cycle

P-V T-S
Process:

1-2= Isentropic compression

2-3= Isochoric heat addition

3-4= Isobaric Heat addition

4-5= Isentropic expansion

5-1= Isochoric heat rejection

4)Carnot cycle

P-V diagram T-S diagram

Process:

1-2=isothermal heat addition

2-3=adiabatic expansion

3-4=isothermal heat rejection

4-1=adiabatic compression
5)Brayton cycle

P-V diagram T-S diagram

Process:

1-2=isotropic compression

2-3=heat addition at constant pressure

3-4=Isentropic expansion

4-1=heat rejection at constant pressure

Q.41) Explain valve timing diagram of SI engine

Ans:-

Valve Timing Diagram for a Four Stroke Cycle Petrol Engine – The petrol engines are also known as
spark ignition engines. The valve timing diagram for a four stroke cycle petrol engine is shown in Figure
below:

The following particulars are important for a four stroke cycle petrol engine regarding valve timing diagram :

a. The inlet valve opens (IVO) at 10° — 20° before top dead center (TDC) and closes

30°- 40° after bottom dead center (BDC).

(b) The compression of charge starts at 30° — 40° after BDC and ends at 20° — 30° before TDC.

(c) The ignition (IGN) of charge takes place at 20°— 30° before TDC.

(d) The expansion starts at 20° — 30° before TDC and ends at 30° — 50° before BDC.

(e) The exhaust valve opens (EVO) at 30° — 50° before BDC and closes at 10° —15° after TDC.

Notes:

i. The inlet valve of a four stroke I. C. Engine remains open for 230°.
ii. The charge is compressed when both the valves (i.e. inlet valve and exhaust valve) are closed.
iii. The charge is ignited with the help of a spark plug.
iv. The pressure inside the engine cylinder is above the atmospheric pressure during the exhaust stroke.
Q.42) Explain working of four stroke SI engine.

Ans:-

In four stroke, S.I. engine, power cycle is completed in four stroke. i.e. cycle is completed in two complete
revolution of crankshaft. Each stroke consist of 180° of crankshaft rotation therefore cycle is completed
in 720° of crankshaft rotation operation of stroke are as follows:

1. Suction stroke: It starts when piston is at top dead center start moving downward. During this stroke
suction valve open and exhaust valve closed, the low pressure is created in the cylinder than
carburettor pressure due to downward motion of piston. The charge from the carburettor is drawn in
the cylinder. At the end of suction stroke inlet valve closes. (Fig. a)
2. Compression stroke : During this stroke piston start moving upward by compressing the fresh charge
(Air fuel mixture) to a compression ratio of 6.5 to 10 into the clearance volume. During compression
temperature and pressure increase. Just before the end of compression stroke an electric spark
produce by spark plug and fuel is ignited, combustion takes place when the piston is at TDC. (Fig.b)
3. Expansion stroke: Due to high pressure develop by the burnt gases which forces the piston toward
BDC (downward). During this stroke both suction and exhaust valve closed, thus power is obtained
d i i fb d h d d d i i
 during expansion of burned gases. Both temperature and pressure decreases during expansion.
(Fig.c).
4. Exhaust stroke: At the end of expansion stroke, the exhaust valve open and inlet valve remains closed,
piston start moving from BDC to TDC sweeps out the burnt gases from the cylinder. The exhaust
valve closes at the end of exhaust stroke and some residual gases remains in the cylinder. (Fig.d)

Q.43) Differentiate between theoretical otto cycle and actual otto cycle on TV diagram.

Ans:-
Sr no Theoretical otto cycle Actual otto cycle

01. Irreversibility present Irreversibility absent

Heat addition is exactly at constant

02. Energy addition is never at constant volume
volume

The compression and expansion process is never

The compression and expansion process
03. isentropic because of heat transfer to or from
is isentropic
the system.

The opening and closing of valve is exact The opening and closing of valve required some
04.
at the crankshaft angle. delay in time

Pressure inside the cylinder is Pressure inside the cylinder is slightly less than
05. atmospheric during suction and exhaust atmospheric during suction and higher than
Stroke atmospheric during Exhaust Stroke

06. No power loss Some power loss

 

07.
Unit:-02
Testing of IC engine and Emission control

Define:-
1. Mechanical efficiency:-
b. It is define as the ratio of useful power available at the engine crankshaft to the power develop in the
engine cylinder.
c. It is denoted by ηmech.
d. Mathematically;

ηmech= B.P/I.P
Where;

B.P= Brake power

I.P= Indicated power

1. Indicated power:-
b. It is define as the ratio of heat equivalent of indicated power per unit time to the heat supply to the
engine per unit time.
c. It is denoted by i η
d. Mathematically;

ηi = I.P/mg × C.V
Where;

I P.=indicated power

Mf=mass of fuel supplied in kg/sec

C.V=Calorific Value of fuel In Kg/sec

1. Brake Specific Fuel consumption (BSFC)

b. It is the mass of fuel consume per kilo watt hour on brake power basis.
c. Mathematically;
Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)= mass of fuel consumed in kg/hour

Brake Power in kilowatt (KW)

1. Engine control unit (ECU):-

b. The engine control unit or ECU of vehicle is the main component of engine system that enables the
use of all the other devices.
c. It is also known as the power train control module, and it usually installed under the dashboard of
vehicle.

1. Volumetric efficiency:-
b. It is the ratio of the actual volume of charge admitted during the suction stroke at NTP to the swept
volume of the piston.
η
c. It is denoted by v.
d. Mathematically;

ηi= Va / Vs
Where;

Va= actual volume for stroke at NTP

Vs=stroke volume

1. Brake power (B.P) :-

b. The actual power available at the crankshaft of the engine for doing useful work is called brake
power.
c. It is denoted by BP
d. Mathematically;

B.P= 2 π NT / 60. .....(KW)

Where;

N=Speed Of Crankshaft In RPM

T= Brake torque in kN-m

1. Fictional power(F.P):-

The difference between the indicated power and brake power is called as friction power.

Mathematically;

Friction power (F.P) = IP – BP

Where;
IP= Indicated Power

BP=brake Power

1. Break thermal efficiency:-

b. It is defined as the ratio of heat equivalent of brake power per unit time to the his supply to the
engine per unit time.
c. It is denoted by b η
d. Mathematically;

ηb = Heat equivalent and of brake power per unit time

Heat supplied to the engine per unit time

1. Relative efficiency:-
b. It is define as the ratio of indicated thermal efficiency to the air standard efficiency.
c. It is denoted by r .η
d. Mathematically;

ηr = brake thermal efficiency/air standard efficiency

Q.1)Explain with neat sketch working of non dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas analyzer.

Ans:-

Fig:- NDIR Analyzer

The CO2 Analyser is a Analytical instrument that measures the concentration of CO2 gas in the
process. The CO2 Analyzer use multi-component analysis by using Non Dispersive Infrared (NDIR)
sensor technology for consistent, precise process gas measurement.
The Non Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) detection method is based upon the absorption of infrared
radiation at specific wavelengths as it passes through a volume of sample. Non-Dispersive Infrared
(NDIR) techniques for the measurement of various gases rely on the energy absorption
characteristics of a particular gas in the infrared region. In a simple NDIR instrument, Infrared
h h id i l b d f ll d h fi b i h f ll
 energy passes through two identical tubes and falls on a detector. The first tube is the reference cell
and is filled with a non-absorbing gas such as nitrogen. The second tube is the measurement cell and
contains the gas sample to be analyzed.

Q.2) State the functions of Catalytic Converter.

Ans:- Functions of Catalytic Converter is;

1. A catalytic converter is a device used to reduce the

2. toxicity of emissions from an internal combustion
3. engine. Catalytic converters are most commonly used in motor vehicle exhaust systems.
4. Catalytic converters are also used on generator sets, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, and
other engine-equipped machines.
5. A catalytic converter provides an environment for a chemical reaction wherein toxic combustion by-
products are converted to less-toxic substances.

Q.3) State the effect of “Air fuel ratio” on exhaust emission.

Ans:- The air fuel ratio is important for complete combustion in engine by using rich mixture (with more
fuel) or lean mixture (with less fuel) with efficient firing order. The mixtures with which the engine can
operate range from 8:1 to 18.5:1 i.e. from 8 kg of air/kg of fuel to 18.5 kg of air/kg of fuel.

The NOx and CO are formed in the cylinder due to incomplete combustion. Unburned HC emissions
originate fuel leaves combustion chamber due to flame quenching in narrow passages present in the
combustion chamber and incomplete oxidation of fuel that is absorbed in oil film or deposits on cylinder
wall, etc.

Q.4) List the method of reducing pollution in diesel engine as per BS VI

Ans:- Method to reduce pollution in Diesel engine as per BS VI;

1. SCR= selective catalytic reduction or selective catalytic converter

2. LNT=lean NOx trap
3. DPF= Diesel particulate filter

Q.5) Explain the term

1) Octane number

2)Cetane number

3)knock number
Ans:-

1. Octane number:-
2. Octane number is a measure of the performance of a fuel
3. Important for predicting the knocking of an engine
4. Given for gasoline
5. Octane rating is done considering the octane number of isooctane as 100

1. Cetane number:-
2. Cetane number is the measure of the delay of the ignition of a fuel
3. Important for predicting the ignition of an engine
4. Given for gasoline
5. Cetane rating is done considering the ignition of Cetane.
6. Knock resistance:-

Knock resistance is a fuels ability not to self ignite and burn in on controlled way while the fail is being
compressed. This means that the air fuel mixture in the engine is not ignited only by the ignition Spark but
also by compression. An octane number describe this phenomenon under defined condition.

Q.6) Explain the term exhaust gas recirculation with neat sketch.

Ans:-

1.
 1. EGR stands for Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an emission control
technology used in modern IC engines (gasoline/petrol engines and diesel engines) to reduce
NOx emission.The EGR system is most commonly used in diesel engines because these engines
release very high levels of nitrogen oxides which are injurious to the human body and environment.
2. NOx emission pollutants to the environment and these gases birth different dangerous diseases.
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) produces inside the engine cylinder due to the high compression ratio and the
high temperature of the engine cylinder.
3. To reduce and control NOx emission, manufacturers introduce the “EGR (Exhaust Gas
Recirculation)” technique in the various vehicles’ engines. It is one of the most important parts of a
vehicle engine.
4. The Exhaust gas recirculation system has the ability to protect the environment and human life from
the engine harmful gases.
5. The EGR system returns the engine exhaust gases back to the engine cylinder. During this process, it
reduces the temperature of the exhaust gases and the oxygen level in the cylinder of the engine. Both
factors inhibit the formation of NOx.
6. In this way, the EGR valve controls the emission of exhaust gases. The composition of the exhaust
gases has higher specific heat than the mixture in the engine cylinder.

Q.7) State the effect of IC engine pollution on environment.

Ans:- The major air pollutants emitted by petrol and diesel engine are CO2 Cox SO2 ozone smoke and
lead vapour. They are very harmful to the human animal and plant life if there concentration in the air
exceeds more than particular limit.

All pollutants in general lead to long and heart deterioration. They also cause throat, eye irritations
.There is no safe limit to these pollutants. This pollutants may not affect young and healthy person. But
old age, serious illness, drop in resistance power to illness or major operation suddenly make a person very
prone to the ill effect of these pollutants.

Q.8) List out different pollutants in exhaust gases of petrol and diesel engine? Briefly explain their effect on
human being and environment (at least 4)

Ans:-

1)CO:- Carbon monoxide combined with Hemoglobin forming carboxy hemoglobin , which reduces
oxygen carrying capacity of blood. This leads to laziness, exhaustion of body and headache. Prolong
exposure can even lead to death. It also affect cardiovascular system there by causing heart problem.

2)CO2:- Plants use CO2 for photosynthesis and release oxygen. The pollution and cutting down of forest
has increase concentration of CO2, which causes respiratory disorder and suffocation. It is also toxic in
large quantity.

. Temperature of earth increases every year by 0.05 degree Celsius as concentration of co2 is
increasing at a rate of 0.75 ppm per year. This warming up of atmosphere by trapping of infrared rays is
called Greenhouse Effect and CO2 place important role in it.

3)NOx:- Oxides of nitrogen may be form either by the natural or artificial fixation of nitrogen from atmosphere
or from nitrogen compound present inorganic matter.

Chemical and photochemical reaction involving NO2 and hydrocarbons induced by sunlight are responsible
for formation of photochemical smog

It causes respiratory irritation, Headache, bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema , impairment of lung,

loss of appetite, and corrosion of teeth to human body.

4)HC:-Hydrocarbon place role in formation of photochemical smog with NOx and sunlight, which has
effect like reduces visibility, I irritation, peculiar odour and damage to vegetation and accelerates the
cracking of rubber product.

Some hydrocarbons, which induce cancer, affect DNA and cell growth are known as carcinogens.

5)Ozone:- It is by product of NOX reactions. On ground level it cause irritation of throat and lung. It is
toxic in nature.

6)SO2: It is toxic and corrosive gas. Oxidise to SO3 which combine with water to form sulphuric acid
aerosols. Sulphuric acid is corrosive and can harm human respiratory track of animals, plants and crops.

Q.9) State the purpose of testing in IC engine.

Ans:-

the purpose of testing of IC engine:

1. to get the information, which cannot be obtained by calculation.

2. To confirmed the data used in design.
3. To satisfy the customer regarding the performance of IC engine.

Q.10) Give the limitation or purpose of selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Ans:-

Limitations of SCR;

1. since lead destroys catalytic activity, the engine cannot use leaded petrol.
2. Exhaust system are hotter than normal as a result of exothermic reaction in catalyst bed.
3. The emission of SO3 increases if fuel contains Sulphur.
4. The use of equipment at to the cost.
5. Periodic replacement of air filter of induction system is required.
Q.11) Explain with neat sketch two way catalytic converter.

Ans:-

Fig; two way catalytic converter

Catalytic converter are widely used in car all over the world.

It is cylindrical canister place between exhaust manifold and silencer. It contains plastic palette coated
with the catalyst.

Catalytic converter is design for the oxidation of pollutant gases skipping after primary combustion in the
engine, within the exhaust system. The simplest type of catalytic converter is as shown in figure.

A Converter is filled with a monolithic substrate coated with small amount of platinum and palladium.

Through catalytic action, a chemical change converts carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (CH) into
carbon dioxide and water. Such a converter is called two catalytic converter.
Q.12) What is the necessity of Heat Balance Sheet? Explain how heat balance sheet of an engine is prepared.

Ans:-

The complete record of heat supplied and heat rejected during a certain time (say one minute) by an
IC engine is entered in a tabulated form known as heat balance sheet. It gives a fairly accurate
account of the heat energy entering and leaving the engine.
This analysis is used for research to evaluate the design.
Following items of energy balance will be sufficient to know the performance of the engine:
Heat supplied by fuel per unit time is considered as the 100% energy input.
Heat converted to brake power for same intervals of time ex- pressed as a percentage of heat supplied.
Heat carried away by jacket cooling water in the same interval of time expressed as a percentage of
heat supplied.Heat carried away by exhaust gases in the same interval of time expressed as percentage
of heat supplied.
Heat unaccounted for, is found by the difference between (i) and the sum of (ii), (iii) & (iv)
Brief explanation of the items which are required to complete the .heat balance sheet.
Heat supplied by the fuel:

Heat energy is released during the combustion of fuel inside the engine cylinder.

Where;

mf= Mass of fuel supplied in kg/min.

C.V. Lower calorific value of fuel in kJ/ kg.

Heat expenditure / Heat utilised:

a) Heat equivalent to BP:

Heat energy of the fuel is partly converted into useful work equivalent to its B.P.

Heat equivalent to brake power per min = B.P. x 60 kJ/min.

b)Heat rejected to cooling water :

The mass of the cooling water circulating through the cylinder jackets as well as its inlet & outlet
temperatures are measured to determine the heat rejected to the cooling water.
Heat rejected to cooling water = mw Cw (two -twi ) ............ kJ/min.

Where;

mw= Mass of cooling water supplied in kg/min.

Cw = Specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg-K

two = Cooling water outlet temperature.

twi-Cooling water inlet temperature.

c) Heat carried away by exhaust gases:

Mass of the exhaust gases is obtained by adding together the mass of fuel supplied and the mass of air
supplied.

Heat carried away by exhaust gases per min.

=mg Cpg (tg -ta ) ............kJ/min.

Where;

mg= Mass of the exhaust gases produced in kg/min.

Tg= Temperature of exhaust gases

Cpg= Specific heat of exhaust gases

ta= Room or ambient temperature

d)Unaccounted heat:-

There is always some loss of heat due to friction, leakage, radiation, convection etc which cannot be
determine experimentally. This losses obtained by the difference of heat supplied by the fuel and heat
absorb in BP, cooling water and exhaust gases.

Layout of heat balance sheet

Heat supplied Heat expenditure

SR.No Particular KJ/min % Sr no. Particular KJ/min %

Heat supplied by Heat equivalent

1. 100% 1.
fuel to BP

Heater rejected to
2.
cooling water

Heat rejected to
3.
exhaust gases

Heat loss
4. unaccounted for

Qu=Qs-(1+2+3)

100% 100%
Q.13) State the function of catalytic converter and Explain three way catalytic converter with neat sketch.

Ans:-

Functions of catalytic converter:-

Catalytic converter is a cylindrical unit like a small silencer and is installed into the exhaust system of a
vehicle. It is placed between the exhaust manifold and the silencer. Its main function is to convert harmful
pollutants such as CO, HC, NO, into harmless gases CO2, H₂ & N₂.

Inside the converter, there is a honeycomb structure of a ceramic or metal coated with alumina base
materials. Second coating is of precious metals such as platinum, palladium or rhodium. This second
coating serves as a catalyst. When the exhaust gas passes over the catalyst, the toxic gases such as CO, HC
& NO, are converted into harmless CO2, H2 & N2.

Three Way Catalytic Converter:-

Fig; Three way catalytic converter

1. It converts harmful gases (NOX, CO, HC) in the engine exhaust to relatively harmless gases (N₂, Co₂,
H₂0).
2. A three way catalytic converter make use of two catalyst to convert harmful gases to harmless gases.
3. Reduction Catalyst (Platinum and Rhodium)
4. Oxidation Catalyst (Platinum and Palladium)

Stage 1:

2NO = N₂+ O₂

Stage 2:
In this stage oxidation occurs as in two way catalytic converter.

Exhaust gases with NOX & Co

3 Way catalytic converters are so named because they are capable of eliminating three pollutants - NOX,
CO, and HC

Q.14) Explain motoring test to determine frictional power of engine.

Ans:-

The purpose of conducting motoring test on IC engine is to find out friction power (F.P) of the engine.
This method gives reasonably good results and is very suitable for finding the losses imparted by various
engine components.

Procedure of conduction of motoring test: The engine is first run upto the desired speed by its own power
and allowed to remain under the given speed and load condition for some time so that oil, water and
engine components temperature reaches a stable condition. Power of engine during this period is absorbed
by swinging field type electric dynamometer. Fuel supply is then cut-off and by suitable electric switching
device, the dynamometer is converted to run as a motor to crank the engine at the same speed at which it
was previously running. The power supplied from the dynamometer is measured which is the measure of
the Frictional Power (F. P.) of the engine.

Precautions : The water supply is also cut-off during the motoring test so that the actual operating
temperatures are maintained

Q.15) State different method of determining frictional power of IC engine and explain anyone method.
Ans:- The method used to measure frictional power (F.P) of IC engines are:

1. Motoring test
2. William’s straight line method
3. Morse test.

Morse test:-

Morse test is conducted to find the indicated power of each cylinder of a high speed multicylinder I.C.
engine without using indicator diagram.

In high speed IC engines, it is difficult to cator diagram due to inertia forces. Test consists of making
inoperative in turn, each cylinder of the engine and noting the reduction in brake power developed.

Procedure for conduction of Morse test : 1.

1)First brake power (B.P) of an engine, when all the cylinders are in operation, is measured at a certain
speed & load.

(B.P.)engine= ( I1 + I2+ I3+ I4 ) – (F1+F2+F3+F4)

Where;

I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 are IP of cylinders 1, 2, 3, 4. respectively.

F1, F2, F3, F4 are FP of cylinder 1, 2, 3, 4. Respectively.

Cylinder no. I is cut-off by short-circuiting spark plug in petrol engine or cut-off individual fuel supply in
diesel engine. Reduce load on the engine to maintain original speed & measure brake power (BP1).

I1 = 0, but frictional losses of the cylinder remain, the same.

(B.P.)1 = (I2+ I3+ I4 )–(F1+F2+F3 +F4)

3. Similarly, each cylinder is cut-off one by one and brake power of the remaining three cylinders is
determined by correcting engine speed.

Ip of cylinder no. 1

(B.P.)engine - BP1 = IP1

Similarly,

(B.P.) engine – BP2 = IP2

(B.P.) engine – BP3 = IP3

(B.P.)engine – BP4 = IP4

Total IP of engine = IP1+ IP2+ IP3+ IP4

Assumptions made for Morse test :

1)Pumping & friction losses are the same when the cylinder is inoperative as well as during firing as cut-off
period is very short.
2)Mechanical or frictional losses at constant speed are independent of the load.

Q.16) State the norms of Bharat stage III and IV.

Ans:-

Bharat stages CO (g/ km) HC+ NOx (g/km)

HC NOx

BS III 2.3 0.20 0.15

BS IV 1.00 0.10 0.08

Q.17) List changes made by automobile manufacturing achieving BS VI norms in diesel engine.

Ans:- In manufacturing of automobile following devices are installed;

1. Selective catalytic converter (SCR)

2. Diesel particulate filter (DPF)
3. Lean NOx trap (LNT)
4. Enhanced exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
5. Improve fuel injection system
6. Oxygen and NOx sensor
7. Advanced turbochargers

Q.18) List the various method to reduce the pollution in diesel engine.

Ans:-

i. Closed crank ventilation

ii. Fuel tank and carburettor ventilation
iii. Redesigning the engine
iv. Exhaust gas treatment
v. Use of alternative fuel

Q.19) “Octane number is measure of knock resistance” justify the statement.

Ans:- Knock resistance is a fuels ability not to self ignite and burn in on controlled way while the fail is
being compressed. This means that the air fuel mixture in the engine is not ignited only by the ignition
Spark but also by compression. An octane number describe this phenomenon under defined condition.

Q.20) Explain the method to control the exhaust emission of light motor vehicle to achieve Euro norms.
Ans:- Methods;

1. EGR( exhaust gas recirculation)

2. Catalytic converter (two way or three way)
3. Air injection
4. Evaporative control system
5. PCV valve

Unit:-03
Air compressor

Define:-
1. Pressure ratio(Compression ratio)

Compression ratio is the pressure ratio define as delivery pressure to suction pressure.

1. Swept volume:-
2. It is actual volume of air taken in during suction stroke.
3. It is expressed in m^3.
4. Swept volume when express in m^3 /min.
5. It is also known as Piston displacement
6. Compressor capacity:-

It is the quantity of the year actually delivered by compressor in m^3/min.

1. FAD(free air delivery):-

It is the volume of air delivered under the conditions of temperature and pressure existing at compressor
intake. In this absence of free air conditions. These are taken as NTP condition i.e pressure 1.01325 bar
and 15°C Temperature.
 1. Volumetric efficiency:-

The ratio of actual free air delivered by the corporate sir per stroke to the displacement of the compressor
is known as volumetric deficiency of the compressor.

it is denoted by ηvol
ηvol= Va/ π R^2 L
Where;

L= length of stroke

R=D/2 = cylinder radius

1. Mechanical efficiency:-

The ratio of indicated power or air power to the shaft or Break power of compressor is called mechanical
efficiency.

It is denoted by ηm.
ηm= indicated power/brake or shaft power

1. Polytropic efficiency:-

It is nothing but the Isentropic efficiency of one small stage of multistage compressor this small stage
efficiency is supposed to be constant for all stages of compressor with infinite number of stages.

Q.1) Enlist the advantages of multi staging of compressor.

Ans:- Advantages of multistaging of compressor are as follows;

i. Volumetric efficiency will be more due to low pressure ratio of each stage
ii. No leakage losses
iii.Easy and simple in lubrication due to lower working temperature.
iv. Due to the use of intercooler, compression of air is approximated to isothermal process which
reduces power required to drive compressor.
v. Requires lighter flywheel
vi. Require small size and thin cylinder.

Q.2) State the method to improve efficiency of air compressor.

Ans:- Method used to improve efficiency of air compressor;

i. Cold water spray

ii. Water jacket
iii. Intercooling
iv. Providing fins
Q 3) Explain two stage air compressor with perfect intercooling.

Ans:-

Two stage reciprocating air compressor

Air is shock atmospheric in LP cylinder at P1 during suction stroke. Then it is compress patriotically along
1-2’.

From condition 2’ it is delivered to an intercooler where heat from the air is rejected by cooling water at
constant pressure P2.

If air is school to intact temperature of LP. It is called as “perfect intercooling”. This cooled air is
admitted into HP cylinder.

In HP stage it is compress polytropically along 2 to 3 to pressure p3 and then deliver to receiver at

constant pressure P3.
When both the indicator diagram in figure; are overlap we get combined diagram are shown in below;

Indicator diagram combined for LP and HP with perfect intercooling

Diagram shows that 1-3’-P3-P1 is a single stage compression with law PV^n =C

Diagram for LP stage is 1-2’-P2-P1. For HP stage diagram is 2-3-P3-P2 . Therefore the shaded area 2-
2’-3’-3 is Saving in work with two stage compressor with perfect intercooling. When intercooling is perfect.
The point 2 will lie on isothermal curve (T1=T2) as shown.

Let;

P1= intake pressure in Nmm^2 or Pa

V1=volume at point 1 in mm^3

P2= pressure at outlet to HP in N/mm^2 or Pa

V2=volume at point 2 in mm^3

P3=Delivery pressure in N/mm^2 or Pa

Q.4) Explain with neat sketch working of screw compressor.

Ans:-

Fig; Screw compressor

Screw type compressor is positive displacement compressor consists of two mutually engaged helical
grooved rotors suitably housed in a casing. Out of two rotors generally male rotor is driver rotor
having four helical lobes, which are engaged in corresponding flutes of female rotor. Female or driven
rotor has six number of flutes.
During the rotation of rotor, air is drawn through the suction port to fill the space between male and
female rotor lobes. Since the air drawn between the lobes is isolated from the suction port, this air so
trapped is moved both axially and radially with the rotation of rotors compressed due to volume
reduction. When this compressed air is put in communication of discharge port, air leaves through
discharge port.
We can note that the male and female rotor rotates at different speeds due to different number of lobe
and flutes.
Screw compressor is capable of handling 3.5 to 300 m^3/min of air with maximum pressure ratio of
20.
The rotors are usually cooled by internal circulation of lubricating oil and due to this these
compressor requires elaborate lubricating oil system. These compressors are noisy in operation but
due to its simplicity, durability and reliability it is used in refrigeration and air- conditioning industry.

Advantages of screw Compressor :

i. High volumetric efficiency is obtained as there is practically to clearance volume.

ii. Uniform and continuous air flow is obtained.
iii. Absence of suction and discharge valve eliminates pressure drop.
iv. At partial load power consumption is less.
v. It can be directly coupled to prime mover.
vi. It can be used with refrigerant R-22 and Ammonia
ii h d l i h f i i f l b l d
 vii. It has even torque and purely rotary motion therefore it is perfectly balanced.

Q.5) Explain the working of lobe type air compressor with neat sketch

Ans:-

Lobe or root blower air compressor

Construction:

It consists of two rotors which are driven externally. One rotor (lobe or root) is connected to the drive and
the second rotor is gear driven from the first. The shape of lobes (rotor) is epicycloid or hypocycloid or
involute to ensure a seal between high pressure region & the low pressure region at all angular positions.
These rotors are placed in a casing.

Working:

During the rotation, volume of air V at atmospheric pressure is trapped between the left hand rotor and
casing. This air is positively displaced with change in volume until the space open to high pressure region.
At this instant, some high pressure air rushes back from the receiver & mix irreversibly with blower air 'V'
until the pressure is equalised & then delivered to the receiver.

The work done per revolutions of rotor W.D.=(P2-P1)4V

Efficiency of roots compressor decreases with the increase in pressure ratio.

The roots blower is designed to supply air from 0.15m ^ 3 / min to about 1500m ^ 3 min & has a pressure
ratio 1 to 3.6 for single stage machine. The maximum rotational speed used is 12500 rpm.

Q.6) Explain the effect of clearance volume on multi stage air compressor without intercooling by using PV
diagram.

Ans:-

Q.7) list different types of rotary compressor.

Ans:- Types of rotary compressor are as follows;

a. Positive displacement compressor

ii. Roots blower
iii. Vane type
iv. Lysholm compressor
v. Screw compressor
f. Non-positive displacement compressor
vii. Centrifugal
viii. Axial flow

Q.8) Enlist uses of compressed air.

Ans:- compress air is used for many applications. some of them , for

1) To drive air motors in coal mines.

2) To inject fuel in air injection diesel engines.

3) To operate pneumatic drills, hammers, hoists, sand blasters.

4) For cleaning purposes.

5) To cool large buildings.

6) In the processing of food and farm maintenance.

7) In vehicle to operate air brake.

8) For spray painting in paint industry.

Q.9) Compare the rotary compressor with reciprocating type air compressor
Ans:-

Q.10) Describe in brief working of axial flow compressor with sketch.

Ans:-

Axial flow compressor

1. An axial flow compressor is a multistage unit as each stage builds up pressure by small amount.
2. The unit consist of a ring of fixed blades and a ring of moving blades.
3. The function of fixed blades is to receive the high velocity air from the preceding rotor blade and to
direct the flow to the succeeding row of rotor blade.
4. Moving blades are mounted on the rotor while fixed blades are fixed on stator or casing. The blades
are of aero-foil shape for efficient working. Air flows through the annulus ring between the rotor and
the stator over the blades, parallel to the axis of the compressor.
5. As the rotor rotates, air in the blades passage accelerate, due to which velocity and pressure increases.
The air then passes through fixed blade passages of diffuser shape in which velocity of air decreases
and pressure increases, pressure rise in each stage is of the order 12 to 15% and the number of stages
used vary from 5 to 14. It can handle air upto 30000 m^3/min. It is mainly used in gas turbine plants.
Q.11) Explain perfect and imperfect intercooling in air compressor and show it by graph also.

Ans:- perfect intercooling:-When the air is cooled after leaving the intercooler to the original atmospheric
air temperature (intake temperature), then the intercooling is known as perfect intercooling. In perfect
intercooling, point 2 lies on the isothermal curve.

Perfect intercooling on P-V diagram

Imperfect intercooling:- When the temperature of the air leaving the intercooler (i.e. T2) is more than the
original atmospheric air temperature i.e. intake temperature. T1, then the intercooling is known as
imperfect or incomplete intercooling. The amount of work saved in imperfect intercooling is less than that
in case of perfect intercooling.

Imperfect intercooling on P-V diagram

Q.12) Show the effect of increase of compression ratio in a single stage reciprocating compressor on PV
diagram and give its physical significance.

Ans:-

Physical Significance:- If compression in increased (usually it varies from 5 to 8) the final temperature
increases and volumetric efficiency decreases flow and it compression ratio increases beyond usual value,
compression ratio P2/P1 becomes zero as it can be observed from the figure. Increment in compression
ratio will increase leakage past the piston and will need robust cylinder. If will also affect the operation of
delivery valve and if will reduce lubricating properties of oil. It may increase the risk of ignition in piping
and receiver.

Effect of Compression ratio in a single stage reciprocating compressor on PV

Diagram

Q.13) Define displacement of compressor for two stage compressor. why is free air deliver than displacement of
compressor?

Ans:- Displacement is the product of piston displacement and working stroke per minute is based on low
pressure only and the amount air passing through the other cylinder for two stage compressor.

When free air wave from low pressure cylinder to high pressure cylinder through intercooler there
is reduction of volume of air because of perfect cooling so free air delivered is less than displacement of
compressor.

Q.14) What is the necessity of purification of air in compressor and how it is done?
Ans:- Purification of air is a process of separating emulsified, suspended and separate oil as well as other
contamination from water phase of compressed air. Air also contains dust and dirt particles.

Air cleaners are used for purification of air. It along with purification also reduces the noise. Air
cleaners are classified on the basis of principles of filteration and nature of filtering element.

Different types of air cleaner used are:

1. Oil bath type air cleaner.

2. Dry type air cleaner.

3. Oil wetted type air cleaner.

4. Paper pleated type air cleaner.

5. Centrifugal type air cleaner.

Q.15) Explain and draw neat sketch of vane compressor and label the different parts.

Ans:-
Vane compressor

It consists of a rotor located eccentrically in a cylindrical outer casing. The rotor carries a set of spring
loaded vanes in the slots of the rotor as shown in Fig.

The volume of air V1 at atmospheric pressure P1, is trapped between two vanes.

As the rotation proceeds. the trapped air is first compressed reversibly from condition 1 to d, the
compression takes place due to the decrease in volume provided for the trapped air. Then the air is
compressed irreversibly from the pressure Pd, to deliver pressure P2.

The irreversible compression is similar to the compression explained in Roots blower. The vane type
compressor requires less work compared to Roots blower for the same capacity and pressure rise.

Normally vane type compressors are used to deliver upto 350 m^3 of air per minute at pressure ratio upto
4. The speed of the vane type blower is limited to about 250 rpm.

The vane type and roots blowers are replaced by centrifugal compressors for their use in supercharging
aero engines. This is because, the centrifugal blowers are comparatively much more efficient, can be easily
fitted into the design of aero engines, can be driven at much higher speeds and are much more efficient.

Q.16) Why majority of air compressor available in the market are multistage? Explain

Ans:- Multi-stage air compressors feature many benefits and so, they are mostly used in the market. Some
of those features are given below

1. Higher air pressures are achievable by multi-staging (about 175 PSI against 120 PSI in single stage)

2. It requires less power for running

3. Light weight cylinders can are used

4. Leakages are less

5. Overall discharge temperatures are lower

6. Intercooler increases the efficiency of unit

7. It has a greater durability

8. Many multi-stage air compressors have the crankcase cast separate from the pump cylinders, which
makes it easier to repair.

9. Multi-stage compressors Air compressors can perform (are suitable) many different functions in
industrial applications.

Q.17) Classification of air compressor.

Ans:-

According to motion

Reciprocating air compressor

Rotary air compressor
a. Positive displacement compressor
b. Non positive displacement compressor

According to number of stages

Single stage compressor

Multistage compressor

According to working side of piston

Single acting compressor

Double acting compressor

According to pressure limit

Low pressure compressor

Medium pressure compressor
High pressure compressor

According to pressure rise for stage

Fan
Blowers
Compressor

According to capacity of compressor

Low capacity compressor

Medium capacity compressor
High capacity compressor
Q.18) Explain construction and working of single stage reciprocating compressor with net sketch also
represent it on PV diagram.

Ans:-

Reciprocating air compressor

The principal parts of reciprocating air compressor are same as that for engine.

Fig. shows a simplified section of a single stage acting air compressor.

Crank is coupled to the prime mover or electric motor. Inlet and delivery valves are automatic in their
operation. They are opened and closed by pressure difference on both the sides of valves and a spring is
provided to close valve in case pressure is equal on both the sides.

In working there are two strokes, suction stroke and delivery stroke.

During suction stroke piston moves downward. Due to which, pressure in cylinder falls below atmospheric
pressure and intake valve opens and atmospheric air is taken in.

In delivery stroke, piston moves inward with compression of air in cylinder. Both the inlet and
delivery valve is closed and compression proceeds; at the end of compression stroke the pressure increases
above the receiver pressure.

The high-pressure air overcomes the spring force on delivery valve; valve opens and air is discharged
to the receiver. The receiver is a vessel, which acts as a storage tank.
Working of air compressor may be represented on indicator diagram (P-V diagram)as shown in figure;

The indicator diagram is drawn for compressor neglecting clearance

The process 4-1 is a suction stroke during which, air is drawn into cylinder at constant pressure P1. At the
end of success through both suction and delivery wall are closed and air is there compress by inward
moment of piston. Process is represented by curve 1-2, which follows increase in pressure and reduction in
volume.

Q.19) Explain need of multi-staging.

Ans:-Need of multi-staging are as follows;

In some applications, air is required at high pressure. In such cases, either we employ a large pressure ratio
if single stage compressor is used or we can compress the air in two or more than two cylinders in series. If
single stage compressor is used for producing high pressure air, it suffers the following drawbacks:

1. Size of the cylinder will be too large. This increases cost as well as weight of cylinder.

2. Difficult to reject the heat during the compression of air in a small time interval.

3. Sometimes the temperature of air at the end of compression is too high. It may heat up the cylinder
head or burn the lubricating oil.

In order to overcome the above mentioned difficulties, two or more cylinders are provided in series
with intercooling arrangement between them i.e multistage compression is used in actual practice.
Q.20) compare reciprocating compressor and centrifugal compressor.

Unit:-04
Gas Turbines and Jet propulsion
Q.1)Classification of gas turbine.

Ans:-

a) Cycle of operation or path of working substance :

1. Open cycle gas turbine

2. Closed cycle gas turbine

3. Semi closed cycle gas turbine

b) Thermodynamic cycle :

1. Brayton or Joule cycle

2. Atkinson cycle

3.Ericsson cycle (constant pressure gas turbine using several intercooler and Reheaters)

c) Applications :

1. Stationary gas turbine

2. Automotive gas turbine

3. Locomotive gas turbine

4. Marine gas turbine.

5. Aircraft gas turbine

d) Fuel used:

1. Liquid fuel gas turbine

2. Gaseous fuel gas turbine

3. Solid fuel gas turbine

e) Action of expanding gases :

1. Impulse turbine

2. Reaction turbine

f) Direction of flow:

1. Axial flow

2. Radial flow

g) Arrangement of shaft:

1. Single shaft gas turbine

2. Multi shaft gas turbine

h) Process of heat absorption or combustion process :

1. Constant pressure gas turbine

2. Constant volume gas turbine

Q.2) Explain the working principle of turbo jet with neat sketch.

Ans:-
Fig; Turbojet engine

Most common type of air breathing engine is turbo jet engine as shown Fig. This engine consists of
diffuser, a mechanical compressor, a combustion chamber, mechanical turbine and an exhaust nozzle

The function of diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of engine air into a static pressure rise. After this,
air enters to the mechanical compressor, either axial or centrifugal which further compresses the air, and
delivers it to the combustion chamber.

The fuel nozzle feeds fuel continuously and continuous combustion takes place at constant pressure. The
high pressure and high temperature gases then enters the turbine, where they expand to provide power
output of the turbine.

The turbine is directly connected to the compressor and all the power developed by the turbine is absorbed
by the compressor and the auxiliary apparatus.

The main function of the turbine is to provide power to drive compressor

After the gases leave the turbine, they expand further in the exhaust nozzle and leaves with a velocity
greater than the flight velocity to produce a thrust for propulsion.

turbo jet engine is a continuous flow engine. Hence a compressor and a turbine is used to provide be
obtained in a Ram jet engine. The additional pressure rise, which could not be obtained in a Ram jet
engine.

However increase pressure achieved by the diffuser. In flight velocity improve its performance because of
the benefit of ram pressure achieved by the diffuser.

Advantages of Jet Propulsion over Other Systems :

1. The specific Weight of jet propulsion is 1/4 to 1/2 of the reciprocating engine.
2. There are no reciprocating parts. Therefore jet propulsion is free from unbalanced force.
3 h j li i h ll f l db d i h
 3. The jet propulsion engine has small frontal area and better aerodynamic shape.
4. The speed of jet propulsion is not limited by propeller hence high speeds can be obtained.
5. Since the thrust is applied directly there is no loss of power transmission.
6. The continuous combustion gives continuous thrust and unit has a smooth running free from
vibration.

Disadvantages of Jet Propulsion :

1. Particularly at low pressure, the thermal efficiency is lower. At low altitude and speed upto 148 m/s the
fuel consumption is 2 to 3 times that of reciprocating engine.

2. The plant is very noisy, materials are costly and life short.

3) Compression ratio is not constant as in reciprocator but varies approximately with the square of the
rotational speed.

Q.3) State the advantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas turbine.

Ans:- Advantages of closed cycle gas turbine over open cycle gas turbine;

1. Higher thermal efficiency

2. Reduced size
3. No contamination
4. Improved heat transmission
5. Improved part load n
6. Lesser fluid friction
7. No loss of working medium
8. Greater output and
9. Inexpensive fuel

Q.4) State the application of gas turbines.

Ans:- Applications of gas turbines

1. They are widely used in the aircraft field, i.e., for propulsion of turbo jet and turbo propeller engines.

2. With availability of natural gas fuel, the gas turbines are increasingly being used for electric power
generation.

3. These are also used in marine propulsion.

4. The gas turbines are used in conjunction with thermal power plants as cogeneration for power
production.

5. The gas turbines are used in high-speed racing cars.

6. The gas turbines are also used to run the railway locomotives.

7. These are used to operate hovercrafts.

8. These are used to run turbo (high speed) pumps.

9. These are used to run the rotary compressors.

10. The gas turbines are also used in cross country pipe and charging stations.
Q.5) Enlist fuel used in gas turbine.

Ans:- Fuel used in gas turbine;

1. Coal gas
2. Producer gas
3. Blast furnace gas
4. Oil & Pulverized coal
5. Kerosene
6. Paraffin
7. Diesel

Q.6) draw PV and tears diagram of Brayton cycle or joule’s cycle.

Ans:-

Brayton cycle:-

P-V T-S

Processes:-

1-2=Isentropic compression of air in compressor

2-3=heating of air in combustion chamber at constant pressure

3-4=Isentropic expansion of hot gases in turbine

4-1=constant pressure cooling. In this process, exhaust gases are thrown in atmosphere and fresh air is
taken in from atmosphere.

Q.7) differentiate between closed cycle and open cycle gas turbine.

Ans:-

Q.8) state the method to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine and explain any one.

Ans:-

The improvement of the simple cycle plant can be done by following methods;

1. Regeneration: This is done by preheating the compressed air before entering to the combustion chamber
with the turbine exhaust in a heat exchanger, thus saving fuel consumption.

2. Improving turbine output: This can be done by -

(a) Reheating: The whole expansion in the turbine is achieved in two or more stages and reheating is done
after each stage.

(b)Increasing the value of maximum cycle temperature i.e. turbine inlet temperature. This requires-

(i) Better quality of fuel.

(ii) New materials which can withstand high temperature.

(c) Improved turbine efficiency. It depends on design improvements.

3. Reducing compressor input: This can be done by-

(a) Inter cooling: Compressor work is reduced by inter cooling the air between compressor stages.
(b) By lowering inlet temperature to compressor : It is done by inlet refrigeration or evaporator cooling.
The mass flow rate increases for the same volume due to increased density.

(c) By increasing the compressor efficiency: This depends upon the design improvement

(d) Water injection. By injecting water at the inlet to compressor the work output and efficiency are
increased due to the extra mass of water injected and cooling of air

Q.9) Explain the working of turbo-prope engine with neat sketch.

Ans:-

Fig; Turbo-prope engine

It consists of propeller, diffuser, compressor, combustion Ans. chamber, turbine & exhaust nozzle.

Principle: Exhaust gases are partially expanded in the gas turbine to produce power just sufficient to drive
the compressor and propeller & further expansion is done in the nozzle. High velocity jet at exhaust
provides a reactive force to create forward propulsion. Here the propeller produces 80 to 90% of thrust by
accelerating outside air & only 10 to 20 % is produced by jet of exhaust gases. Propeller is also useful for
providing high power for take off & climbing purposes.
Working: Outside atmospheric air is accelerated by propeller & enters into the diffuser with high velocity.
Conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy takes place in the diffuser due to ramming effect. Air
enters the compressor axially, where it is compressed upto 4 bar & supplied to the combustion chamber.
Continuous combustion of air- fuel mixture at constant pressure takes place in the combustion chamber.
High pressure hot gases are passed over the turbine where it is expanded partially to produce the power
just sufficient to run the compressor & propeller. Remaining expansion of hot gases takes place in the
exhaust nozzle. Due to expansion in nozzle, kinetic energy of gases increases & finally the high velocity jet
exhausted to the atmosphere from the rear side of the engine, imparting a reactive force for propulsion.

Application:-

1. Used in aircraft

Advantages:-

1. It is simple in design and construction

2. Producers high power for takeoff.
3. High proposal efficiency at speed below 550 km/hr.

Q.10) Explain constant pressure open cycle gas turbine with regeneration and intercooling.

Ans:-

Open cycle gas turbine with regeneration:-

In this method, the air delivered by compressor passes through a heat exchanger known as 'regenerator
utilizing the gases exhausted from the turbine. The heated air then passes into the combustion chamber
and part of it is employed to burn the fuel.
 Since some heat is added to the air in the heat exchanger itself, so the same turbine gas inlet
temperature is attained as that when no heat exchanger is employed; with lower fuel consumption. Hence,
thermal efficiency will accordingly higher. The compressor turbine and net work are not affected by the
addition of the regenerator to the cycle, only the heat required to be supplied in the combustion chamber
is decreased which gives gain in thermal efficiency.

The ideal open cycle gas turbine with regeneration can be shown as 1-2-5-3-4-6.

The high pressure air at state 2 is passed through a regenerator or heat exchanger where it is heated at
constant pressure from T2 to T5 due to which the exhaust gas from the turbine at state 4 is cooled from T4
to T6.

Open cycle gas turbine with intercooling:-

The net work of gas turbine cycle may be increased by saving some compression work. This is done by
using several stages of compression with inter cooling of air between stages.

The air from the first stage compressor is cooled in the intercooler approximately to initial temperature
before entering to the second stage compressor. The effect of inter cooling is to decrease the net work and
increase the efficiency as compared to the simple ideal cycle without inter cooling.

The ideal open cycle gas turbine with inter cooling can be shown as 1-2-3-4-5-6.

In first stage compressor atmospheric air is compressed from P1,to P2, it is then cooled from temperature
T2 to T3=T1 in the intercooler at constant intermediate pressure Px and finally compressed from Px to P2
in the second stage of compressor.
Q.11) Explain with neat sketch working of Ram jet engine.

Ans:-

Principle of working:-Ram jet is propulsion unit which moves with supersonic speeds. The principle of
working of ramjet engine is that the pressure of the incoming air is to be increased sufficiently high with
the help of diffuser action which is sufficient to self ignite the fuel as the rise in temperature is high. This is
achieved by moving the engine with high speed with the help of turbojet.

Working: It consists of diffuser system, combustion chamber & exhaust nozzle. In this jet, there is no
compressor & turbine.

As the jet moves in air with supersonic velocity, the air enters the supersonic diffuser from the nose
of jet. This gives rise to shock waves and increases the pressure of air. Further this air passes through the
subsonic diffuser where its velocity is reduced to subsonic value & its pressure is further increased, at this
stage the temperature of air becomes sufficient to self ignite the fuel. The combustion of fuel generates
high temperature of more than 2000°C. The hot gases are passed and expanded adiabatically through the
exhaust nozzle & then discharged to the atmosphere in the form of high velocity jet imparting forward
thrust to the ramjet.

Advantages:

1. Ramjet has no moving parts, so there is no vibration.

2. It is light in weight.

3. Wide variety of fuel can be used.

4.Moves with supersonic velocity (1.5 to 2 Mach number)

5. Develope greater thrust per unit engine weight.

Drawback/Disadvantage :

1 . It cannot be self start from rest. Therefore, it is always equipped with a small turbojet to facilitate
starting.

Q.12) State advantages of Jet proposal over other system.

Ans:-

Advantages of Jet Propulsion over Other Systems:

1. The specific weight of jet propulsion is 1/4 to 1/2 of the reciprocating engine.
2. There are no reciprocating parts. Therefore jet propulsion is free from unbalance forces.
3. The jet propulsion engine has small frontal area and better aerodynamic shape.
4. The speed of jet propulsion is not limited by propeller hence high speeds can be obtained.
5. Since the thrust is applied directly there is no loss of power transmission.
6. The continuous combustion gives continuous thrust and unit has a smooth running free from
vibration.

Q.13) What is meant by Jet propulsion? Give the classification of Jet propulsion system.

Ans:- Jet propulsion means propulsion (creating forward motion) of a vehicle by the reactive force of the
jet of gases escaping at a very high velocity.

The principle of jet propulsion is based on Newton's Second and Third Law of Motion.

The Momentum is imparted to a mass of fluid in such a manner that the reaction of imparted momentum
fires propulsive force.

This is done by expanding the gas which is at high temperature and pressure through the nozzle so that
the gas with very high velocity leaves the nozzle giving thrust in opposite direction.

Jet propulsion may be of following type:

1. Atmospheric jet engine (Breathing engine)

2. Rocket engine (Non-breathing engine)

Q.14) In gas turbine plant Brayton cycle is more suitable than otto cycle even though both cycle has equal
thermal efficiency for same compression. Justify?

Ans:- In gas turbine plant – it works on Brayton cycle where the heat added & heat rejected at constant
pressure. It consists of compressor, combustion chamber & a turbine. The efficiency of Brayton cycle rotor
cycle is same for but efficiency is of gas it temperature & pressure is increasing. High temperature &
pressure require for ignition & fuel consumption for bray ton cycle. It is not possible in Oto cycle because
the heat added & rejected at constant volume so bray ton cycle is most suitable than Otto cycle for gas
turbine plant.

Q.15) List at least six components of a jet engine.

Ans:-
Cold section:-

1. Air intake
2. Shaft
3. Compressor or fan
4. Bypass duct
5. Diffuser section

Hot section:-

1. Combustor
2. Turbine
3. Supersonic nozzle
4. After burner
5. Exhaust

Q.16) list the different liquid propellant used in rocket engine.

Ans:-liquid propellants:-

Monopropellants:- nitromethane, hydrogen peroxide.

Bipropellants:- Oxidizers: liquid oxygen, nitric acid & hydrogen peroxide.

Fuels:- liquid hydrogen, ethyl alcohol, gasoline, hydrazine, aniline.

Q.18) Compare turbo Jet and turbo prope engine.

Sr.No Turbojet engine Turbo-prope engine

80% to 90% trust produced by acceleration

100% thrust is produced completely due to of air exhaust side the engine by propeller
01.
Jet of exhaust gases. 10% to 20% thrust produced by Jet of
exhaust gas.

Speed of Jet propulsion is not limited by Speed of Jet propulsion is limited by

02.
propeller propeller.

Engine consist of propeller shaft, diffuser,

Engine consist of diffuser, compressor,
03. compressor, combustion chamber, turbine
combustion chamber, turbine and nozzle.
and nozzle.

04. Plant is more noisy Plant is less noisy.

05. Used for helicopters and Marine engine Used in jet engine.
Ans:-

Q.19) Draw labels schematic diagram of liquid propellant system used in rockets. List the point which
differentiate these system from solid propellant system.

Ans:- In liquid propellant rocket, liquid propellant is used, which is stored in the containers outside the
combustion. The basic operations are similar with that of propellant rocket.

Below Fig. shows a schematic diagram of the basic components of a liquid bipropellant rocket engine. It
consists of an injection system, a combustion chamber and an exhaust nozzle.

Point which differentiate these systems from solid propellant system;

1) The fuel and oxidizer are forced in the combustion chamber by the injection system.

2) Due to combustion, high temperature and pressure gases are produce and expanded.

3) The high pressure and temperature gases are exhausted to the atmosphere at supersonic speed through
the nozzle. The nozzle converts the pressure energy of the gases into kinetic energy.

4) The reaction of the exhaust of the high velocity gases produces the thrust of the rocket engine.

5) A liquid propellant rocket consist of three major component are:

(i) Rocket motor

(ii) Propellant system

(iii) Control

Q.20) Name the essential component used in gas turbine.

Ans:-

Components of Industrial gas turbine plant:-

1. Compressors
2. Turbines
3. Combustion chamber/heating chamber
4. Generator
5. Electric motor (for starting purpose)
6. Cooling chamber/precooler
7. Intercoolers
8. Reheaters
9. Heat exchanger

Components of aircraft gas turbine:-

1. Propeller
2. Diffuser
3. Compressor
4. Combustion Chamber
5. Turbine
6. Exhaust nozzle

Q.21) List the different solid propellant used in rocket engine.

Ans:-

Homogeneous solid propellants:- Ballistite which consists of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose.

Composite solid propellant:-Oxidizer may be chlorates , perchlorates or nitrates.

Fuels are Asphalt or oil mixtures:-These also act as a binder to give the charge desirable strength properties.

Q.22) Name the main components used in constant pressure cycle gas turbine.

Ans:-Major component required for constant pressure gas turbine are;

1. axial flow air compressor

2. Combustion chamber
3. Gas turbine
4. Motor for starting (starter)
5. Generator

Q.23) Explain regeneration method to improve thermal efficiency of gas turbine with the help of flow diagram
and TS diagram.

Ans:-

It is the method of preheating the air coming out from the compressor before it enters into the
combustion chamber. This is carried out in the heat exchanger by using the exhaust gases as the exhaust
gases carry lot of heat as their temperature is far about the ambient temperature. Thus, reducing the mass
of fuel supplied in the combustion chamber.
With the use of regenerator in the circuit, there is no change in the compressor work and turbine work,
but there is substantial reduction in the quantity of fuel supplied because the temperature of air entering
the combustion chamber is increased. 2 - 5' on T -S diagram shows preheating of compressed air & 4 -
6'shows cooling of exhaust gases in heat exchanger.

Unit:-05
Refrigeration and Air conditioning

Q.1) Explain vapour compression regeneration cycle on TS and P-h charts.(for superheated vapour at the
end of compression).

Ans:-
 P-H diagram. T-S diagram

A vapour compression cycle with superheated vapour before compression is shown on P-H & T-S
diagrams. In this cycle, evaporation of low temperature & low pressure liquid refrigerant start at point 4 &
continues upto point 1, where the vapour is superheated before entering the compressor. Here heat is
absorbed in two stages, firstly from point

4 to point l' and from point l' to point 1.

Effects of superheating:-

1. Superheating reduces wear & tear of the compressor, thus increases the life of compressor, because if
liquid traces of refrigerant enter into the compressor, lubricating oil film will be washed off & there
will be considerable wear & tear of the compressor. Therefore, superheating will be
advisable/desirable.
2. Refrigeration effect is increased by (h1-h1’) kJ/kg , but due to superheating as specific volume of
vapour refrigerant increases, compressor work is also increased considerably. Increase in refrigerating
effect compared with compressor work will be reduced, so COP will be reduced slightly.
3. Vapour gets superheated due to gain of heat from surrounding due to long pipe & hence does not
increase refrigerating effect, but adds to the work of compression, thus reducing COP considerably.
This type of superheating has a bad effect. Thus proper insulation lagging must be provided to reduce
heat transfer.

Q.2) draw a neat block diagram of “vapour compression cycle” show the direction of flow of refrigerant.
Ans:-

Q.3) Explain the term

1. Dalton’s law of partial pressure

2. Relative humidity
3. Dry bulb temperature
4. Wet bulb temperature
5. Dew point temperature
6. Coefficient of performance of refrigerating unit
7. State the Ton of refrigeration

Ans:-

1)Dalton’s law of Partial pressure:-

The total pressure exerted by the mixture of air and water vapour is equal to the sum of the pressure,
which each constituent would exert, if it occupied the same space by itself.

Total pressure exerted by air and water vapour mixture is equal to the barometric pressure

Pb = Pa+PV
Where;

Pb= barometric pressure

Pa= partial pressure of dry air

Pv= partial pressure of water vapour

2)Relative humidity:-

It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour (mv) in a given volume of moist air to the mass of water
(ms) the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.

It is denoted by Greek letter phi (Φ)

Mathematically;

Φ=mv/ms = Pv/Ps
Where ;

mv=mass of water vapour in moist air

ms=mass of water vapour in saturated air

Pv=partial pressure of water vapour in moist air

Ps=partial pressure of water vapour in saturated air

3)Dry bulb temperature (DBT)

It is the temperature of air recorded by ordinary thermometer with clean and dry sensing element
(thermometer bulb). It is denoted by td in °C.

4)Wet bulb temperature (WBT)

It is the temperature recorded by ordinary thermometer when its bulb is covered by a wet cloth
exposed to the air. It is denoted by tw in °C.

5)Dew point temperature (DPT)

It is the temperature of air recorded by a thermometer, when the moisture (water vapour) present in it
begins to condense. It is this saturation temperature corresponding to the partial pressure of water
(Pv). It is usually denoted by tdp.

Note:-

For saturated air, the DBT, WBT and DPT are same.

6)Coefficient of performance of refrigerating unit (COP)

Coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio of refrigerating effect (H at extracted in the refrigerator
per unit time) to the work input of compressor.

Mathematically;
COP= Q/W= R.E/W

COP is the reciprocal of the efficiency of a heat engine.

Thus, the value of COP is always greater than unity.

7)State the ton of refrigeration

One ton of refrigeration is de- fined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform
melting of one ton (1000 kg) of ice from & at 0°C in 24 hours.

OR

It is also defined as the amount of heat removed from 1 ton of pure water supplied at 0°C to form 1
ton of ice at 0°C within 24 hour period.

The practical unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of 'ton refrigeration'.

of Latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg, therefore, one ton of refrigeration(1TR)

Therefore,

(1TR)= 1000×335/24×60

1TR= 232.6 kJ/min.

In actual practice, one ton of refrigeration is taken as equivalent 210 kJ/min or 3.517kW.

Q.4)Sketch of psychrometric chart and show the following properties of Air on it.
1)WBT 2)DBT 3)DPT 4)Specific volume. 5)Enthalpy.
6)Relative humidity. 7)Specific humidity

Ans:-

Q.5) explain & draw a neat label sketch of a window air conditioner.

Ans:-
A widow air conditioner consists of a hermatically sealed compressor, a condenser, a filter, a drier, an
evaporator and a capillary tube. An electric motor drives the fan to circulate air through condenser
coil and also runs a blower to deliver cool air to the room through the evaporator coil which cools as
well as dehumidifies the air. A thermostat is provided to maintain the desired temperature by means
of an on-off control of the compressor. Filter is fitted near the evaporator coil. The evaporator side is
kept inside the room and is insulated from the condenser side which is kept outside. Dampers are
used for the appropriate air distribution. They are avail- able in sizes upto 2 ton capacity.

In this, simple vapour compression refrigeration system is used. The low temperature and low
pressure refrigerant vapour from evaporator is sucked by a hermetically sealed compressor and
compressed to high pressure, high temperature and discharged to condenser where it gets
condensed by rejecting the latent heat to high pressure liquid refrigerant.

The liquid refrigerant passes through the strainer into the capillary tube. Here, throttling process
takes place and this low pressure, low temperature liquid refrigerant flows through the evaporator coil
and absorbs the heat from the evaporator surface which cools & dehumidifies the air. Conditioned air
is supplied to the room by blower through the dampers.

Q.6) represent the following processes on psychrometric chart

1)sensible cooling and sensible heating

Sensible cooling. Sensible heating

2)Humidification and dehumidification

Humidification Dehumidification

3)Heating and humidification. 4)Cooling and humidification

Heating and humidification Cooling and humidification

5)Cooling with adiabatic humidification 6) Heating and dehumidification

Cooling with adiabatic humidification Heating and humidification

Q.7) Explain the effect of superheating on the performance of vapour compression cycle

Ans:- effect of superheating on vapour compression cycle are as follows;

1. Superheating reduces wear & tear of the compressor, thus increases the life of compressor, because if
liquid traces of refrigerant enter into the compressor, lubricating oil film will be washed off & there
will be considerable wear & tear of the compressor. Therefore, superheating will be
advisable/desirable.
2. Refrigeration effect is increased by (h1-h1’) kJ/kg , but due to superheating as specific volume of
vapour refrigerant increases, compressor work is also increased considerably. Increase in refrigerating
effect compared with compressor work will be reduced, so COP will be reduced slightly.
3. Vapour gets superheated due to gain of heat from surrounding due to long pipe & hence does not
increase refrigerating effect, but adds to the work of compression, thus reducing COP considerably.
This type of superheating has a bad effect. Thus proper insulation lagging must be provided to reduce
heat transfer.

Q.8) Name the refrigerant used for;

1. Water cooler
2. domestic refrigerator
3. ice plant
4. cold storage

Ans:-

Water cooler:- R-134a

Domestic refrigerator:- freon-12 & freon-11

Ice plant:-
Primary refrigerant: NH3(Ammonia)

Secondary refrigerant: Brine solution

Cold storage:- Ammonia (NH3), R-22, R-134.

Q.9) Explain construction of ice plant with neat sketch.

Ans:-

Fig; Ice plant

Refrigerant used in ice plant

Primary refrigerant- NH3 (Ammonia)

Secondary refrigerant- Brine solution

Brine commonly used are sodium chloride (NaCl common salt) & calcium chloride (CaCl2).

Ice plant:

The production of ice is one of the principal applications of refrigeration. Ice is the cheapest means for
short time preservation of food.
 Commercial ice is produced by freezing water in standard cans placed in rectangular insulated tank.
The tank is filled with chilled brine, which is kept in constant motion, 6 to 10 m/min by an agitator. Brine
solution temperature is maintained by the refrigeration plant at -11°C to-10°C. Bare tube type evaporator
is used for cooling brine solution.

Brine tank is fabricated from 7mm thick mild steel plates. Tank depth must be sufficient to hold a
brine level of about 25 mm higher the water level in cans. Insulated wooden lids are provided to cover the
top to facilitate the removal of ice cans. Ice cans are tapered by about 10 to 12 mm in their height for easy
removal of ice. To get clear transpar- ent ice, water in the can is agitated by the use of low pressure air
through the tubes suspended from the top. Ice frozen at a temperature lower than -12°C can crack,
therefore, brine temperature is kept at a higher level (-11 to -10°C). When whole of the water in the can is
frozen, small amount of unfrozen water can be seen in the central core, this is due to increase in salt
concentration in the unfrozen water. At this stage, the unfrozen water is removed & equal quantity of fresh
water is added.

Working: A separate evaporator operating at higher pressure is used to precool water going to the ice
can. Simple vapour compression refrigeration cycle is used in primary circuit using Ammonia as
refrigerant to cool brine solution. Brine solution extracts heat from the water in the ice can.

Vapour refrigerant formed in evaporator is sucked by compressor, where it is compressed to higher

pressure and condensed in a water cooled condenser. High pressure liquid ammonia is collected in receiver
& then it is passed to the evaporator through expansion valve at low pressure & low temperature.

Ice cans after removing from brine are dipped into thawling tank which contains hot water for few
minutes. This helps for easy removal of ice slab from ice cans. The rate of freezing decreases as the
thickness of ice layer formed increases because the ice layer offers more thermal resistance to the heat flow
from water to brine

Q.10) State the function of

1. Drier
2. Oil separator in vapour compression cycle

Ans:-

Drier:-

Function:- It removes moisture and impurities such as dust and contaminants from the liquid refrigerant.

Oil separator in vapour compression cycle:-

Function:- Separates oil from the compressed vapour refrigerant.

Q.11) differentiate between unitary and central air conditioning system.

Ans:-
SR.No. Central Air-Conditioning system Unitary Air-Conditioning system

Ton capacity is more than 25 Tons of Ton capacity is less than 25 Tons of
01.
refrigeration. refrigeration .

Mass flow rate of air handles is around

02. Mass flow rate of air handled is less.
2000m^3/min.

All the rooms are required to be

Each room can be maintained at different
03. maintained at more or less similar
condition.
condition.

Central Air-Conditioning is located in Unitary Air-Conditioning is located in every

04.
basement or outside the building. room, which is being air conditioned

Central Air-Conditioning is quiet in

Unitary Air-Conditioning may be no noisy. it
05. Operation, as noise Making components
is quite in Operation if use as a split unit.
are located outside or in basement.

06. It requires duct design and installation. No duct design and installation is required

Capital cost of central air-conditioning Capital cost of unitary air-conditioning

07.
equipment is less equipment is more.

One person can look after entire air

Maintenance is inconvenient as one person
08 conditioning plant, thus maintenance is
required to go in each room.
convenient and easy

If air conditioning in a particular room If air conditioning is not required, it can be

09.
is not required, it cannot be switch off. switch off.

If there is failure or fault in Air- If there is failure of air conditioner, only air
10. conditioning plant, air-conditioning is conditioning of that particular room is
affected in all the rooms. affected.
Q.12) Define the term air conditioning. Classify various air conditioning system.

Ans:- It may be define as a simultaneous control of , humidity, motion of air and purity of air within the
enclosed space.

So it is a science which deals with supply and maintaining desirable internal atmospheric conditions
irrespective of external conditions.

Classification of Air-Conditioning;

1)According to purpose:-

i. Comfort air conditioning system

ii. Industrial air conditioning system

2)According to season of the year

i. Winter air conditioning system

ii. Summer air conditioning system
iii. Year round air conditioning system

3)According to equipment arrangement

i. Central air conditioning

ii. Unitary air conditioning
Q.13) Represent wet compression and dry compression on TS and pH diagram and name all process involved
in it .

Ans:- wet compression:

P-H diagram T-S diagram

Process:-
1-2 = Isentropic compression

2-3 = Condensation or heat rejection

3-4 = Expansion

4-1 = heat absorption or evaporation

Dry compression:
 P-H diagram. T-S diagram

Process:-

1-2 = Isentropic compression

2-3 = Condensation or heat rejection

3-4 = Expansion

4-1 = heat absorption or evaporation

Q.14) explain the effect of sub cooling on the performance of VCC refrigeration cycle.
Ans:-

Effect of Subcooling:-

1)Subcooling increases the refrigerating effect by (h4’-h4) kJ/kg of refrigerant circulated, without any
change in compressor work. Therefore, COP increases.

2)Rate of flow of the refrigerant per minute per ton of refrigeration will be less as compared to that for
the simple saturated cycle. Therefore, for subcooled cycle, volume of vapour handled by compressor per
ton of refrigeration reduces. Thus, compressor displacement is reduced, so smaller size compressor may be
used.

Q.15) compare between window air conditioner and split air conditioner.

Ans:-
Sr. No Window air conditioner Split air conditioner

Split AC comes into units, cooling unit

01. Window AC is one unit conditioner.
inside and compressor unit outside.

Window AC is bit noisy compared to split

Split AC no noisy as compressor unit
02. AC, as the compressor also built into the
outside.
cooling unit.

Split AC you have to connect the exterior

03. Window AC is easy to install and interior units through rubber tubes,
which might cause troubles.

Low installation cost and servicing also More installation cost and servicing also
04.
easy. complicate.

Mostly used for large offices and big

05. Suitable for small rooms only.
rooms.

06. No heat loss Some heat loss

Sr. No Heat pump Refrigerator

Remove heat continuously from

01 Supply is heat continuously to the space and
the space and maintain the
maintain the temperature above atmospheric
temperature below atmospheric
temperature.
temperature.

Coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pump is

Coefficient of performance (COP)
always greater than 1
02. of refrigerator is always by 1 than
the COP of heat pump.
COPheat pump= COP refrigerator + 1

03. Used to heat the space Used to cool the space

04. Extract heat from atmosphere Reject heat to the atmosphere




05.

Block diagram
Block diagram

Q.16) differentiate between heat pump and refrigerator.

Q.17) draw need sketch of split air conditioner and name the parts.

Ans:-
Components:-

1. Evaporator coil
2. Evaporator blower (fan)
3. Capillary tube control panel
4. Air filter
5. Return air grills

Q.18) Explain the working of household refrigerator.

Ans:-

Domestic refrigerators are of smaller capacity generally 95, 160, 200, 210, 310, 490 litre of volume
capacity.

Cycle used: It works on vapour compression refrigeration cycle.

Refrigerant: Freon-12 & Freon - 11. They are non-irritant & non-toxic.

It consists of following main components :

1. Hermetically sealed compressor

2. Air cooled condenser

3. Fin & Tube type evaporator

4.Capillary tube

5.Accumulator

6.Drier & Strainer

7. Thermostat

It has a cabinet shape. In its basement compressor, condenser & receiver are arranged. Evaporator remains
exposed in the storage cabinet. Ice trays are kept in the evaporator for producing small quantity of ice.
Compressor is a black dome shaped machine to which suction, discharge and charging tubes body relay,
Condenser is a black coloured tube generally kept from outside at the back. Starting relay is provided for
high torque to the compressor during starting. By adjusting thermostat knob, temperature in the
evaporator is adjusted. Drier - strainer is provided to remove moisture and impurities from the
refrigerating system.

The primary function of refrigerator is to provide food storage space maintained at low temperature
(0°C to 4°C) for the preservation of food. Secondary function is the formation of ice cubes. A door gasket
of soft rubber embedded with magnetic wire is provided around the throat tip of the cabinet to prevent air
leakage & to reduce heat transfer.

Low pressure liquid refrigerant enters into the evaporator, absorbs heat from the refrigerated space
& converted into low pressure, low temperature vapour refrigerant. These low pressure vapour are sucked
by the compressor where its pressure & temperature increased by compression. High pressure & high
temperature vapours are cooled and condensed into liquid refrigerant in the condenser so heat is rejected
in the condenser. Then this high pressure liquid is passed through capillary tube. Low pressure & low
temperature liquid refrigerant is supplied to the evaporator & the cycle is repeated.

Q.19) Define Comfort Air Conditioning.

Ans:- Purpose of such a system is to create atmospheric condition conducive to human health, comfort
and efficiency. This system is used for homes, offices, shops, restaurants, hospitals, schools, etc.
Q.20) state the significance of psychrometric chart.

Ans:-

A psychrometric chart is a graphical representation of various psychrometric properties of moist air like
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point temperature, specific humidity, relative humidity,
enthalpy, and specific volume.

The tribal temperature it taken as abscissa and moisture content (specific humidity) is taken as ordinate.

The significance of psychrometric chart is, it helps to know all psychrometric properties directly on chart of
air if we know any two properties of air. It eliminates the tedious calculation which would otherwise be
necessary.
C.R = Rc = V1 / V2 = Vs+ Vc / Vc