LVDT and Termocouple Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.
6
THERMOCOUPLE
AIM: To study Thermocouple.
DIAGRAM:
1) Thermocouple
Metal 1
Sensing
V
Element
Metal 2
Ref. Temp.
Junction
2) Cold Junction Compensation

Cold Junction
Compensating
mV
Rc S
Hot Compensating
Junction Cable
R: Calibrating Resistance
S: Compensating Spring
Rc : Resistance with negative temperature coefficient.

THEORY: In 1821, Thomas J. Seebeck discovered that if metals of two
different metal wires are twisted together and heated, a sensitive meter
connected to the other end of the pair will indicate a voltage (electromotive
force) which is very nearly directly proportional to difference in temperature
between the heated or hot junction and other end, which is called the cold
junction. This phenomenon is known as the Seebeck effect. This principle is
used for measuring temperature and the element formed thus is called as
‘Thermocouple’. The Thermocouple word is a combination of ‘Thermo’ for the
heat requirement and couple denoting two junctions.
An ordinary Thermocouple consists of two different kinds of wires, each of

which must be made up of a homogeneous metal or alloy. The wires are joined
together at one end to form a measuring junction.. The free ends are
connected to the measuring instrument to form a closed path in which current
can flow. After the Thermocouple wires are connected to the measuring
instrument, the junction side is designated as reference junction or cold
junction. Thermocouple reads the difference between the temperatures of its
measuring and reference junction.
Based on possible combination of metals there could be countless number of

thermocouples; but as a matter of fact there are relatively few.
COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION:
While using thermocouples it is always necessary to use cold junction

compensation. As far as theoretical arrangements are concerned one junction
must be at 00C reference.
The entire standard chart provides output voltage considering one reference
junction at 00C temperature. The voltage due to simple temperature difference
between observed voltage and temperature at measuring point compensation
can be achieved using resistor Rc.
COMPENSATING CABLE:
The two wires used in thermocouple are costly and can’t be extended up till
the indicator or transmitter kept far off. Hence cheap wire having same
thermal properties as that of the original metals of thermocouple are used as
compensating cable. Thus, compensating cable for each thermocouple is
different.
Thermocouple can be connected in parallel to provide the average

temperature in the system and they can be connected in the series with
polarities reversed to measure difference between two temperatures.
CONCLUSION: Hence studied the construction and working of thermocouple.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is transducer?
2) Give the classification of transducers.
3) What are the points to be considered while selecting transducers?
4) Explain Seebeck effect.
5) What is thermocouple?
6) What are the applications of thermocouple?
EXPERIMENT NO.7
LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER
AIM: To study linear variable differential transformer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Like other inductive transducers, this transducer is also used for converting a
linear motion into an electrical signal. The differential transformer transducer
measures force in terms of the displacement of the ferromagnetic core of a
transformer.
Construction:
The device consists of a primary winding (P) and two secondary windings
named S1 and S2. Both of them are wound on one cylindrical former, side by
side, and they have equal number of turns. Their arrangement is such that
they maintain symmetry with either side of the primary winding (P). A
movable soft iron core is placed parallel to the axis of the cylindrical former.
An arm is connected to the other end of the soft iron core and it moves
according to the displacement produced.
Working:
As shown in the figure, an ac voltage with a frequency between (50-400) Hz is
supplied to the primary winding. Thus, two voltages VS1 and VS2 are obtained
at the two secondary windings S1 and S2 respectively. The output voltage will
be the difference between the two voltages (VS1-VS2) as they are combined in
series. Let us consider three different positions of the soft iron core inside the
former.
 Null Position – This is also called the central position as the soft iron
core will remain in the exact center of the former. Thus the linking
magnetic flux produced in the two secondary windings will be equal.
The voltage induced because of them will also be equal. Thus the
resulting voltage VS1-VS2 = 0.
 Right of Null Position – In this position, the linking flux at the winding
S2 has a value more than the linking flux at the winding S1. Thus, the
resulting voltage VS1-VS2 will be in phase with VS2.
 Left of Null Position – In this position, the linking flux at the winding S2
has a value less than the linking flux at the winding S1. Thus, the
resulting voltage VS1-VS2 will be in phase with VS1.
From the working it is clear that the difference in voltage, VS1-VS2 will
depend on the right or left shift of the core from the null position. Also, the
resulting voltage is in phase with the primary winding voltage for the change
of the arm in one direction, and is 180 degrees out of phase for the change of
the arm position in the other direction.
The magnitude and displacement can be easily calculated or plotted by

calculating the magnitude and phase of the resulting voltage.
The graph shows the plot between the resulting voltage or voltage difference
and displacement. The graph clearly shows that a linear function is obtained
between the output voltage and core movement from the null position within
a limited range of 4 millimeter.
The displacement can be calculated from the magnitude of the output voltage.
Advantages:
1. Maintains a linear relationship between the voltage difference output and

displacement from each position of the core for a displacement of about 4
millimeter.
2. Produces a high resolution of more than 10 millimeter.

3. Produces a high sensitivity of more than 40 volts/millimeter.
4. Small in size and weighs less. It is rugged in design and can also be assigned
easily.
5. Produces low hysteresis and thus has easy repeatability.
Disadvantages:
1. The whole circuit is to be shielded as the accuracy can be affetced by

external magnetic field.
2. The displacement may produce vibrations which may affect the

performance of the device.
3. Produces output with less power.
4. The efficiency of the device is easily affected by temperature. An increase in

temperature causes a phase shift. This can be decreased to a certain extent by
placing a capacitor across either one of the secondary windings.
5. A demodulator will be needed to obtain a d.c output.
CONCLUSION: Hence studied construction and working of LVDT.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is LVDT?
2) Why it is called as LVDT?
3) Mention the major applications of LVDT?
4) What are the advantages of LVDT?

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EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM: To study Thermocouple.

2) Cold Junction Compensation

Rc : Resistance with negative temperature coefficient.

An ordinary Thermocouple consists of two different kinds of wires, each of

Based on possible combination of metals there could be countless number of

COLD JUNCTION COMPENSATION:

While using thermocouples it is always necessary to use cold junction

Thermocouple can be connected in parallel to provide the average

CONCLUSION: Hence studied the construction and working of thermocouple.

AIM: To study linear variable differential transformer

The magnitude and displacement can be easily calculated or plotted by

1. Maintains a linear relationship between the voltage difference output and

2. Produces a high resolution of more than 10 millimeter.

5. Produces low hysteresis and thus has easy repeatability.

1. The whole circuit is to be shielded as the accuracy can be affetced by

2. The displacement may produce vibrations which may affect the

3. Produces output with less power.

4. The efficiency of the device is easily affected by temperature. An increase in

5. A demodulator will be needed to obtain a d.c output.

CONCLUSION: Hence studied construction and working of LVDT.

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