1

TEST OF CHEMISTRY (4)

1 The diagram shows part of the Periodic Table. Only some of the elements are shown.

H
C N F
Si P S Cl
Ti Fe Cu Zn As Br

(a) Answer each of the following questions using only those elements shown in the diagram.
Each element may be used once, more than once or not at all.

Give one element which

(i) is a simple molecular solid at room temperature and pressure,

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(ii) oxidises in the presence of water and air to form rust,

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(iii) has an atom with three occupied electron shells, the outer of which has only 5 electrons,

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(iv) has an oxide which is amphoteric,

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(v) has a chloride of type X Cl 3 whose aqueous solution forms a reddish-brown precipitate
on addition of aqueous ammonia,

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(vi) is a colourless diatomic gas.

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(b) (i) Arsenic reacts with oxygen to form arsenic(III) oxide, As2O3.
Construct the equation for this reaction.

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(ii) Arsenic(III) oxide is slightly soluble in water. A weak acid, arsenous acid, H3AsO3, is
formed.
Use kinetic particle theory to explain why a 0.05 mol / dm3 solution of arsenous acid reacts
much more slowly with magnesium ribbon than a 0.05 mol / dm3 solution of hydrochloric
acid.

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[Total: 9]
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2 The table shows some properties of the Group I metals.

metal density melting point boiling point

in g / cm3 / °C / °C
lithium 0.53 181 1342
sodium 0.97 98 883
potassium 0.86 63
rubidium 1.53 39 686
caesium 1.88 29 669

(a) (i) Describe the general trend in the density of the Group I metals.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Predict the boiling point of potassium.

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(iii) What is the physical state of caesium at 35 °C? Explain your answer.

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(b) (i) Describe the trend in reactivity of the Group I metals with water.

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(ii) Construct the equation for the reaction of rubidium with water.

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(iii) The reaction of rubidium with water is exothermic.

What is meant by the term exothermic?

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(c) Sodium and calcium form ionic hydrides containing the hydride ion, H–.
Sodium and calcium hydrides react with water to form the hydroxide and hydrogen.

NaH + H2O NaOH + H2

CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2H2

Deduce the general ionic equation for these reactions.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(d) Sodium is a soft metal with little catalytic activity.

Nickel is a hard metal which is often used as a catalyst.

(i) Describe two other differences in the physical properties of sodium and nickel.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

(ii) State one industrial use of nickel as a catalyst.

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(iii) Explain why an alloy of nickel and copper is less malleable than copper alone.

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.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 12]
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3 Seawater contains a variety of dissolved salts.

(a) The diagram shows a simple distillation apparatus that can be used to produce purified water
from seawater.

water out

condenser

seawater

water in
heat
purified water

Explain how distillation purifies seawater.

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(b) Magnesium chloride, MgCl 2, is present in seawater at a concentration of 1.26 g / dm3.

(i) Write the formulae for the ions present in magnesium chloride.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Calculate the concentration of chloride ions, in mol / dm3, arising from the magnesium
chloride in seawater.

concentration = .......................................... mol / dm3 [1]

(iii) Aqueous silver nitrate is added to a small sample of seawater.

Describe what you would observe.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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(c) The concentration of sulfate ions in seawater is 1.24 g / dm3.

Excess aqueous barium chloride is added to a 50.0 cm3 sample of seawater.

Calculate the mass of barium sulfate precipitated in this reaction.

Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s)

mass = ........................................ g [3]

[Total: 9]
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4 Sulfuric acid reacts with the alkali sodium hydroxide.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(a) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

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(b) The graph below shows how the pH changes when aqueous sulfuric acid is added slowly to
45.0 cm3 of 0.150 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide until the acid is in excess.

14

12

10

pH

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
volume of acid added / cm3

(i) What volume of acid has been added when the pH is 7?

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(ii) Use your answer to part (i) to calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the sulfuric
acid.

concentration = .......................................... mol / dm3 [3]

(c) The experiment was repeated using ethanoic acid of the same concentration as the sulfuric
acid. The same volume and concentration of aqueous sodium hydroxide was used.

(i) The volume of ethanoic acid required to neutralise the aqueous sodium hydroxide was
twice as great compared with the volume of sulfuric acid.
Explain why.

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(ii) Suggest the value of the pH after excess ethanoic acid has been added.

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(d) Sulfuric acid is one of the acids present in acid rain.

(i) Suggest how sulfuric acid is formed in the atmosphere.

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(ii) State one effect of acid rain on human health.

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[Total: 10]
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5 The table below shows the reactivity of five metals with either cold water or steam or with both.

metal reactivity
barium reacts rapidly with cold water
copper no reaction with steam or cold water
magnesium reacts very slowly with cold water but reacts with steam
sodium reacts very rapidly with cold water
nickel only reacts when powdered and heated strongly in steam

(a) Deduce the order of reactivity of these metals using the information in the table.

most reactive .....................................................................

.....................................................................

.....................................................................

.....................................................................

least reactive ..................................................................... [1]

(b) A simple electrochemical cell contains two electrodes in an electrolyte.

(i) Complete the diagram below to show how you could measure the voltage between the
two different metal electrodes X and Y.

X Y

electrolyte
[1]

(ii) The order of reactivity of some metals is shown below.

iron cobalt tin copper silver

most reactive least reactive

Which combination of metals from this list would produce the highest voltage when used
as electrodes in an electrochemical cell?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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(c) Strips of zinc can be attached to the hull of a ship to stop the steel from rusting.
Explain how these strips of zinc stop the steel from rusting.

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[Total: 5]
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6 The structures of sodium chloride and chlorine are shown below.

Cl – Na+ Cl –

Cl –
Na+ Cl – Na+ Cl Cl

Cl – Na+ Cl –

sodium chloride chlorine

(a) The melting point of sodium chloride is 801 °C.

The melting point of chlorine is –101 °C.

Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, the difference between the melting points of these
two substances.

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(b) Explain why molten sodium chloride conducts electricity but solid sodium chloride does not.

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(c) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for sodium chloride, showing all the electron shells.

[2]

(d) The electrode reactions occurring when molten sodium chloride is electrolysed are shown
below.

negative electrode Na+ + e– Na

positive electrode 2Cl – Cl2 + 2e–

Refer to these equations to explain why this electrolysis involves both oxidation and reduction.

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(e) Chlorine reacts with excess ammonia, NH3, to form hydrogen chloride and nitrogen.
Construct an equation for this reaction.

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[Total: 10]
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7 The alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons.

(a) Give the name of another homologous series of hydrocarbons.

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(b) The graph below shows how the melting points of the first nine alkanes vary with the number
of carbon atoms.

–50

melting
point –100
/ °C

–150

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
number of carbon atoms

Describe how the melting points of the alkanes with more than two carbon atoms vary as the
number of carbon atoms increases.

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(c) Nonane is an alkane with nine carbon atoms.

Give the molecular formula for nonane.

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(d) One mole of undecane, C11H24, is cracked to form a mixture containing one mole of ethene,
one mole of propene and one mole of another hydrocarbon.

(i) Construct the equation for this reaction.

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(ii) Explain why oil companies crack the longer chain hydrocarbons.

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(e) Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is manufactured by reacting methane with ammonia and oxygen.

2CH4 + 2NH3 + 3O2 2HCN + 6H2O

(i) Calculate the mass of hydrogen cyanide that can be formed from 500 g of methane if the
percentage yield of hydrogen cyanide is 65%.

mass = .........................................g [2]

(ii) Hydrogen cyanide reacts with calcium hydroxide to form calcium cyanide and water.
The formula of the cyanide ion is CN–.
Construct the equation for this reaction.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 10]
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8 The ester, ethyl ethanoate, reacts with hydroxide ions to form ethanoate ions and ethanol.

CH3COOC2H5 + OH– CH3COO– + C2H5OH

ethyl ethanoate ethanoate ions

(a) The graph shows how the concentration of ethanoate ions, CH3COO–, changes as the
reaction proceeds.

0.5

0.4

0.3
concentration of
CH3COO– ions
in mol / dm–3
0.2

0.1

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
time / s

(i) Use the information in the graph to deduce the mass of ethanoate ions in 200 cm3 of
solution when the reaction is complete.

mass = .........................................g [2]

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(ii) Use the information in the graph to calculate the average rate of reaction, in mol / dm3 / s,
during the first 300 seconds.

average rate of reaction ........................................mol / dm3 / s [1]

(iii) Describe and explain, using the kinetic particle theory, the change in the rate of reaction
with time.

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(b) Aqueous sodium hydroxide reacts with aqueous iron(II) sulfate, FeSO4.
Construct the ionic equation, with state symbols, for this reaction.

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(c) Iron(II) sulfate can be prepared by reacting excess iron powder with sulfuric acid.
Describe the essential practical details to prepare pure dry crystals of iron(II) sulfate.

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[Total: 10]
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9 Ammonia is manufactured by the Haber process.

Fe catalyst
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ΔH = – 92.4 kJ / mol

The table below shows how the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium varies with both
temperature and pressure.

pressure % yield at % yield at % yield at % yield at

/ atmospheres 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C
30 68 32 11 4
100 81 51 25 10
200 86 63 36 18
300 88 69 40 24

(a) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium changes with
temperature.

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(b) Describe how, and explain why, the percentage yield of ammonia at equilibrium changes with
pressure.

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(c) Explain why the conditions for the synthesis of ammonia in most chemical plants are between
350–450 °C and 200–300 atmospheres pressure.

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(d) Explain how using a catalyst in the Haber process has an economic advantage.

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(e) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4.

Calculate the percentage by mass of nitrogen in ammonium phosphate.

[2]

[Total: 10]