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    Chapter Four VB PDF

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    Amualaw Birara
    The document discusses the family Simuliidae, also known as black flies. It describes their morphology, life cycle, behavior, medical importance, and control methods. Key genera discussed are Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium, and Cnephia.

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    Chapter Four VB PDF

    Uploaded by

    Amualaw Birara
    12 views16 pages
    The document discusses the family Simuliidae, also known as black flies. It describes their morphology, life cycle, behavior, medical importance, and control methods. Key genera discussed are Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium, and Cnephia.

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    4. CHAPTER FOUR VB PDF

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    The document discusses the family Simuliidae, also known as black flies. It describes their morphology, life cycle, behavior, medical importance, and control methods. Key genera discussed are Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium, and Cnephia.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views16 pages

    Chapter Four VB PDF

    Uploaded by

    Amualaw Birara
    The document discusses the family Simuliidae, also known as black flies. It describes their morphology, life cycle, behavior, medical importance, and control methods. Key genera discussed are Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium, and Cnephia.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 16

    CHAPTER FOUR

    SIMULIDAE (BLACK FLIES)

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 1


    Family Simuliidae (Black flies)
     Black flies belong to the sub order Nematocera and the

    family Simuliidae

     The family contains approximately grater than 1800

    species in about 25 genera

     World wide distribution

     Common Name: Black Fly, Buffalo or Turkey Gnat

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 2


     Generas of economic and medical importance (bite
    people):

     Simulium (medically the most important genus)

     Prosimulium

     Austrosimulium

     Cnephia

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 3


    4.1. External Morphology:
    Adult: Usually black in color (Black flies)
     Size: Minute (1.5 – 4mm) but bigger than
    phlebotomus species
     Thorax: humped when seen from the side like
    phlebotomus
     Eyes: A pair of large compound eyes
     dichoptic in females/holoptic in males

     Antennae: short, stout, cylinderical, has 11 segments


     Mouthparts: Short & hence do not penetrate deep,

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 4


    Front veins thicker

    The rest of the veins are indistinct

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 5


    BLACK FLY BITING

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 6


    Simulium heads

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 7


     Thorax, abdomen & legs are covered
    dorsally by fine dense short hairs

     Wings: are short and broad


     Unique to make it fly and easily enter water
    without wetting
     Alary nipples

     Legs: 3 pairs

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 8


    4.2.Life Cycle
    Has four stages
     Eggs:

     0.1-0.4mm long

     Brown or black and

     more or less triangular in shape but have rounded


    corners

     Covered with a sticky substance

     Laid in flowing water( while females are in flight or


    after alighting on partially immersed objects

     Hatches within 1-4 days


    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 9
    Larva:

    Instars: No fixed no of instars (rather 6 – 9)


    Head: Black and has prominent feeding brushes
    (Cephalic fans)

    Body: cylinderical

    Feed on organic matter as Browsers or


    filter feeders (most)

    Proleg & posterior circlets help for


    attachment
    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 10
    Mature larva spins silk around to form Cocoon.

    This cocoon attahced to submerged vegetation.

    Becomes pupa.

    Pupa
    May be found grouped closely together or singly

    Age can be roughly assessed by its color

    Dark pupa--- adults are ready to emerge

    Pupa ruptures the larval cuticle and adults emerge

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 11


    Cephalic fans (mouth Gill spot (respiratory organ of the future pupa)
    brush)
    Weakly segmented cylinderical body (whitish)

    Rectal gill
    Black head

    Substratum
    Hook (proleg) Posterior circlet (attaches
    Antennae larva to the substrata)

    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 12


    Larva Pupa in coccoon

    Pupa Respiratory filaments

    6/10/2022
    Many larvae
    Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 13
    4.3.Adult behaviour
     Only females takes blood meals

     Outdoor biters
     Many-Any light hours

     S.damnosum- bimodal biting hours

     Marked preference for feeding on different parts of the


    body:
     S.damnosum- mainly on legs

     S.ochraceum- Mainly head and torso

     Females may fly 15-30Km and up to 400-600km if


    supported by wind Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc)
    6/10/2022 14
    4.4.Medical importance
     Annoyance: painful bite & the pain may last several

    days

     Onchocerciasis transmitted by:


     S. damnosum complex & S. neavei group in
    Africa
     S. ochraceum, S. metallicum & S. exiguum
    complexes in Central & South America

     Mansonella ozzardi

     S. amazonicum
    6/10/2022 Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 15
    4.5. Control
     Some protection from repellents such as DEET

     Wearing pyrethroid – impregnated clothing

     Insecticidal fogging of vegetation harbouring resting

    adult black – flies

     Application of insecticides to larval breeding places

     Specific measure for onchocerciasis:

     Onchocerciasis control
    6/10/2022 programme(OCP)
    Zelalem Tefera (BSc, MSc) 16

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