Zigbee-IEEE-802154

Omar Muse Aden Sacid Abdi HAshi Najma Mursal Du’aale

dept. name of organization Maxmuud Abdullah Maxmuud Department of Computer Science, dept. name of organization
(Department of Computer dept. name of organization University of SIMAD Mogadishu, (Department of Computer
Science, University of SIMAD (Department of Computer Somali Science, University of SIMAD
Mogadishu, Somali Science, University of SIMAD saacidxaashi153@gmail.comSurn Mogadishu, Somali
Looyaan2500@gmail.com Mogadishu, Somali ame Najmamursal32@gmail.com

Mohamed Hussein Abdi

Department of Computer Science, dept. name of organization
University of SIMAD (Department of Computer
Mogadishu, Somali Science, University of SIMAD
maxaedxuseen0011@gmail.com Mogadishu, Somali
placeholder@gmail.com

Abstract- ZigBee is specification formalized by

IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard that interconnects
simple, low power wireless sensor nodes. ZigBee
ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 are standards-based
is a communication technology used to connect
protocols that provide the network infrastructure
local networks with wireless sensing nodes which
required for wireless sensor network
tend to consume low power without sacrificing the
applications.[2] 802.15.4 defines the
reliability and sustainability of the networks. Due
to the emergence of ZigBee standard, the intensive
physical and MAC layers, and ZigBee defines the
research is going on to develop it further.
network and application layers. I. ZIGBEE AND
Keywords: Sensor Networks, ZigBee, Mobile
IEEE 80.15.4 Technologists have never had
coordinator wireless communication
trouble coming up with potential applications of
wireless sensors.
i. INTRODUCTION
The wireless sensors are much easier to install than
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee is a wireless network
the sensors that need wiring as 80% of cost is spent
standard for sensor network. IEEE
on the sensor installation in case of wired sensors.
802.15.4/ZigBee standards have a characteristic of
But there was still a problem with wireless sensors
"three low" of low electricity consumption (years
that it consumed too much power.
cell life), low cost (less than $5) and low data rate
So, ZigBee technology came into existence.
(250 Kb/s).[1]
ZigBee is a wireless technology formalized by
IEEE 802.15.4 standard for transfer of data. It
interconnects simple, low power, low processing

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

capability wireless nodes. Power needed for including routing mechanism, coordination
ZigBee nodes is very small i.e. 1mW tasks and sensing task. The FFD can serve
(or less power). But still it provides range up to 150 as coordinator or router or an end device (It
meters in outdoor which is achieved by the can be either FFD or RFD depends on its
technique called direct sequence spread spectrum intended application). A typical FFD in a
(DSSS). ZigBee is developed by ZigBee alliance ZigBee network will be powered from an
and task group, AC-fed main supply, as it must always be
which include hundreds of member companies like active and listening to the network
Ember, Freescale, Chipcon, Invensys, Mitsubishi, B. Coordinators-The primary purpose of the
CompXs, AMI Semiconductors, ENQ coordinator is to set up all the network
Semiconductors etc. from semiconductor and parameters for e.g. topology, packet size
software developers to original equipment etc. It is the gateway for the outside world
manufacturers. to interact with the network. It manages all
ZigBee and 802.15.4 are not the same. ZigBee nodes in the network.
protocol is supported solely by the ZigBee alliance ZigBee Router-ZigBee router is an intermediate
that uses the transport services of the IEEE device in a network which routes the data from the
802.15.4 network specification. ZigBee alliance is source to the destination. These devices route the
responsible for ZigBee standard and IEEE is data as well as sense the data from their
responsible for IEEE 802.15.4. It is like TCP/IP surrounding environments.
using IEEE 802.11b network specifications. End device-End device can be low-power
ZigBee alliance defines the network, security and /batterypowered devices and have the limited
application layers whereas IEEE 802.15.4 defines computing capabilities. An end device can be a
the physical and media access control layers FFD or a RFD. They can collect various
information from sensors and switches. They
depend upon their parents to send the data (either
the coordinator or a router) and cannot relay data
from other devices. This reduced functionality also
leads to the reduced cost. These devices do not
have to stay awake the whole time, while the
devices belonging to the other two categories have
to. Each end device can have up to 240 end nodes.
In the field of networking, new technologies are
emerging on a daily basis. The Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN) and Wireless Personal Area
Network (WPAN) are the fastest growing
technologies in the field of networking. In the field
of short range communication medium, the most
efficient technology in terms of very low cost
implementation, low data rate wireless networks
with ultra-low power consumption, ZigBee
technology is on the top of the food chain. ZigBee
based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard is key enabling
technology for the success of both Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) and WPAN [3]. ZigBee Alliance
was formed in 2002 as a nonprofit organization
A. ZigBee Physical Devices: Fully functional ii. Usage and implementation
devices: Full Function Devices can perform The Wireless Sensor Network ZigBee is an
all available operations within the standard, uncomplicated packet data protocol which is
designed for less weight wireless network. The The HART Foundation, an industrial
MAC layer and physical layer of ZigBee are communication standardization organization, starts
specified with IEEE 802.15.4 standards. The four a wireless HART project to propose a wireless
layers that comprise the architecture of the ZigBee HART communication protocol to support all the
network are Physical layer, MAC layer, Network existing wired HART functions (monitoring,
layer and Application layer. ZigBee protocol holds management, diagnosis, and control). The draft of
static, dynamic and mesh topologies. ZigBee specifications is due to be completed in 2007.
protocol provides self-healing capacity for the Adopting the Physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4 has
network in order to manage defects due to several been already determined, and it is working on the
environmental effects to `sense and recover from Media Access layer and Network layer.
network or connection link faults without the help
of human interference. ZigBee has three frequency
bands which support different channels. 2.4 GHz
band supports 16 channels, 902-928 MHz supports iv. ZIGBEE'S PROBLEMS FOR
10 channels and 868-870 MHz supports 1 channel. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
The maximum limit of data rate for 2.4 GHz is 250 To apply ZigBee wireless sensor networks to
kbps, 902-928MHz is 40kbps and 868-870 MHz is industrial automation applications, the following
20kbp problems should be resolved.
iii. WHY WIRELESS REQUIRED Reliability
Although there are many industrial networks Usually, industrial measurement and control
installed in factories, "information islands", which applications require higher reliabilities than
are commercial products, although the reliability
plant data not accessible by any networks, are still requirements for industrial applications are very
remained, because the cabling engineering is very different.
costly. With wireless communication technologies Monitoring
we can make so far such un-accessible data visible In general speaking, the reliability and latency for
easily, and especially the following applications of monitoring process data is not so important
industrial automation are expected. compared with control. Monitoring applications
field Instrument Maintenance The most of current are easier to adapt wireless networks than control
field instruments are so-called smart modules, applications.
which microprocessors are built in. There is a lot of The ISA (The Instrumentation, Systems, and
information in a smart instrument besides a Automation Society) founded the SP100 working
measurement value, such as settings, operational group to investigate the requirements for different
status and so on. However, to read out such industrial automation applications and defined 6
maintenance information, plant operators usually classes depending on applications as the Table 1
have to connect cables to the terminators manually.
If such information can be accessible by a wireless
network, it should be great helpful.

The upper class is the application requiring higher

reliability and lower latency. A result from a survey
showed that most of wireless networks for
industrial automation are expected to apply to
applications in class 4 and class 5.
As an effective means to improve the reliability of
the conventional wired network systems is
redundancy, but the conventional redundant remove not only signal line cables but also power
network products are quite expensive. One of the supply cables. For industrial components, such as
interesting features of IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee sensors, actuators, it is required that continuous
wireless sensor networks is the mesh network. A running without battery exchange for several
mesh network is the flexible years.[4]
architecture constituted in the shape of a mesh Cross-Technology Interference
using the P2P (Pear-to-Pear) communication Cross-Technology Interference Significant
function between network nodes. deployments of IoT have led to not only
overcrowding of the wireless spectrum but also
heterogeneity [6]
in wireless networks that are expected to operate
together. Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth devices
typically share the unlicensed spectrum (e.g. the
ISM bands) when they coexist in an identical area,
which causes significant cross-technology
interference
The most important technology required for a mesh (CTI). Conventional techniques to limit this
network is to implement the routing function, by crowding and heterogeneity try to reduce, mitigate,
which the most suitable route can be found even if or eliminate wireless interference and employ
in a very complex system. For example, it is as multi-radio gateways . In heterogeneous networks,
shown in the Fig. 2. When some problems happen cross-technology interference has been a
in a route via Node A, a new via Node B will be challenging problem to overcome for a while.
discovered automatically to keep communication Several studies have evaluated the effect of Wi-Fi's
alive and improve system reliability. performance on the ZigBee link while taking
varied transmission powers and distances into
Latency account. [7]. The average packet loss rate between
Latency is the real-time performance for wireless the Wi-Fi network and the ZigBee network is
communication. around 60%, although it can occasionally exceed
The latency of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee wireless 87% in severe circumstances
sensor networks is very different depending on the Both ZigBee and Wi-Fi are the key communication
number of hops. Although the latency for single technologies for data acquisition and transmission
hop communication is very low, just a few in IoT [] and beyond 5G networks []. In this paper,
milliseconds, but in multi-hop route, the latency is we focus on IEEE 802.15.4 network characteristics
almost proportional to the number of hops. The in the presence of heavy Wi-Fi traffic in the
maximum latency time is not specified neither by proximity
IEEE 802.15.4 nor ZigBee specifications. In the
case of a well implemental stack, the latency is
about dozens milliseconds per one hop.
Basically, the latency time of
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee hardly becomes a problem
in monitoring applications, but IEEE
802.15.4/ZigBee is quite difficult to handle high-
speed control applications. Specially, the control
cycle is under 1 second.
Power Consumption
The biggest merit for wireless networks should be
no cable necessary. Of course, there is a demand to
Jamming probability of ZigBee networks when
operating in the same environment as Wi-Fi is
addressed in . A channel configuration mechanism
based on fast channel switching is proposed for
terminal node interference detection. However,
when coexisting with dense Wi-Fi deployment, the
ZigBee network is still paralyzed as the three
channels reserved for ZigBee experience heavy
interference. An enhanced clear channel
assessment (CCA) scheme is proposed in to
mitigate cross-technology interference (CTI)
between Wi-Fi and ZigBee networks. Deep
learning is employed to identify the signal type and
dynamically adapt the CCA threshold to improve
the overall network performance. A corruption
estimation approach to improve the resilience of
low-power ZigBee networks under severe Wi-Fi
interference is presented in . Per-byte signal-to-
interference and noise ratio (SINR) derived from
The packet drop resulted due to queue overflow. This
the physical layer parameter received signal observation strengthens our hypothesis that abundant packet
strength indicator (RSSI) is combined with the link loss is mainly due to channel congestion. For our unique
layer pilot symbols to train a model to accurately indoor settings, we also observed that concurrent
detect corruption. A de-noising auto encoder is transmissions are not feasible at adjacent channels. While
conducting three parallel sessions of unicast transmissions at
proposed in to realize full spectrum utilization by
Wi-Fi networks even under unstructured
interference from unknown sources. Unsupervised
machine learning is employed by the fully
convolutional neural network-based de-noising
framework to passively reconstruct the Wi-Fi
signal to reduce the decoding error rate. The impact
of ZigBee interference on the performance of Wi-
Fi networks is also studied in []. The vulnerabilities of the
noise floor (NF) calibration mechanism and its impact on the
CCA of Wi-Fi devices are identified. A deep learning
jamming strategy to mitigate ZigBee interference on

V. conclusion
ZigBee, formalized under the IEEE 802.15.4
standard, stands as a cornerstone in the
development of low-power, cost-effective wireless
sensor networks. By facilitating robust, reliable,
and sustainable communications in local
networks[8], ZigBee is pivotal for various
applications ranging from industrial automation to
IoT deployments. The distinction between ZigBee
and IEEE 802.15.4, wherein ZigBee focuses on
network, security, and application layers[9], and
IEEE 802.15.4 specifies the physical and MAC
layers, enhances the technology's adaptability and [5]H. M. Pakka, “Sistem Cross Layer pada
functionality in diverse scenarios. The integration Protokol Zigbee untuk Peningkatan Efisiensi
of these standards enables ZigBee to overcome Energi dan QoS,” Transient: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik
significant challenges such as power consumption Elektro, vol. 13, no. 1, 2024, doi:
and interference, particularly in environments 10.14710/transient.v13i1.31-36.
crowded with competing technologies[10].
Through ongoing advancements and the support of
the ZigBee Alliance, the technology continues to [6]L. Frenzel, “What’s The Difference Between
evolve, addressing emerging needs and IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?,” Electronic
maximizing the potential of wireless networks in Design, 2013.
modern technological landscapes

[7]F. Cuomo, A. Abbagnale, and E. Cipollone,

“Cross-layer network formation for energy-
efficient IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee Wireless Sensor
Networks,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 11, no. 2, 2013,
doi: 10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.11.006.
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