MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

VIDYAVARDHINI’S BHAUSAHEB VARTAK

POLYTECHNIC ,VASAI ROAD WEST

MICRO PROJECT
Academic year:
“Chernobyl Incident 1986”
Program/Code: Computer Engineering (CO) Semester: 5th

Course/Code : Environment Studies (22447)

Name: Roll No:

Enrolment No.:

Name of Faculty: Mr. Anurag Rathod

 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. /Ms.

Roll No: of 5th Semester of Diploma in of Computer

Engineering Institute, B.V. POLYTECHNIC (Code: 0093) has completed the
Micro Project satisfactorily in

Subject – Environment Studies (22447)

for the academic year 2023- 2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: Vasai Enrolment No: ……………………………………

Date: ……………………… Exam. Seat No: …………………………………….

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

 Annexure - I
Part A: Micro Project Proposal

1.1 Aim/Benefits of the Micro-Project:

The aim is to communicate effectively and skillfully at work place
2.1 Course Outcomes integrated:
1. Communicating effectively by avoiding barriers in formal and informal situations
2. communicate skillfully using non-verbal methods
3. Give presentations by using audio visual aids
4. Write reports using correct guidelines
5.compose e-mail and formal business letters
3.1 Proposed Methodology:
1. Literature survey.
2. Collect information through different sources
3. Analysis of data.
4. Compilation of collected data.

4.0 Action Plan

Sr. Planned Planned Name of

Details of the activity
No. Start Finish Members
date date
1 Formation of Group & Topic Selection All members
2 Submission of Proposed Plan All members
3 Preparation of Report All members
4 Final valuation of a working Report All members
5 Presentation of Report All members
6 Submission of Final Report All members

5.0 Resource Required:

Sr.
Name of resources/Material Specifications Q Remark
No
ty s
.
Processor: i3
1. Computer 1
RAM : 4.00
GB
2. Microsoft Word Word -2016
3. Printer Hp Laser Jet 1

4. Book/ website name

6.0 Name of Team Members with Roll No:

Roll No. Individual Total (10)

Sr. Process and
Name of Presentation
No. Product
Students (04)
assessment
(06)
01

02

03

04

Name & Signature of Faculty:

 Annexure- II

Final Micro Project Report

Title: Hotel Management System

Rationale: The aim is to communicate effectively and skillfully at work place
2. 0 Course Outcomes Integrated:
1. Communicating effectively by avoiding barriers in formal and informal situations
2. communicate skillfully using non-verbal methods
3. Give presentations by using audio visual aids
4. Write reports using correct guidelines
5. compose e-mail and formal business letters
3.0 Actual Procedure Followed.
1 Discussion about topic with guide and among group members
2 Literature survey
3 Information collection
4 Compilation of content
5 Editing and revising content
6 Report Preparation
4.0: Actual Resources Required:

Sr.
Name of resources/Material Specifications Q Remark
No
ty s
.
Processor: i3
1. Computer 1
RAM : 4.00
GB
2. Microsoft Word Word -2016
3. Printer Hp Laser Jet 1
4. Book/Site name

7.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

The following skills were developed:

1. Teamwork: Learned to work in a team and boost individual confidence.
2. Problem-Solving: Developed good problem solving habits.
3. Technical Writing: Preparing the report of proposed plan and the final report
 Annexure - III

Rubrics for
Assessment of
Micro-Project

Title: Hotel Management System

Institute Code: 0093 Academic year: 2023-2024
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: Environment Studies (22447)
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: Fifth Name of Faculty: Mr. Anurag Rathod

S Poor Average Good Excellent

Characteristic to be Assessed
r (Marks 1- (Marks 4- (Marks 6- (Marks 9-10)
. 3) 5) 8)
N
o.
1 Relevance to the Course
.
Literature
2
Survey/Information
.
Collection
3 Project Proposal
.
Completion of the Target as per
4
Project Proposal
.
5 Analysis of Data and
. Representation
6 Quality of Prototype/Model
.
7 Report Preparation
.
8 Presentation
.
 Annexure- IV

Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet

Title:
Institute Code: 0093 Academic year: 2023-24
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: Environment Studies (22447)
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: 5th Name of Faculty: Mr. Anurag Rathod
Course Outcomes Achieved:
1.Communicating effectively by avoiding barriers in formal and informal situations
2 communicate skillfully using non-verbal methods
3. Give presentations by using audiovisual aids
4 Write reports using correct guidelines
5 compose e-mail and formal business letters
Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project:
S Characteristic to Po Average Good Excellen Sub
r. be assessed or Marks Mark t Marks Tota
N Ma 4-5 s 6-8 9-10 l
o. rk s
1-3
(A) Process and product assessment Out Of 6

1 Relevance to the
course
2 Literature Survey .
Information
Collection
3 Completion of the
Target as per
project proposal
4 Analysis of Data
and representation
5 Quality of
Prototype/Model/Co
nte nt
6 Report Preparation
(B) Individual Presentation/Viva Out of 4
7 Presentation .
8 Viva
Weekly Activity Sheet
Topic:
Institute Code: 0093 Academic year: 2023-24
Program: Computer Engineering Course & Code: Environment Studies
Name of Candidate: Roll No:
Semester: 5th Name of Faculty: Mr. Anurag Rathod

SR. WEEK ACTIVITY PERFORMED

NO
1. 1st Week Discussion and Finalization of
Topic
2. 2nd Week Literature Review
3. 3rd Week Submission of Proposed Plan
4 4th Week Information Collection
5. 5th Week Analysis of Data
6. 6th Week Compilation of content
7. 7th Week Editing and Revising the Content
8. 8th Week Report Preparation
9. 9th Week Report Preparation
10. 10th- 12th Presentation
Week

Date: / /20

Signature of Student Signature of Faculty

 INDEX

Sr. Name of the topic Page no.

No.
1 Brief Introduction 1

2 Aim of the Micro-Project 2

3 Action Plan 3

4 Resources Required 4

5 Brief Description 5

6 Aim of Micro-Project 6

7 Course Outcomes Integrated 7

8 Actual Report 8-16

9 Actual Resources Used 17

10 Skill Developed 18
Introduction of Chernobyl Incident:
The Chernobyl Incident was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on April
26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the city of Pripyat, which was
then part of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It is considered one of the
most devastating nuclear disasters in history.
The disaster was caused by a combination of design flaws in the RBMK reactor, a
flawed safety culture, and operator error during a safety test.
The explosion and subsequent fire released a substantial amount of radioactive
particles into the atmosphere, spreading over a large area of Europe. The
immediate aftermath resulted in the deaths of two plant workers from the explosion
and the acute radiation sickness of many others.
The long-term effects of the Chernobyl disaster have been profound. The nearby
town of Pripyat was evacuated, and a large exclusion zone was established around
the plant, rendering it largely uninhabitable.
The disaster had devastating environmental and health consequences, with
increased rates of cancer and other health issues reported in affected regions.
AIM of Micro-Project:
The aim of a project is to study about Chernobyl Incident, how it was happened
and its effects on humans, animals and environment, raise awareness, document
and preserve history.
Chernobyl Incident:

The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that took place on
April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the former Soviet Union,
near the city of Pripyat in present-day Ukraine. It is considered the worst nuclear
disaster in history.

Why Chernobyl Incident occurred?

The Chernobyl incident happened because of a combination of mistakes and
technical problems. During a test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, operators
made errors in following safety procedures.
They didn't realize that the reactor was becoming dangerously unstable. This led to
a sudden and powerful explosion that blew off the reactor's roof and released a
huge amount of radioactive materials into the air. The explosion and the fires that
followed spread harmful radiation over a large area, causing a major disaster.
The explosion and subsequent fires released harmful radioactive particles,
including cesium, strontium, and plutonium, into the air. These particles spread
over a vast area, affecting not only Ukraine but also neighboring Belarus, Russia,
and other parts of Europe.
The fallout had severe consequences for human health and the environment. The
immediate area around the plant, known as the "Chernobyl Exclusion Zone,"
remains heavily contaminated and largely uninhabitable.
The Chernobyl Incident is considered one of the most devastating nuclear disasters
in history, and it led to significant changes in nuclear safety practices worldwide. It
serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of proper safety measures when
dealing with nuclear energy.
The site of Chernobyl Power Complex
The Chernobyl Power Plant was built in Ukraine, which was part of the Soviet
Union at the time. Construction started in the late 1970s and was completed in the
early 1980s.
The plant was designed to generate electricity using a special kind of reactor called
a RBMK reactor.
The RBMK reactor was big and could produce a lot of power. It worked by using
uranium as fuel to create heat, which then turned water into steam.
This steam was used to spin turbines, which generated electricity. The Chernobyl
plant had several of these reactors, and they were inside a big building called the
reactor hall.

The RBMK-1000 reactor

The RBMK 1000, or "Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalny," which means

"High Power Channel-type Reactor" in English, was created by scientists and
engineers in the Soviet Union. It was designed to generate a large amount of
electricity.

The idea behind it was to use a special kind of metal called uranium to produce
heat.

This heat was used to turn water into steam, and the steam made turbines spin,
generating electricity.

The RBMK 1000 was quite big and had the ability to keep running even while new
fuel was added, which was a unique feature.

The scientists and engineers who created it wanted to find an efficient and
powerful way to produce electricity for homes and industries. They worked hard to
design and build the RBMK 1000 reactor, making sure it was safe and effective.
 Inside RBMK – 1000 reactor

What caused the Chernobyl Accident

On April 26, 1986, the operators at Chernobyl were doing a test to see if the
reactor could still make enough power to run safety systems in case of a blackout.
But they made a big mistake during this test. They turned off some important
safety features and didn't realize that the reactor was becoming very unstable. This
led to a sudden and powerful explosion that blew the roof off the reactor building.

The Accident
The accident occurred at 01:23 a.m. on Saturday, 26 April 1986, when the two
explosions destroyed the core of Unit 4 and the roof of the reactor building.

• The calamity unfolded during a routine safety test, which aimed to assess the
reactor's cooling systems' performance in the event of a power outage.
• Regrettably, the operators committed a series of fatal errors. They
deactivated crucial safety mechanisms and inadvertently allowed the reactor's
power levels to plummet to an alarmingly low point.

• As the reactor's power surged uncontrollably, it triggered a runaway chain

reaction. The resulting build-up of heat and pressure proved too much for the
reactor's containment, culminating in a colossal explosion that tore off the reactor's
roof.

• Fires started in the Unit 4 building, giving rise to clouds of steam and dust,
and fires also broke out on the adjacent turbine hall roof and in various stores of
diesel fuel and inflammable materials.

• Over 100 fire-fighters from the site and called in from Pripyat were needed,
and it was this group that received the highest radiation exposures and suffered the
greatest losses in personnel.

• A first group of 14 firemen arrived on the scene of the accident at 1.28 a.m.
Reinforcements were brought in until about 4 a.m., when 250 firemen were
available and 69 firemen participated in fire control activities.

• By 2.10 a.m., the largest fires on the roof of the machine hall had been put
out, while by 2.30 a.m., the largest fires on the roof of the reactor hall were under
control.

• These fires were put out by 05:00 a.m. of the same day, but by then the
graphite fire had started. Many firemen added to their considerable doses by
staying on call on site.

• The intense graphite fire was responsible for the dispersion of radionuclides
and fission fragments high into the atmosphere. The emissions continued for about
twenty days, but were much lower after the tenth day when the graphite fire was
finally extinguished.
Chernobyl plant before disaster

Chernobyl plant after disaster

The Graphite Fire

• Inside the Chernobyl reactor, there were long sticks of material called fuel rods.
These rods contained uranium, which is used to create heat for generating
electricity. Surrounding these rods was a material called graphite, which helps
control the nuclear reaction.

• When the reactor exploded, chunks of graphite were scattered around. These
chunks were hot and started more fires.

• The burning graphite released a lot of radioactive particles into the air. This
was a big problem because the graphite also contained radioactive materials.

• The fire spewed out these dangerous substances, spreading them even
further. Firefighters and plant workers rushed to put out the fires, but it was
extremely dangerous because of the high levels of radiation.

• The graphite fire was a major contributor to the widespread contamination

caused by the Chernobyl Incident. It released a significant amount of radioactive
material, making the area around the plant extremely hazardous for a long time.
How large an area was affected by the Chernobyl Incident?
• Some 150,000 square km in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine are contaminated and
stretch northward of the plant site as far as 500 km.
• An area spanning 30 km around the plant is considered the “exclusion zone” and
is essentially uninhabited.
• Radioactive fallout scattered over much of the northern hemisphere via wind and
storm patterns, but the amounts dispersed were in many instances insignificant.
Effects of Chernobyl Incident on humans
• The Chernobyl Incident had profound and far-reaching effects on human health.
Immediately following the explosion on April 26, 1986, plant workers and
emergency responders were exposed to extremely high levels of radiation.
• Two plant workers died on the night of the explosion, and 29 workers died in the
months that followed due to acute radiation sickness.
• Within three months of the Chernobyl accident, a total of 31 people died
from radiation exposure or other direct effects of the disaster, according to the
NRC.

• Between 1991 and 2015, as many as 20,000 cases of thyroid cancer cases
were diagnosed in patients who were under the age of 18 in 1986, according to a
2018 UNSCEAR report.

• Environmental impacts
• One of the most notable effects was the decline in biodiversity within the
immediate vicinity of the plant.
• Many animals and plants were unable to survive the high levels of radiation.
However, in the years that followed, an unexpected phenomenon emerged.
Without human interference, the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone gradually transformed
into a unique wildlife sanctuary.
• The impact on aquatic ecosystems was also substantial. The nearby Pripyat
River, for example, saw elevated levels of radioactive contamination, affecting the
fish population.
• This had a cascading effect on predatory birds and mammals that depended
on fish for food.

• An extreme case was the so-called "red forest" near to the Chernobyl site
where the irradiation was so high as to kill the trees which had to be destroyed as
radioactive waste.

• In more general terms, forests, being a source of timber, wild game, berries
and mushrooms as well as a place for work and recreation, continue to be of
concern in some areas and are expected to constitute a radiological problem for a
long time.
Abandoned Pripyat Amusement Park

Abandoned Pripyat School

How Chernobyl Incident could have been prevented?
1. Better Reactor Design:
The RBMK-1000 reactor design at Chernobyl had inherent safety flaws. A more
inherently stable reactor design with additional safety features could have
prevented the accident.
2. Improved Training and Procedure:
Better training for plant operators, especially in handling emergency situations and
understanding the complex behavior of the reactor, might have averted the disaster.
3. Risk Assessment and Safety Protocols:
Thorough risk assessments, coupled with the development and strict adherence to
safety protocols, are essential for preventing accidents in high-risk industries like
nuclear power.
4. Redundancies and Backups:
Implementing redundant safety systems and backups can provide additional layers
of protection in case primary systems fail.
5. Emergency Response Planning:
Having well-defined and practiced emergency response plans in place can
significantly mitigate the consequences of accidents.
Thus, we studied how Chernobyl Incident
happened, its effects on humans, animal,
environment and how it could have
prevented.