Imperial Cholasl
Imperial Cholasl
Imperial Cholasl
After the decline of the Sangam period, the Cholas became feudatories in Uraiyur. They became
prominent in the 9th century and established an empire comprising the major portion of South
India.
Rajendra had demonstrated his military ability by participating in his father’s campaigns. He
continued his father’s policy of aggressive conquests and expansion. His important wars were:
1. Mahinda V, the king of Sri Lanka attempted to recover from the Cholas the northern part of
Ceylon. Rajendra defeated him and seized the southern Sri Lanka. Thus the whole of Sri
Lanka was made part of the Chola Empire.
2. He reasserted the Chola authority over the Chera and Pandya countries.
3. He defeated Jayasimha II, the Western Chalukya king and the river Tungabadhra was
recognised as the boundary between the Cholas and Chalukyas.
4. His most famous military enterprise was his expedition to north India. The Chola army
crossed the Ganges by defeating a number of rulers on its way. Rajendra defeated Mahipala I
of Bengal. To commemorate this successful north-Indian campaign Rajendra founded the
city of Gangaikondacholapuram and constructed the famous Rajesvaram temple in that city.
He also excavated a large irrigation tank called Cholagangam on the western side of the city.
5. Another famous venture of Rajendra was his naval expedition to Kadaram or Sri Vijaya. It is
difficult to pin point the real object of the expedition. Whatever its objects were, the naval
expedition was a complete success. A number of places were occupied by Chola forces. But
it was only temporary and no permanent annexation of these places was contemplated. He
assumed the title Kadaramkondan.
6. Rajendra I had put down all rebellions and kept his empire intact.
At the death of Rajendra I the extent of the Chola Empire was at its peak. The river
Tungabadhra was the northern boundary. The Pandya, Kerala and Mysore regions and also Sri
Lanka formed part of the empire. He gave his daughter Ammangadevi to the Vengi Chalukya
prince and further continued the matrimonial alliance initiated by his father. Rajendra I
assumed a number of titles, the most famous being Mudikondan, Gangaikondan, Kadaram
Kondan and Pandita Cholan. Like his father he was also a devout Saiva and built a temple for
that god at the new capital Gangaikondacholapuram. He made liberal endowments to this
temple and to the Lord Nataraja temple at Chidambaram. He was also tolerant towards the
Vaishnava and Buddhist sects.
Later Rulers
After Rajendra I, the greatness of the Chola power was preserved by rulers like Kulottunga I
and Kulottunga III. Kulottunga I was the grandson of Rajendra I through his daughter
Ammangadevi. He succeeded the Chola throne and thus united the Vengi kingdom with the
Chola Empire. During his reign Sri Lanka became independent. Subsequently, Vengi and the
Mysore region were captured by the western Chalukyas. Kulottunga I sent a large embassy of
72 merchants to China and maintained cordial relations with the kingdom of Sri Vijaya. Under
Kulottunga III the central authority became weak. The rise of the feudatories like the
Kadavarayas and the emergence of the Pandya power as a challenge to Chola supremacy
contributed to the ultimate downfall of the Chola Empire. Rajendra III (AD 1070-1280) was
the last Chola king who was defeated by Jatavarman Sundarapandya II. The Chola country
was absorbed into the Pandya Empire.
Chola Administration
Central Government
Revenue
Military Administration
Provincial Administration
Divided into mandalams and each mandalam into valanadus and nadus.
In each nadu there were a number of autonomous villages
Royal princes or officers were in charge of mandalams.
Valanadu was under periyanattar and nadu under nattar.
Town was known as nagaram and it was under the administration of a council called nagarattar.
Village Assemblies
System of village autonomy with sabhas and their committees developed through the ages and
reached its culmination during the Chola rule
Two inscriptions belonging to the period of Parantaka I found at Uttiramerur provide details of
the formation and functions of the village council
The village was divided into thirty
Wards and each was to nominate its members to the village council.
From the persons duly nominated, one was to be chosen for each ward by kudavolai system for a
year.
Were divided into six variyams such as samvatsaravariyam, erivariyam, thotta variyam, pancha
variyam, pon variyam and puravuvari variyam to take up six different functions of the village
administration.
Committee members were called Variyapperumakkal.
Socio-economic Life
Besides the temples and mathas as educational centres, several educational institutions also
flourished.
An inscription at Ennayiram, Thirumukkudal and Thirubhuvanai provide details of the colleges
existed in these places.
Development of Tamil literature reached its peak during the Chola peri
Sivakasintamani written by Thiruthakkadevar and Kundalakesi belonged to 10th centu
Ramayana composed by Kamban and the Periyapuranam or Tiruttondarpuranam by Sekkilar are
the two masterpieces of this age. Jayankondar’s Kalingattupparani describes the Kalinga war
fought by Kulotunga I. The Moovarula written by Ottakuthar depicts the life of three Chola
kings. The Nalavenba was written by Pugalendi. The works on Tamil grammar like Kalladam by
Kalladanar, Yapperungalam by Amirthasagarar, a Jain, Nannul by Pavanandhi and Virasoliyam
by Buddhamitra were the products of the Chola age
The Dravidian style of art and architecture reached its perfection under the Cholas. They built
enormous temples. The chief feature of the Chola temple is the vimana. The early Chola
temples were found at Narthamalai and Kodumbalur in Pudukottai district and at Srinivasanallur
in Tiruchirappalli district. The Big Temple at Tanjore built by Rajaraja I is a master-piece of
South Indian art and architecture. It consists of the vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa and a
large pavilion in the front known as the Nandimandapa. Another notable contribution made by
the Cholas to temple architecture is the Siva temple at Gangaikondacholapuram built by
Rajendra I. The Airavathesvara temple at Darasuram in Tanjore District and the Kampaharesvara
temple at Tribhuvanam are examples of later Chola temples. The Cholas also made rich
contributions to the art of sculpture. The walls of the Chola temples such as the Tanjore and
Gangaikondacholapuram temples contain numerous icons of large size with fine execution. The
bronzes of the Chola period are world-famous. The bronze statues of Nataraja or dancing Siva
are masterpieces. The Chola paintings were found on the walls of Narthamalai and Tanjore
temples.