Advanced Database Systems

Course Title: Advanced Database Systems
Course Description: This advanced database systems course is designed to provide in-depth
knowledge and practical skills in the design, implementation, optimization, and management
of complex database systems. Students will explore advanced database concepts, emerging
technologies, and industry best practices. The course will cover both relational and non-
relational databases, as well as distributed database systems.
Prerequisites:
 Successful completion of a basic database systems course
 Proficiency in SQL and database design concepts
 Understanding of data modelling and normalization
 Basic programming skills (preferably in a language such as Python, Java, or C++)
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Database Design (Weeks 1-3)
 Entity-Relationship Model enhancements
 Advanced normalization techniques
 Schema refinement and tuning
 Designing for performance and scalability
2. Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) Internals (Weeks 4-6)
 In-depth study of RDBMS architecture
 Query optimization and execution plans
 Transaction management and concurrency control
 Advanced indexing and storage structures
3. Advanced SQL and Query Optimization (Weeks 7-9)
 Complex SQL queries and subqueries
 Window functions and common table expressions
 Query optimization techniques
 Analytical SQL for data analysis
4. Distributed Database Systems (Weeks 10-12)
 Concepts of distributed databases
 Replication and fragmentation strategies
 Distributed query processing and optimization
 Consistency and fault tolerance in distributed systems
5. NoSQL and NewSQL Databases (Weeks 13-15)
 Introduction to NoSQL databases (document, graph, key-value, column-
family)
 NewSQL databases and their advantages
 Choosing the right database for specific use cases
 Integration of NoSQL databases with traditional RDBMS
6. Database Security and Privacy (Weeks 16-18)
 Authentication and authorization mechanisms
 Encryption and access control
 Security best practices for databases
 Compliance with data protection regulations
7. Big Data and Advanced Analytics (Weeks 19-21)
 Introduction to big data concepts
 Distributed storage and processing frameworks (e.g., Hadoop, Spark)
 Integration of big data with traditional databases
 Advanced analytics and machine learning in databases
8. Capstone Project (Weeks 22-24)
 Real-world database design and implementation project
 Incorporating advanced concepts learned throughout the course
 Presentation and documentation of the project
1 Entity-Relationship Model Enhancements
1.1 Overview of the Entity-Relationship Model (ERM)
The Entity-Relationship Model (ERM) is a conceptual data model used in database design to
represent the relationships between different entities in a system. Here are some key
concepts:
1. Entities: Entities are objects or concepts that have attributes and are represented in
the database. For example, in a university database, entities could include students,
courses, and professors.
2. Attributes: Attributes are properties or characteristics of entities. For a student entity,
attributes could be student ID, name, and date of birth.
3. Relationships: Relationships define how entities are related to each other. For
instance, a student entity may have a relationship with a course entity through an
"enrol" relationship.
4. Cardinality: Cardinality describes the number of instances of one entity that can be
related to another entity. It can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.
5. Primary Key: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in an entity. It is crucial
for maintaining data integrity.
1.2 Advanced ERM concepts: weak entities, subclasses, and inheritance

1. Weak Entities: A weak entity is an entity that cannot be uniquely identified by its
attributes alone; it relies on a related entity and a partial key. For example, a "room"
entity might be weak if it relies on a building entity.
2. Subclasses and Inheritance: ERM allows for the modelling of inheritance in
databases. Subclasses inherit attributes from a superclass. For instance, a "vehicle"
superclass could have subclasses like "car" and "motorcycle," inheriting common
attributes.
1.3 Mapping ERM to relational schema

1. Entities to Tables: Entities are typically mapped to tables in relational databases.
Each row in a table represents an instance of the entity, and each column represents an
attribute.
2. Relationships to Foreign Keys: Relationships in ERM are represented in relational
schema by using foreign keys. A foreign key in one table refers to the primary key in
another table, establishing a link between them.
3. Normalization: Normalization is the process of organizing data to minimize
redundancy and dependency. It involves decomposing tables to eliminate data
anomalies.
1.4 Case studies and practical examples
1. University Database: Designing a database for a university system involves entities
like students, courses, professors, and relationships like enrolment. Weak entities
might include classrooms or teaching assistants.
2. E-commerce System: For an e-commerce database, entities could include customers,
products, orders, and payments. Relationships might involve customers placing orders
and products being part of orders.
3. Healthcare Management System: Entities in a healthcare database might include
patients, doctors, and appointments. Relationships can represent patient-doctor
associations, and weak entities could include medical history tied to a patient.

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Course Title: Advanced Database Systems

1.2 Advanced ERM concepts: weak entities, subclasses, and inheritance

1.3 Mapping ERM to relational schema

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