1. What is the definition of caries by WHO?

Caries is a localized pathological process of microbial origin that demineralizes hard dental tissues,
enamel, dentin and cement and with progression creates cavities (cavitation).

2. What is a "white spot" and how is it classified according to the WHO International
Classification of Diseases?
White spot is an initial carious lesion limited to enamel only, K02.0
This lesion has not reached dento-enamel junction, and has no cavitation and is reversible.

3. What is epidemiology and what is its significance for dental medicine? By significance, I mean
the processing of epidemiological data and the use of various indices that allow different data to
be compared.
Epidemiology is a profession that studies the states of health, disease and the effect of external factors
(climate, lifestyle and diet ) and internal factors (age, gender and biological parameters) on this
condition.
Indices are used to process epidemiological data. They allow standardization i.e. Quantification,
comparison of data obtained from different spaces and from different dentists and allows monitoring
of caries in the population.

4. List the factors of the ecological hypothesis necessary for the formation of caries.
Digestible carbohydrates, low pH, environmental disorder, receptive host, demineralization

5. Which group of bacteria is most numerous on approximate surfaces of teeth?

a) Streptococcus
b)Prevotella
c) Actinomyces
d) Veillonela
e) Neisseria

6. Add a number of 1-5 to these teeth, where 1 indicates the smallest and 5 the highest propensity
for caries.
a) lower second premolars 3
b) upper incisors 2
c) lower first and second molars 5
d) lower and upper first premolars 1
e) upper first and second molars and second premolars 4

7. Connect the zones of the initial carious lesion visible by the polarization microscope and the
percentage of the resulting pores in them. A3, b1,c2, d4
a) the center of the lesion 1) 1%
b) translucent zone 2) 1-10%
c) surface zone 3) 5-25%
d) dark zone 4) 2-4%

8. These layers of chronic dentin caries are joined by numbers of 1-7, with 1 meaning the most
superficial and 7 the deepest layer
(a) demineralization zone 3
(b) healthy dentin 6
(c) dead corridors 4
(d) The penetration zone of bacteria 2
(e) zone of transparency 5
(f)The reaction of dentin 7.
g) decomposition zone 1
9. Explain the difference between repairdentin and osteodentin.
Does not exist, reparator =osteodentin

Difference between irritating/reaction dentin and osteodentin

Both dentins are tertiary dentin
Reaction dentin is created by odontoblasts, is tubular and occurs on chronic carious stimuli
The reparatory or osteodentin is produced by pluripotent cells (odontoblasts like cells), is atubularan
(also called osteodentin) and is produced when the pulp is suddenly exposed (due to trauma or
iatrogenic opening)

10. List a minimum of 5 saliva functions.

It washes, dilutes and buffers hot and cold, buffers acids, has the ability to adhere to and select
bacteria and aggregate and rinse bacteria, antibacterial and antimetabolic effect (IgA, IgG, IgM),
lubrificats, disolve component, help remineralization

11. The secretion of water as a component of saliva follows: (1 correct answer)

(a) α-adrenergic stimulation
(b) β-adrenergic stimulation
(c) acetylcholine stimuli
(d) is correct a) + b)
(e) true is a) + c)

12. List the buffer systems of saliva and the underline of the most important.
Peptides, proteins, urea-ammonia, bicarbonates, phosphates

13. The intake of fructose into the oral cavity causes a greater pH drop than glucose intake. T
N

14. The formation of glucans from saccharose occurs by:

(a)fructosyltransferases from microorganism
(b) fructosyltransferases from saliva
(c) glucosyltransferases from microorganisms
(d) glycosylated "proline rich proteins" from saliva
(f) glucosyltransferases from saliva

15. How long does the pH drop after a meal last and why does the pH begin to return to the
standard pH of the oral cavity after this time?
5-30min, due to buffer systems

16. How does caries spread from the surface of the enamel to the dentinoenamel junction in
fissures, and how on smooth surfaces?
Caries fissure has the shape of a cone so that the tip is facing the pit and the base towards the
dentinoenamel junction that is, it spreads towards the dentinoenamel junction
The caries of smooth surfaces also have the shape of a cone, but the base is on a smooth surface, and
the tip is directed towards the dentinoenamel junction more accurately narrows.

17. At what pH is caries formed, and at what pH is tooth erosion generated?

Caries 4-5.5
Erosion <2.5-4
18. Supplements
Fosfats are critical for demineralization
Calcium ions are critical for remineralization

19. Write an algorithm of procedures necessary to make a diagnosis of caries.

Establish the main complaint, collect data from the general health and dental history, conduct
subjective and objective and radiographic methods of examination, interpret the collected data, make a
proper diagnosis

20. What are the prerequisites for a dental exam?

Dtreatment illumination and dry working field and removed biofilm and tartar that can mask dental
caries

21. What diagnostic procedure is the method of choosing to diagnose the initial caries lesion of
the approximate surface of the tooth?
Radiological methods

22. What means of assessing risk caries do you know?

Klynic intuition, manual, systematic verification, kariogram for PC and belonging to certain risk
groups

23. What data should be known for an accurate assessment of caries risk?
Data on the extent of plaque, number of strep. mutans and lactobacilli, to nutritional value, frequency
of intake of carbohydrates, to saliva, buffer capacity of saliva, in the dose fluoride

24. List the general risk indicators for the formation of caries.
Age, Gender, socio-economic factor, factors related to general health, epidemiological factors, oral
conditions

25. The pre-selection sites for caries are:

Approximate surfaces below the contact point, cervical thirds of teeth (below the equator), pits and
fissures of masticatory surfaces, foramen caecum and orthodontic anomalies.

26. The composition of antimicrobials most often enters chlorhexidine at a concentration of

0.2%

27. When is tooth fluoridation most effective?

Post eruptive at the time of tooth maturation

28.What are the possible visual ruses on the X-ray by biting into the tape?
Deeper and narrow lesions look shallower, shallow and wide look deeper

29. What operational preventive measures of caries do you know?

Preventive fissure sealing, fissure sandblasting and sealing, enameloplasty in combination with fissure
sealing, Heal Ozone therapy in combination with fissure sealing.

30. The operational path of prevention of caries is not used:

(a) when the pulp is in danger
b) when the function of the tooth is impaired
 c) for each tooth sensitive to hot/cold and sweet (braut mentioned that it should be determined
whether tooth hypersensitivity is due to caries or possibly due to wedge syndrome and bare dental
necks)
d) when the patient requests it due to impaired aesthetics
e) when there is a high probability of tooth displacement due to loss of contact point

31. What is a sugar hour

The sugar hour or Stephan curve shows a drop in pH that begins during a meal and continues for 5-30
min after stopping meals because that's when the buffer systems are activated

32. How many sugars are in peas (14), tomatoes (4), bananas (23)

33.What are intra and extracellular polysaccharides, what is their role?

Intra and extracellular polysaccharides are glucan and fructan and are products of bacteria that are
formed by the action of glucosyl and fructosyl transferase, enzymes possessed by microorganisms.
Intra and extra polysaccharides allow bacteria to survive in periods of "hunger" by stockpiling.

- intracellular: food exclusively for the bacteria inside, maintaining a low pH at a state of hunger
- extracellular: increase the porosity of plaque, food for all plaque bacteria

34. Which bacteria are dominant on the occlusal surface, which on approximate
On the occlusal surface, streptococci are dominant, and on approximal actinomycetes

35. how many species colonize the oral cavity, how many bacteria contain plaque
The oral cavity is colonized by 700 species, and plaque contains 300-500

36.what bacteria are subgingival, which supra

Subgingival there are G- anaerobes, and supragingival G+ aerobics

37. what is the role of biofilm, why is the sensitivity to antibiotics reduced
There is a coaggregation of bacteria and the formation of an impermeable layer for antibiotics, but
porous for acids and other bacteria products

38. characteristics of cariogenic bacteria

They must inhabit the tooth, aciduric, acidogenic and survive in conditions of hunger

39. what are aciduric, what are acidogenic bacteria

Acidogenic means they can produce acids from carbohydrates, and aciduric means they can survive in
low-pH states.

40. what connects mutans with saliva components

AgI/II adhesinima

41. use of sugar for non-food purposes

Fermentation, slows the bonding of cement and glue and is an integral part of printer ink

42. wipeholm study

8 groups with a standardized diet were given carbohydrates with a meal and between meals. People
who were given only with a wrap had less caries than people who received carbohydrates with a meal.

43.what is the ICB classification

Classification that divides caries into
K02 caries
KO2.0 tooth decay of enamel
 K02.1 dentin
K02.2 cementum
K02.3 stop of the caries

It also classifies non-carious damage

KO3.0 attribution
K03.1 abrasion
K03.2 erosion

44. what is SIC index

Significant caries index, which is used in populations with lower rates of caries and for this index is
taken only a significant third.

45. theories of the occurrence of caries

Dental worm, 4 elements, hippocratic theory of retaining htana, Aristotle's on sweet figs, vital theory,
chemical theory, parasitic theory and chemoparasitic theory

46.caries by depth (Marthaler and German according to depth of demineralization, division by depth
of progression)

47.clinical picture of caries

1 CORRECT ANSWER
48. Originator of chemoparasitic theory: Miller
49. Research of Keyes and Jordan: host, causative agent and environment
50. Who was the first to reject the theory of the dental worm: Pierre Fauchard
51. Which ion acts on demineralization in the crystal lattice: CO3-
52. Which bacterium is most abundant on approximate surfaces: Actinomyces naeslundii
53. Sucrose: fructose and glucose
54. Which teeth are the first to settle their teeth? S.mitis,S.sanguis and S.oralis
55. Formula of hydroxylapatite: Ca5 (PO4)3 OH
56. Incorrect division of caries: medium fast
57. Diagnostics of initial lesion: electrical conductivity and light systems
58. In which is manifested the harmfulness of carbohydrates: frequent intake of meals
saturated with simple sugars
59. Sugar substitute:Xylitol
60. Degradation of hydroxylapatite : low Ph

QUESTIONS WITH 2 CORRECT ANSWERS

61. Characteristic of acute caries: milk color and childhood
62. Risk age for caries: 4.-8. year. and 11.-18. year.
63. Streptococcus mutans: acidogenic, only on hard surfaces and produce extracellular
polysaccharides.
64. Non-cardiogenic food: fats and cheese
65. Pelikuli: first coat the teeth and are formed for 2 min. to 2h or 20min.after brushing your
teeth (see more )!!!
66.Surface erosion (dissolution): interprismatic lesions and micropore formation
67.Salivary proteins: statherins and prp (view)!!!
68. What is the role of saliva?

-Rinses, dilutes- saliva flow and consistency,depend on muscle activity-Buffers acids, hot and
cold (buffers – weak bases, weak acids – maintain neutral pH 7)-Adhering and selection of
bacteria-Aggregation and leaching of bacteria-Antibacterial and antimetabolic effect-
Functions of congenital and acquired immunity -Prevent demineralization, support
remineralization, prevent the "growth" of teeth-Free radical reservoir-Lubricates teeth and soft
tissues (salivary gland products that are seromucosal)- Begins with the digestion of food
(ptialin – saliva, stomach, pancreas)- Water secretion follows the secretion of Na+/Cl-

69. layers of caries dentin?

1. Reactiondentin-chronic caries
2. Healthy dentin
3. Sclerotic dentin (zone of transparency)-chronic caries
4. Dead corridors-chronic caries
5. Zone of demineralization or turbidity
6. Penetration zone
7. Zone of decomposition - necrosis
DENTINA
A. CENTRAL LESION (outer carious layer) – softened by demineralization, filled with
bacteria, necrotic and insensitive
B. TRANSLUCENT LAYER (layer of sclerosation) – without baketry, partially
demineralized, dentin tubulus filled with odontoblastic shoots (from pulp through healthy
dentin, un.layer of carious dentin and disappears at the bottom of the outer carious layer)
A. CENTER OF LESION LAYER OF DEVASTATED DENTIN (ZONE OF
DECOMPOSITION, NECROSIS)- Destroyed dentin tubules- Present mixed microbial flora-
Peritubulus dentin is destroyed- Bacteria and in the remaining intertubulus dentin- The most
superficial layer, completely destroyed- In deeper parts of the remaining dentin tubules
overflowing with bacteria, wall destruction creates caverns- Th in this area painless, soft ->
excavator
ZONE PENETRATION OF BACTERIA- The layer of penetration of bacterium is bounded
by the depth of penetration of microragnisms into the dnetine tubules- Serum proteins
(Ig,alb,transferin) in the dentin tubules and the bottom of the carious lesion can slow the
penetration of baketrium into the dent.tubules- Bacteria first penetrate between odontoblastic
shoots and tubule walls -> cytoplasmic shoots are destroyed -> bactetria possess the entire
lumen of the ducts- Pericanal walls are relatively preserved, but the dentin walls are softened
due to demineralization and their lumen (ampular dentin)
LAYER OF DEMINERALIZED DENTIN (BLURRING ZONE) is expanded- Bacteria in the
surface part- Deeper layers are sterile – it is not necessary to remove- Dentin tubules are
morphologically relatively preserved- Leathery tissue- With th procedures it is not removed
due to deeper sterile spaces, it is intersected with calcium hydroxide preparations
INNER LAYER OF DENTIN CARIES (SCLEROSING ZONE, TRANSPARENCY ZONE)-
Dentin tubulus closed with calcium and phosphate ion minerals or odontoblastic attachments
that transfer from the pulp of Ca ions that crystallize, form small plates inside and outside the
shoot in the healthy dentin layer and supratransparent layer- Plate crystals travel outwards,
there they are dissolved by acids in an active caries process, then recrystallized into rhomboid
crystals- Rhomboid crystals – more resistant to acid action- They are formed after the initial
dissolution of dentin mineralized tissue and the repreciation of tricalcium phosphate with the
replacement of Mg- Newly created dentin more resistant to acid- Permeability of the
sclerosation layer decreased, mineral content elevated compared to healthy tissue
CARIES DENTINA Demineralization, stronger proteolytic activity, degradation of collagen
matrixThrough dentin go dentin tubules(from pulp to pulp to CDS), collagen fibers
perpendicular to the tubules -> there is no anatomical break of the dentin matrix that would
limit the lateral spread of the lesionThe lateral boundaries of the dentin affected by caries are
clearly limited, the boundaries parallel to the dentin tubulesPeritubulus dentin otoproniji to
demineralization limits the initial carious lesionAcids through the enamel into the dnetin,
when they reach cds act in width Change on CDS already in the earliest stages of caries is
considered to be a consequence of side sclerosis tubules that are exposed to weaker stimuli
than the central parts of the lesion where odontoblastic shoots recede towards the pulp to
participate in the formation of sec.dentin

70. Which of the above statements for the composition of toothpaste is not correct?

a) preservatives are in the percentage of 0.005 to 0.5 percent, the most common are alcohol
and formaldehyde
b) toothpaste that does not contain fluoride must bear this label
c) abrasives are the most important ingredient in toothpaste and are in the highest percentage
d) of the binders in pastes the most common is glycerol
e) detergents reduce surface tension

71. which claim of topical fluoridation is not correct?

a) 0.05% NaF solution is used for daily rinsing

b) gels and foams have the same concentration of fluorine as solutions
c) fluoride varnishes are recommended for home use
d) fluoride varnishes are applied to tooth surfaces that are at risk of caries) fluorine has an
antienzymatic effect on plaque bacteria

72. which claim is correct for methods of diagnosing caries:

a) the visual method is acceptable for diagnosing caries on all surfaces

b) tactile method is acceptable only in diagnosing caries on smooth surfaces and fissures
c) the radiological method is a method of choice only for deep caries of masticatory surfaces
d) light systems are generally acceptable method, and the method of choice for caries of
masticatory surfaces
e) with electrical conductivity we can best diagnose caries of approximate surfaces
The combination of correct answers would be 1)d 2)c 3)d

73. What must we consider in order to assess caries?

We need to record the symptoms of the disease (localization, type, activity of the lesion),
collect data for the diagnosis of caries (medical, social, nutrition, fluoride, saliva, bacteria)
and means for risk assessment
74. What are the means (existing 'tools') to assess the risk of caries?
Clinical intuition; manual, systematic verification; cariogram for PC; the patient's knowledge
of a known risk group.

75. Why is risk caries assessment important?

Due to the likelihood of developing a new carious lesion or progression of the existing one,
and as a basis for the therapy plan and frequency of controls.

76. What are the traditional risk groups with an

increased risk of tooth decay?
"Food" staff
Bakery
Taxi, truck drivers and other professional drivers (irregular
nutrition)
Night workers
Athletes in endurance sports
Young people who have just moved away
pregnant/lactating women
addicts/smokers
low social status groups.
Immigrants

77. What is the main motivation of a minimally invasive

approach to the treatment of caries?
High incidence of secondary caries and filling fractures, so most of the time in practice is
spent in changing existing fillings.

78.calc hydroxy apatite/fl.apatite

Ca5(PO4)3OH
Ca5(PO4)3F
79.caries spreading on smooth surfaces
80.caries spreading on pits and fissures
81.some questions about bad and good sugar
82.zone of self-cleaning and habit impurity
83.characteristic and uncharacteristic places for caries
84.parts of the carious lesion- watch the direction
85.act and chronic caries
86.definition of caries
87.baby bottle caries

88.posteruptive topical fluoridation

most importantly, it is incorporated into the crystal lattice and accumulates on the surface depending
on the concentration of available fluorine, in higher concentrations has antibacterial and antienzymatic
effect, lowers the critical pH value at which demineralization occurs
89. Siemenson type 2
90. Why is the image of caries distorted on the x-ray
91. Stephan's curve