STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME (SIWES) TRAINING PROGRAMME REPORT

DONE AT

ELO DRILLING SERVICES EFFURUN, DELTA STATE

PRESENTED BY

OHIA KELECHI CHIOMA

REG NUMBER: 20191184315

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY

TECHNOLOGY,

FACULTY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY OWERRI,

IMO STATE

MAY 2024
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of

inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of my strength
throughout this program and on His wings only have I soared.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, my profound gratitude goes to God Almighty for His divine assistance and

knowledge during the industrial training. My unalloyed appreciation goes to my industrial

based supervisor and other lecturers for their guidance and encouragement during the period.

May the Almighty God reward and bless you all in thousands folds. I’m indeed grateful.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction to SIWES

1.2 Aims and oblectives of SIWES

1.3 When was SIWES established

1.4 Why was SIWES established

1.5 Success recorded by SIWES

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Introduction and general review of activities carried out

2.1.1 water exploration

2.1.2 Geographical survey

2.1.2.1 Methodology

2.1.2.1.1 Electrical resistivity method

2.1.2.1.2 Vertical Electrical sounding (VES)

2.1.2.1.3 Results and data interpretation

2.2 Case study of a surveyed area

2.3 Survey method

2.4 Results and interpretation of data

2.5 Summary and interpretation

2.6 Descrption of the equipment used

2.7 Borehole design

2.8 Process involved in drilling

2.9 Drilling method

2.9.1 Rotary mud drilling

2.9.2 Rotary air driling

2.10 Data collection during drilling

2.11 Observation process during drilling

2.12 Logging and sample collection

2.12.1 Lithological description

2.13 Well completion

2.14 Borehole development

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Experience gained

3.2 Problems encountered

3.2.1 Problems encountered in geographical survey

3.2.2 Problems encountered during drilling process

3.2.3 Problems encountered in pumping test

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Summary

4.2 Conclusion

4.3 Recommendation

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES

Training is the key factor in enhancing the efficiency and expertise of the Workforce. The Student

Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a federal government program established in the

year 1973 to assist the student in the institution of higher learning nationwide and to prepare students

for labour market. It is a skill acquisition training program that forms part of the minimum academic

requirement standards in various degrees programs of the Nigeria tertiary institution.

The scheme exposes students to the industry based skills necessary for a smooth transition from the

lecture room to the world of work. I0t affords students of the tertiary institution the opportunity of

being familiar and exposed to the needed experience to handling machines and equipment which are

not usually available in the institution

According to Ochiage (1995) he said no society can achieve meaningful progress without

encouraging its youth to acquire necessary practical skills such skills enable them to harness

available resources to meet the need of society. It was on the basis of this background that SIWES

was established in Nigeria tertiary institution.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

 To provide an opportunity for student in Nigerian polytechnics and other institution to

acquired industrial skills and experience in their respective fields

 It strengthens employer involvement in the entire educational process of preparing

polytechnic graduates for employment in the industry

 To expose students to method and techniques of handling equipments and machines

 To bridge the lacuna between classroom works and real work situation by providing an

opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in real work situation

 To make students understand the technical implication of their profession

 To provide adequate practical skills to student

  To ensure the transition from school to world of work and enables students contacts for job

placement.

1.3 WHEN WAS SIWES ESTABLISHED?

The student industrial work scheme (SIWES) was established in 1973 under the leadership of the

Head of State Yakubu Gowon, retired after the establishment of industrial training fund (ITF) by

degree number, 97 on the 8th October 1970 when industrial and commercial activities work in

existing due to the gap between the real and educational sector

SIWES was essentially established in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skill

preparation for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institution

The scheme expose students to industry based necessary for a smooth from classroom to the world of

work. It afford students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and exposed in

handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available in the institution

1.4 WHY WAS SIWES ESTABLISHED

The scheme was established in order to

1) Promote and encourage the acquisition of skills in handling machines

2) Help students to be self-reliance after graduation from school

3) Generates a proof of indigenous trained personal difficulty to meet to need of the

economy

4) Focus on the central goal of developing human potential in every aspect

1.5 SUCCESS RECORDED BY SIWES

The scheme has recorded tremendous achievement since its creation among which are:
  It has helped student by exposing them to practical knowledge of things they were

taught in the class

 It has been able to restore student, making them assumed of their competence

 It has also help student get acquitted to the method of their various career

ROLES OF STUDENTS ON THE SIWES PROGRAMME

 Attend institutions SIWES orientation programme before going on attachment.

 Register for SIWES and submit at the point of registration, their bank account

details to their school’s SIWES Coordinators.

 Comply with the rules and regulations of the organization where they are attached.

 Record all training activity and other assignments in the log book and complete ITF

form 8 to ensure proper assessment.

RELEVANCE OF SIWES TO PETROLEUM ENGINEERING STUDENT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is highly relevant to students

studying Petroleum Engineering due to several key reasons:

Practical Experience: SIWES provides students with hands-on practical experience in the oil

and gas industry, allowing them to apply theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom to

real-world scenarios. They gain exposure to various aspects of petroleum engineering,

including exploration, drilling, production, reservoir management, and field operations.

Technical Skills Development: During SIWES, students have the opportunity to develop and

refine technical skills essential for petroleum engineering, such as well logging, reservoir

modeling, production optimization, fluid mechanics, drilling operations, and geoscience

techniques. They learn how to use specialized software, equipment, and tools used in the

industry.
Field Operations: SIWES placements often involve fieldwork at oil and gas production sites,

drilling rigs, well testing facilities, and exploration projects. Students participate in activities

such as well logging, core sampling, pressure testing, production monitoring, and data

analysis under the guidance of industry professionals.

Safety and Environmental Practices: SIWES emphasizes the importance of safety

protocols, environmental regulations, and risk management in the petroleum industry.

Students learn about safety procedures, hazard identification, emergency response, and

environmental impact assessments to ensure safe and sustainable operations.

Industry Insights: SIWES exposes students to the operations, challenges, and best practices

of the oil and gas sector, including upstream, midstream, and downstream activities. They

gain insights into industry trends, technologies, regulations, market dynamics, and global

energy issues affecting the petroleum industry.

Collaboration and Communication: SIWES encourages students to collaborate with

multidisciplinary teams, including engineers, geoscientists, technicians, and project managers.

They develop communication skills, teamwork abilities, project management capabilities, and

leadership qualities required for success in the petroleum engineering profession.

Problem-Solving Abilities: SIWES projects and tasks often involve problem-solving, data

analysis, decision-making, and critical thinking skills. Students learn how to address technical

challenges, optimize processes, troubleshoot equipment, and implement solutions to improve

efficiency and productivity in oil and gas operations.

Networking and Professional Development: SIWES provides opportunities for students to

network with professionals, industry experts, and stakeholders in the petroleum engineering
field. They build professional relationships, gain mentorship, attend industry events, and

explore career pathways for future employment, internships, or research opportunities.

Overall, SIWES plays a crucial role in bridging the gap between academic learning and

industry practice for students studying Petroleum Engineering. It provides valuable

experiential learning opportunities, technical skills development, industry insights, safety

awareness, networking opportunities, and career readiness for future roles in the dynamic and

challenging field of petroleum exploration and production.

 CHAPTER TWO

BRIEF HISTORY OF ELO DRILLING SERVICES

ELO DRILLING SERVICES is an indigenous company found in the year 1988 by Engineer

Ifeanyi Stanley Okorie. It is located in Efurum, Delta State. The company started as a building

Engineering company but by God's grace, diligence, dedication, persistence and discipline it has

brought forth other divisions.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY

 To provide one of the basic necessities of life which is shelter.

 To provide strong and durable buildings and home for families, individuals or organizations.

 To build and construct standard roads in the nation.

 To provide clean and hygienic water for families, institutions, etc.

 To make electrical connections and constructions that will meet the customers taste and

needs. 6. To satisfy mankind with impeccable engineering works.

SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE COMPANY

There are some safety rules and regulations that are to be observed in the company so as to ensure

that works are carried out in an orderly manner. They are:

 Do not enter the site without a coverall, factory shoes, cap and gloves.

 On lookers or any passersby must not be allowed to loiter around the site.

 Working outfit, tools or machinery are not to be taken out of the site store until the project is

completed.
 The project must not be abandoned for any other work.

 Smoking or drinking of alcohol is not allowed on the site.

 Handsets or any other private materials are not allowed on site.

 Sleeping is not allowed on site.

 Cover tools and machinery appropriately before leaving the site.

ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMPANY

VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS AND FUNCTIONS

Contractor and Assistant Contractor

They are the head of the organization. They are responsible for getting contracts and providing

all that will be needed on the site. They also supervise the work to ensure that it goes according

to the taste of the customer. They also pay the workers' salaries.

Site Managers

They take care of the site finances given to him by the contractors. He also ensures that the

exhaustible materials (fuel, diesel, oil, cement, etc) are used judiciously as he will be held

responsible for losses. He ensures that the regulations are kept.

Building and Construction

This division is concerned with building houses, hotels, school buildings, offices, etc. They also

construct roads. The workers under this division are; Builders, Plumbers, Painters, Bricklayers,

Welders, etc.

Electrical Division

This is concerned with wiring and providing power for buildings. The head of this division is the

Chief Electrician who supervises and directs other assistant electricians.

Water Division

This is concerned with borehole drilling for homes, schools and other organizations.

The workers include:

Record Keeper: Keeps record of the drill log and materials bought during work in every site. He

also keeps record of the daily depth drilled.

Machine Operator: He operates the drilling rig during drilling and adds the drilling chemicals

into the drilling fluid.

Drillers: They carry out the work involved in the drilling process such as the mud pit, connecting

the drill stems, cleaning the mud pit, etc.

 CHAPTER THREE

INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL REVIEW ON ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT

The services rendered by the company are:

a) Geophysical Survey

b) Borehole Drilling

c) Pump Installation

d) Well Logging

e) Water Quality Analysis

f) Pumping Test

g) Borehole Rehabilitation

I participated actively in drilling, in Water Quality Analysis, Borehole Rehabilitation and pumping

test.

WATER EXPLORATION

The exploration of water requires several important steps in order to get adequate and portable water

for consumption and other domestic significants. Therefore, before any borehole construction is

done, a geophysical survey should be carried out on the site to know the most suitable point and

depth where the borehole should be drilled in order to have maximum groundwater potential. Hence,

a geophysical survey tells whether a proposed borehole site should beapprovedor abandoned.
ACTIVITIES AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN THE BOREHOLE DRILLING SECTOR

BOREHOLE DESIGN

Borehole design is the process of specifying the physical materials and dimension of borehole with

the main objectives of securing the highest sustainable yield. In borehole design, it is helpful to

consider the borehole structure as consisting of two main elements.

(i) Caseportion of the borehole.

(ii) Intake portion of the borehole.

The case portions of the borehole also known as the blind portion, is the part of the boreholethat

seals surface water and undesirable groundwater as well as provide structuralsupportagainstcaving

material. The intake portion of the bore hole or the screen portion are perforated casings which allow

maximum amount of water to enter the well and prevent movement of sand into hole as well as

stabilize the side of the borehole.

There are two types of casing; these are American Petroleum Industry(API) steel and

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) casings. The length of API steel casing is about 20 ft (or 6 m), while that

ofPVC casing is often times 10 ft (or 3m). The thickness of these two types of casing varies between

6 and 8 mm. The PVC casings are mostly used by this company
Plate1.2:A typical borehole design

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN DRILLING

i) Mobilization of Equipment and Personnel to Site:

This involves conveying the drilling rig and every other equipment to be used for drilling to site

together with all the man power involved.

ii) Position in gand Pluming the Drilling Rig:

This involves setting the rig at the exact spot where the geophysical survey had recommended and

also ensuring the rig is plumed so as to ensure that the hole is straight and vertical.

iii) Construction of the Mud Pit (in the case of Rotary Mud Drilling):
This involves the digging of two pits; one in which cutting materials settle (Storage pit) and the other

from which water is pumped and re-pumped to the hole through the drilling rig (Suctionpit).

iv) Drilling to the required depth.

DRILLING METHOD

A large variety of methods and equipment are available for excavating holes in the earth. The

technique used in a particular situation in the field depends on a number of factors including

availability of equipment and majorly, the mode of occurrence of ground water in the area. The

method of drilling which was employed during my period of attachment was the rotary method of

drilling method.

The rotary drilling method is one of the fastest methods of drilling well sand is particularly adapted

in the drilling of large size holes. The drilling process involves boring a hole by using a rotating bitto

which a downward forcei sapplied. I was exposed to two types of rotary drilling during the period of

my attachment ,these are;

a) Rotary-mud drilling and

b) Rotary-air drilling

ROTARY-MUD DRILLING

In rotary-mud drilling, the first activity usually carried out is digging of the storage and suction pit

which are together referred to as the mud pit. Afterwards, drilling is commenced using drilling fluids.

Cuttings of rocks are achieved by rotary bits of various types. The power is delivered to the rotary

bits by a rotary halo steel tube or drilling pipe attached to the drilling rig. Pre-mixed mud is forced

down the drill pipe and out of the bits. The cuttings are removed by continuous circulation of the

drill fluid(mud) as the bits penetrate the formation. The role of the mud is to minimize fluid loss into
the aquifer sand to cool the drilling bits during the drilling process; it also carries the rock cuttings

upward and then deposits them in the mud pit.The storage and suction pit sare dug in such a way

that the fluid from the former over flows into the latter from where it is then pumped back through

the drill pipe and the circle is repeated (See Plate 2.6). The heavy cuttings settle in the storage pit

while the tiny ones flow into the suction pit. This kind of drilling takes place where the over burden

is thick, to do away with the mud before proceeding to air-drilling. The drilling mud consists of

Suspension of Water, Bentonite, Extender, Polypulus, (Carboxylmethyl cellulose) (CMC)

Fig1.3 Mud Drilling method

Plate1.4: TheMud Pitsnapped

ROTARY-AIR DRILLING

The air rotary drilling method was used in the site. Air drilling was used because the over burden

was not too thick and also because it was stable. The rotary operation using air is similar to the mud

or water technique, except that the circulating fluid(air) is notre-circulated. When the cuttings are

carried to the surface, they are deposited around the outside of the machine.

The rotary-air drilling method was used with compressed air as the drilling fluid rather than drilling

mud which represents a modern development within the waterwell industries. Air was circulated

through the drill pipe out through the pores in the drill bits and upward in the annular space around

the drill pipe. Air moving at high velocity in the annular space carried the cuttings to the surface.

This process continued until the required depth was reached. Air drilling offers a number of

advantages over water or mud method of rotary drilling.

a. Removal of cuttings from the face of the bits is often faster resulting in less regrinding or cutting

and decrease in penetration rate.

b. Water that enters the hole from the formation being penetrated is almost immediately flushed to

the surface and is easy to see. Hence, it is easier to determine when a good aquifer is encountered.
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA COLLECTION DURING DRILLING

During the drilling process, required data should be collected as accurate as possible.

The following items are used in the collection of samples at drilling sites:

i) Plastic box for storing cutting samples.

ii) Marker pens.

iii) Set of sieves.

iv) Sufficient copies of the form to record drilling and penetration rate, particle size analysis, cutting

sample description.

v) Semi log graph paper.

OBSERVATION PROCESS DURING DRILLING

The most obvious observation during the drilling which gives a clue to the lithology of the formation

is the speed of penetration.

a) Slower penetration rates were observed in hard consolidated rocks than loose sand.

b) Clay or shale layers tend to slow down penetration where the bits tooth is not suited.

c) A slowing down of penetration in the basement zone was observed as the fresh rock was

approached.

d) The lower part of the weathered zone consists essentially of blocks of decomposed rocks set in a

matrix of weathered products. Typical rates in a weathered zone arebetween 1-10 minutes. But in the

lower parts, areas slow as15-20 minutes.

e) Once down the hole hammer is used, penetration is very fast between 1-10 minutes perrange.

f) A good indication that fresh basement rock has been reached was jerky rotation of the drilling

string.

However, an accurate penetration log is very helpful in the identification of drilled strata, so the logs

are kept.

LOGGING AND SAMPLE COLLECTION

well logging also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record of geology

formation penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based either on visual inspection of samples

brought to surface or on physical measurements made by instruments lowered into the hole

(geophysical logs). Well logging is performed in borehole drilled for the oil and gas, groundwater,

mineraland geo thermal exploration. We normally used well logging in borehole drilled for ground

water to determine the position of aquifer. The samples are collected in a plastic container, sieved,

washed, and then analyzed before being put in the sample box. Samples are usually collected after

every meter of drilling, so that on sitting the sample box (Plate 1.5) one can quickly tell to what

depth a hole has been drilled.

Plate1.5: Thesample box

LITHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

Case study of an area;

Location: 500 housing estate

0- 6m Laterite and top soil

6 – 30m Ferruginouss and stone

30 – 33m Clay,grey to black sandy

33 – 46m Sand, fine to very coarse ferruginous

46 – 48m Sand with ferruginous pebbles clayey fine to

coarse

48– 49m Clay, grayish pebbly

49 – 50m Sand, fine to coarse, greyish

 50 – 58m Clay, greyto black, sandy

58 – 65m Sand with brown ferruginous pebblesat

59-60m. Bottom of hole

WELL COMPLETION

This is the next stage after drilling a borehole. It involves flushing, casing, gravel packing and

grouting.

a) Flushing: This is the process of flushing out after completion of borehole. Flushing is done to

remove dirty water which has been contaminated during drilling. When using the compressor to

flush, after inserting permanent casing and gravel parking, you can either slot in your flush horse or

you send the drill pipe again and the compressor supply compress air bringing out the water in

thehole.
Plate1.7showingflushing

b) Casing: This entails the lowering and connection of PVC pipesboth screens and blinds into the

borehole in accordance with the borehole design. The blinds are usually cylindrical materials with

both ends open and prevent dirty particles in the ground fromin-filtrating the hole. The screens are

also cylindrical materials but perforated. They are often placed in the the aquifer is so that ground

water can filter through it to the hole. The borehole is flushed again before gravel packing/sand

packing. This is done to make the hole clean.

c) Gravel/Sand Packing: This involves placing of coarse sand or fine gravel chippings in- between

the wall and the casing of the borehole. The boreholes aregravel packed to;

i) Provide a zone of high permeability.

ii) Stabilize the aquifer.

iii) Minimize sand pumping.

iv) Hold the blinds and screen firmly to theground.

Plate1.7:Showing the gravel packing

c)Grouting: It is important to note that the gravels should not be placed to within 3-6 mto the

surface as this space is for grouting. Grouting involves the mixing of cement, gravels, sand and water

to fill the space after gravel packing. This was done to avoid the percolation of surface water that

may pollute or contaminate the borehole.

BOREHOLE DEVELOPMENT

This is the final stage in the construction and completion of a borehole. It involves the removal of

finer materials in the aquifer. This process also increases permeability and porosity of the aquifer in
the immediate area of the borehole. In mud-drilled holes, the aquifer formation is invaded by the

mud around the periphery of the hole and a mud cake is formed on the walls of the hole.

Development is needed to remove this mud and violently agitate the gravel packing materials behind

the screened section to remove fines and form a stable permeable filter. The following are borehole

development methods;

a) Pumpinstallation: For pump installationalist of items are required; Pipe centralizer, Rise main

pipe, Pump rod sand Nylon ropes etc. Basically we have two types of pump installations;

  Manual hand pump installation and,

 Motorized pump installation.

Plate1.8:installation of a submersible pump

b) Flushing: This is one of the final stages of the borehole development. It involves the flushing of

the hole with a submersible pump to get the hole cleaned there by making the water clear. This is

normally done if the hole is not clean after back washing.

c) Capping and grouting: This involves covering the borehole with a fabricated material, to prevent

dirt particles from entering the borehole and also to prevent little children around the hole from

falling into the hole. This material often covers the casing which protrudes from the borehole.

d) Pump maintainance: Both manual hand pump and submersible pump soften undergoes

maintenance to keep them in good shape and easy to repair when breakdown. Maintenance is a

simple which involvesthe following steps;

 Understand the case of the break down and determine the remedy needed.

 Flush the borehole to reduce colloid and suspension of dust and dirt.

 Remove the plunger and wash it thoroughly in the case of manual hand pump.

 Assemble the pump back.

 CHAPTER FIVE

EXPERIENCE GAINED AND PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

EXPERIENCED GAINED

The period of my SIWES really exposed me to practical aspects of some of the theories I learnt in

school.

My period of SIWES helped me to gain a lot of experience in the following areas:

 Borehole-Drilling and well development.

 Pumping test.

I have gained experience on how rotary-mud and rotary-air drillings are carried out. I have also

acquired skills on how to install and un-install a submersible pump into a borehole during pumping

test, measure SWL and DWL of a bore hole as well as its pumping and recovery rates.

PROBLEMS ENCONTERED DURING DRILLING PROCESS

During the process of drilling, some technical problems were encountered. Below are the problems

and how they were solved:

a) Residual Cuttings in the borehole.

Correction:

i) Up hole velocity of the drilling fluid was increased to force the cuttings out of the hole.

ii) The viscosity of the drilling fluid was also increased by adding bentonite.

b) Stuck pipe.

Correction:
i) The drill string was suspended above the bottom of the hole.

ii) Circulation of the drilling fluid was ensured until the hole became relatively free of all formation

materials.

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PUMPING TEST

a) Blocked pump: There were instances where the submersible pump used in the pumping test was

blocked by tiny particles in the hole.

Correction:

The pump was uninstalled, loosened and blown with air pressure to force the particles out.

b) Intertwining of the dip meter cable on the riser pipes. In such cases, the accurate depth of water

level was not obtained from the dip meter.

Correction:

The dip meter was withdrawn from the hole and released back into the hole in such away that it did

not intertwine on the riser pipes.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

My training period really equipped me with more knowledge and skills in the area of groundwater

exploration such as geophysical survey, drilling, pump installation, borehole maintenance and

pumping test. Also, the training has improved my ability in interacting with other people such as

peers and superiors. It was fun to deal with these people, especially when they were willing to offer

assistance and guidance in challenging areas.

CONCLUSION

My SIWES period in this company was very interesting, instructive and challenging. The training

has helped me to bridge the gap between theory and practice in the aspect of geophysics,

hydrogeology, and engineering which are employed to hardness ground water for the optimal

utilization of man. All of this valuable experience and knowledge that I have gained were not only

acquired through the direct involvement in task given but also through other aspects of the training

such as work observation, interaction with colleagues, superiors and other people related to the field.

From what I have undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training program has achieved its

primary objectives. It’s also the best way to prepare students for the real working life. From the

foregoing discussion it can be seen that there is a connection between geophysics, hydrogeology and

engineering. It is also apparent that the role of a geophysicist in the groundwatersector cannot be

over emphasized.

RECOMMENDATION

For a good borehole to be constructed in order to cater for the need of water supply in any

environment there is need to carry out a detailed geophysical survey in order to avoid the waste of

resources and man power.

All clients wanting to construct a good borehole should consult a specialist to carryout detailed

subsurface investigation before drilling may commence. And the report of the geophysical survey

should beadhered to strictly by drillers while drilling a proposed hole. Sophisticated machines such

as drilling rigs and compressors of modern technology like those used abroad should be employed in

the exploration and exploitation of ground water.