Wind Energy (ME - 424), NTEST

Wind Energy
Course Teacher: Mr. Saqib Sharif

(Assistant Professor)
Wind
 Wind, which is essentially air in motion, carries with it kinetic
energy. The kinetic energy is converted into either mechanical or
electrical energy. The mechanical uses for wind for driving ships,
pumping water, grinding grains, turning the machines of the
factories and doing a large variety of other tasks.
 History
 First use of wind energy dates back, 5,000 years to Egypt.
 Development of wind turbines to generate electricity started in the
mid 1970s.
 Detail available in the book (page no: 339 to 341)
 Power in Wind,
P = (1/2) x ρ x A x V3
 Derivation of wind power
2
Power in Wind
 Theoretical or Maximum power in wind
Pmax = (1/2) x ρ x A x V3
 Actual Power in wind
Pact = (1/2) x ρ x A x Cp x V3
Where Cp is power co-efficient (also known as efficiency of
wind turbine) and is defined as the ratio of actual power
developed by the rotor to the theoretical power available in the
wind
=
3
Calculation
 At 15 0C and 1 atm, ρ = 1.225 Kg/m3
 1 m/s = 2.237 mph
 P/A = Specific Power or Power Density
 Problem: Compare the energy at 15 0C and 1 atm, contained
in 1 m2 of the following wind regimes:
a) 100 hours of 6 m/s winds (13.4 mph)
b) 50 hours at 3 m/s plus 50 hours at 9 m/s
4
Characteristic of Wind Power
 Doubling of wind speed results in 8 fold increase in wind
power
5
 A slight increase in blade length, rotor diameter, it increases
the power
6
 Wind Share: wind speed varies considerably with height above
ground. This is called wind shear (i.e. change in the wind speed
with height in atmosphere).
 Wind speed varies due to friction such as forests or buildings or
irregularities of earth in first 100 m above ground.
 Wind speed is modest for smooth surfaces such as calm sea or
smooth hard ground.
 Change in mean wind speed with elevation, (American approach)
Where V is wind speed at height H, V0 is the wind speed at height H0

(reference height) and is the friction coefficient, depends on the
roughness of the terrain and it is 1 for smooth surface.
7
 European approach,
Where z is called roughness length.

Friction
Roughness Roughness
Type of terrain Coefficient
Class length, z (m)
(
Water areas 0 0.001 0.01
Open Country, few surface feature 1 0.12 0.12
Farmland with building and hedges 2 0.05 0.16
Farmland with many tress, forests, villages 3 0.3 0.28
8
Numerical
 Problem # 01: An anemometer mounted at a height of 10 m
above a surface with crops, hedges, and shrubs shows a wind
speed of 5 m/s. Estimate the wind speed and the specific
power in the wind at a height of 50 m. Assume 15 0C and 1
atm of pressure.
 Problem # 02: A wind turbine with a 30 m rotor diameter is
mounted with its hub at 50 m above a ground surface that is
characterized by shrubs and hedges. Estimate the ratio of
specific power in the wind at the highest point that a rotor
blade tip reaches to the lowest point that it falls to.
9
 Effect of tower height on wind power
10
Configuration of Wind Turbine
 Tower
 Rotor
 Blades
 Generator
 Gearbox
 Controller
 Other
11
Configuration of Wind Turbine
12
Terminologies
 Airfoil: A streamlined surface designed in such a way that air
flowing around it produces low drag and good lift forces.
 Angle of attack: The angle between relative air flow to the
chord of the airfoil
 Blade: The part of the wind generator rotor that catches the wind
 Leading Edge: The edge of the blade that faces towards the
direction of motion of wind or it is the front edge of the airfoil
 Trailing Edge: The edge of the blade that faces away from the
direction of motion of wind or it is the rear edge of the airfoil
 Chord Line : It is the line joining the leading edge and the
trailing edge
13
Terminologies
 Mean Line: The line which is equidistant from the upper
and lower surfaces of the airfoil. It is also called mean camber
 Camber: The maximum distant between the mean line and
the chord line
 Rotor: It is the portion of the wind turbine that collects

energy from the wind. Also it is the blade and hub assembly
of a wind generator.
14
Terminologies
 Root of blade: The area of a blade nearest to hub.
 Tip of Blade: The end of a wind turbine blade farthest from hub
 Tip Speed Ratio: The ratio between the velocity of the rotor tip and the wind
velocity
or
 Pitch Angle: The angle between the blade chord and the plane of the blade
rotation. It is also called setting angle or blade angle.
15
Terminologies
 Hub Height: The height of the hub above the ground level.
 Swept Area: The area defined by the
rotating rotor disk.
 Solidity Ratio: The ratio of the area of
blade to the swept area.
 Relative velocity of wind: It is the relative
speed between the velocities of blade and wind.
16
Terminologies
17
Terminologies
 Cut-in-speed: Wind speed at which a wind turbine begins
to operate
 Cut-out-speed: Wind speed at which a wind turbine
begins to shutdown
 Rated wind speed: wind speed at which a wind turbine
reaches its maximum output
 Rated Power: The maximum power output occurring at
the rated wind speed.
18
Formulae and Numerical
 Formulae:
 Problem: Consider a wind turbine with 5 m diameter rotor.
Speed of the rotor at 10 m/s wind velocity is 130 rev/min
and its power coefficient at this point is 0.35. Calculate the
tip speed ratio and torque coefficient of the turbine. What
will be the torque available at the rotor shaft? Assume the
density of air to be 1.24 kg/m3.
19
Power co-eff Vs Tip Speed Ratio
 Typical values of Cp for different wind turbines
20

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Wind Energy

Course Teacher: Mr. Saqib Sharif

Where V is wind speed at height H, V0 is the wind speed at height H0

Where z is called roughness length.

 Rotor: It is the portion of the wind turbine that collects

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