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    Unit 4c

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    Asees Kaur
    The document discusses nanomaterials, including their synthesis methods, classification, properties, and applications. The two main synthesis approaches are top-down and bottom-up. Top-down starts with large materials and reduces them to the nanoscale, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms. Nanomaterials exhibit novel optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties compared to bulk materials. They have wide applications in medicine, electronics, environment, and consumer products.

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    Unit 4c

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    Asees Kaur
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    The document discusses nanomaterials, including their synthesis methods, classification, properties, and applications. The two main synthesis approaches are top-down and bottom-up. Top-down starts with large materials and reduces them to the nanoscale, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms. Nanomaterials exhibit novel optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties compared to bulk materials. They have wide applications in medicine, electronics, environment, and consumer products.

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    The document discusses nanomaterials, including their synthesis methods, classification, properties, and applications. The two main synthesis approaches are top-down and bottom-up. Top-down starts with large materials and reduces them to the nanoscale, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms. Nanomaterials exhibit novel optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties compared to bulk materials. They have wide applications in medicine, electronics, environment, and consumer products.

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    5 views14 pages

    Unit 4c

    Uploaded by

    Asees Kaur
    The document discusses nanomaterials, including their synthesis methods, classification, properties, and applications. The two main synthesis approaches are top-down and bottom-up. Top-down starts with large materials and reduces them to the nanoscale, while bottom-up builds nanostructures from individual atoms. Nanomaterials exhibit novel optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties compared to bulk materials. They have wide applications in medicine, electronics, environment, and consumer products.

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    of 14

    APPLIED CHEMISTRY

    Paper Code: BS103/ BS104


    Lecture 33
    Nanomaterials
    • Nanoscience is the study of the fundamental principles of molecules and structures with at least one
    dimension roughly between 1 and 100 nanometers. These structures are known as nanoscale materials.

    • One nanometer is equivalent to one billionth (one thousand millionth) of a meter. These particles are not
    visible to the human eye and can be seen only under a powerful microscope.
    SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS
    • The two mainstream approaches to synthesise nanomaterials are top -down and bottom-up i.e. either to
    assemble atoms together or to dis-assemble (break, or dissociate) bulk solids into finer pieces until they
    are constituted of only a few atoms.

    a) Top down approach


    • For example, a large block of silicon wafer can be reduced to smaller components by cutting, etching
    and slicing down to a desired size or shape. This is known as the top-down approach.
    • By removing the excess portion of bulk materials by physical, chemical, and mechanical means, the
    desired nanostructured systems can be constructed.
    • Two well-known top-down approaches are milling (or attrition) and thermal cycling
    • In the milling method, the nanoparticles are synthesised by the structural decomposition of larger
    particles by the use of mechanical mills. This method is simple and inexpensive but causes
    environmental pollution.
    • Attrition produces nanoparticles of a wide range of diameter ranging from 20 nm to several hundred
    manometers.
    b) Bottom up approach
    • The bottom up approach starts with the individual building units that are the objects of nanometer
    scale, such as atoms, molecules, polymers, and colloids.
    • By assembling these building units with the needed controllability, the desired nanostructured
    systems can be obtained
    • Nanomaterials synthesised from the bottom-up method have novel physiochemical properties that
    differ from the bulk material.
    • There are several bottom up approaches like homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation
    processes, microemulsion based synthesis, aerosol synthesis, spray pyrolysis and template-based
    synthesis.
    Top down approach → start with large material and bring it down to nanoscale.
    Bottom approach approach → start with individual atoms and build upwards to make a
    nanostructure.
    CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
    • Nanostructured materials are classified as Zero dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional,
    three dimensional nanostructures.
    • Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in one dimension (eg. surface films), two dimensions (eg. strands or
    fibres), or three dimensions (eg. particles).
    • They can exist in single, fused, aggregated or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular, and
    irregular shapes.
    NANOPARTICLE PROPERTIES
    • Optical Properties
    • Nanoparticles often possess unexpected optical properties as they are small enough to
    confine their electrons and produce quantum effects.
    • Example: gold nanoparticles appear deep-red to black in solution. Nanoparticles of yellow
    gold and grey silicon are red in color.
    • Gold nanoparticles melt at much lower temperatures (-300 °C for 2.5 nm size) than the gold
    slabs (1064 °C)
    • Absorption of solar radiation is much higher in materials composed of nanoparticles than it
    is in thin films of continuous sheets of material.
    • Mechanical Properties
    • Tougher and harder cutting tools: Cutting tools made of nanomaterials, such as tungsten carbide,
    tantalum carbide, and titanium carbide, are much harder, much more wear resistant
    • Automobiles with greater fuel efficiency: In automobiles, since nanomaterials are much more
    stronger, harder, and much more wear-resistant and erosion resistant, they are envisioned to be used
    in spark plugs
    • Better insulation materials: Aerogels are nanocrystalline porous and extremely light materials and can
    withstand 100 times their weight. They are currently being used for insulation in offices, homes, etc

    • Electrical Properties
    • Conductivity is defined in terms of the properties of electrons in the solids. Resistivity is the inverse of
    conductivity. Metals are characterized by very low resistivity (-10.6 ohms ), semiconductors have
    medium resistivity (few ohm.cm) and insulators have larger resistivity (>103 ohm.cm).
    • Resistivity in nanomaterials is in general larger than that in polycrystalline materials. The electrons get
    scattered at grain boundaries resulting into increase of resistance.
    • Magnetic Properties
    • Magnetism is a very important property of materials as it has diverse applications like information
    storage, electron circuits, transformers, motors, actuators, sensors and medical field.
    • Bulk ferromagnetic materials have spontaneously magnetized domains.
    • Small particles are characterized by large surface to volume ratio. Therefore surfaces and interfaces
    play an Important role their magnetic properties of nanostructures
    • Magnets made of nanocrystalline yttrium–samarium–cobalt grains possess exceptional magnetic
    properties because of their larger grain interface area. These magnets find use in motors, in medical
    field, in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in microsensors.
    APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • Medicine
    ➢One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves
    employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific
    types of cells.
    ➢Biodegradable nanoparticles are used to carry antibiotics to specific sites.

    ▪ Electronics
    ➢Nanomaterials can improve the display screens on electronics devices and increase
    the density of memory chips.
    ➢Nanotechnology can reduce the size of transistors used ,in integrated circuits.
    • Environment
    ➢Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater: iron nanoparticles can be effective in
    cleaning up organic solvents that are polluting groundwater. This method can be more effective and
    cost significantly less than treatment methods that require the water to be pumped out of the
    ground.
    ➢Generating less pollution during the manufacture of materials: use of silver nanoclusters as
    catalysts can significantly reduce the polluting byproducts generated in the process used to
    manufacture propylene oxide.
    ➢Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost: silicon nanowires
    embedded in a polymer results in low cost but high-efficiency solar cells

    ▪ Consumer Products
    ➢Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant.
    ➢Skin care products that use nanoparticles to deliver vitamins deeper into the skin
    ➢Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticlebased electrodes powering plugin electric cars
    Surface Characterisation Techniques
    • Bulk properties like shape, size, phase, electronic structure and crystallinity and surface properties like arrangement of
    surface atoms, surface area, surface composition and surface electronic structure are determined by the various
    characterization techniques.
    • Two important characterization techniques are Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area analysis and transmission
    electron microscopy (TEM)
    • BET surface area analysis: → This method helps in determining the surface area, pore size and pore size distribution of
    nanomaterials.
    → This is done by gas sorption method. Prior to determination the adsorbed foreign particles are removed from the
    surface of the adsorbent by heating and degassing by vacuum force.
    → After cleaning the sample is brought to a constant and very low temperature usually in a dewar flask containing liquid
    nitrogen (77.4 K).
    →Controlled doses of adsorbate gases are admitted into the evacuated sample chamber. They are first adsorbed and then
    desorbed. Adsorption and desorption isotherms are obtained by subjecting the gas to a wide range of pressures.
    →By knowing the area occupied by one adsorbate molecule the total surface area can be determined using the adsorption
    model.
    • TEM: → This technique is used for the structural information of solid material both by imaging and by
    electron diffraction.
    → In TEM, a thin specimen is irradiated with an electron beam of uniform current density
    →The electrons emitted from the electron gun by thermoionic emission from tungsten cathodes or LaB6
    rods enter the sample and are scattered as they pass through it.
    →They are then focused by the objective lens and amplified by the magnifying projector to produce the
    desired image
    → Greater spatial resolution can be achieved by high voltage TEM instruments (e.g., with 400 kV). High
    voltage instruments enable us to work with thicker samples.
    →TEM provides information about the particle size, morphology and also provides an insight into the
    particle aggregation.

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