SPH4U - Grade 12 Physics Formula Sheet

General Stuff

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
= = 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2(𝑏)(𝑐)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 2𝑎

Kinematics

⃗
∆d ⃗df − ⃗d𝑖 (𝑣f + 𝑣𝑖 )
⃗ avg =
v = ∆𝑑 = ∆𝑡
∆t 𝑡f − 𝑡𝑖 2

∆v
⃗ 𝑣f − 𝑣𝑖 𝑣f = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎∆𝑡
a⃗avg = =
∆t 𝑡f − 𝑡𝑖
(𝑣f )2 = (𝑣𝑖 )2 + 2a⃗∆d
m
a⃗g = 9.8 [𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛] 1
s2 ⃗ = 𝑣𝑖 ∆t + ⃗a(∆t)2
∆d
2

1
⃗ = 𝑣f ∆t − ⃗a(∆t)2
∆d
2
The Range Equation
Dynamics

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚a⃗ 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑚g
⃗ 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑓 𝐹𝑁

Uniform Circular Motion

𝑣2 4𝜋 2 𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
𝑎𝑐 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑐 = 4𝜋 2 𝑟𝑓 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑐 =
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣=
𝑟 𝑇2 𝑇

𝑚𝑣 2
∑ 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑐 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑟

Work & Energy

1 𝑊
𝑊 = 𝐹 ∆𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 W = E ∆𝐸𝑘 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 ∆𝐸𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ 𝑃= ∆𝑡

1 𝑚
𝐸𝑒 = 2 𝑘∆𝑥 2 𝐹𝑥 = 𝑘∆𝑥 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 𝑘
Elastic Potential Energy Hooke's Law

Momentum & Collisions

𝑝⃑ = 𝑚𝑣⃑ ∆𝑝 = 𝐹 ∆𝑡
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
𝑚1 𝑣𝑖1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑖2 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2 𝑚1 𝑣𝑖1 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣𝑖2 = 𝑚1 𝑣𝑓1 + 𝑚2 𝑣𝑓2 perfectly elastic collision
2 2 2

⃗ 𝑖1 +𝑚2 𝑣
𝑚1 𝑣 ⃗ 𝑖2
𝑣𝑓 = perfectly inelastic collision
𝑚1 +𝑚2

𝑚 −𝑚 2𝑚2 𝑚 −𝑚 2𝑚1
head-on
𝑣𝑓1 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) 𝑣𝑖1 + (𝑚 ) 𝑣𝑖2 𝑣𝑓2 = (𝑚2 +𝑚1 ) 𝑣𝑖2 + (𝑚 ) 𝑣𝑖1
1 2 1 +𝑚2 1 2 1 +𝑚2
elastic
collision 𝑚 −𝑚 2𝑚1
𝑣𝑓1 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) 𝑣𝑖1 𝑣𝑓2 = (𝑚 ) 𝑣𝑖1
1 2 1 +𝑚2
 Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields

𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑁⋅𝑚2
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑘 = 8.99 × 109
𝑘𝑔2 𝐶2

𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 9.11 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1.673 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1.675 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔

𝑒 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐶 1 𝑒𝑉 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽 1𝐶 = 6.2 × 1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠

gravitational field strength
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝐹𝑔 = 𝑔= 𝑣=√ satellite speed
𝑟2 𝑟2 𝑟
Universal Gravitation
𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
7.2 𝐹𝐸 = Coulomb's Law
𝑟2
I
electric 𝑘𝑞2
7.3 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑞𝜀 𝜀= electric field
force 𝑟2

𝐸𝐸 ∆𝐸𝐸 ∆𝑉
7.4 ∆𝐸𝐸 = −𝑞𝜀∆𝑑 𝑉= ∆𝑉 = 𝜀 = − ∆𝑑
𝑞 𝑞

𝑘𝑞∆𝑑 𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
7.5 𝑉= 𝑉= 𝐸𝐸 = ∆𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝐸𝑖
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟
electric potential energy 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑘𝑞1 𝑞2
electric potential (voltage) ∆𝐸𝐸 = −
𝑟𝑓 𝑟𝑖

𝑞∙ 𝑁
𝐹𝑀 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐹𝑀 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝐼= 𝑞 = 𝑁𝑒
∆𝑡
magnetic force
The Wave Nature of Light
𝑚
c = 3.00 × 108
𝑠

1 𝜆 𝑛2 𝜆 𝑛
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 𝑓=𝑇 𝑛1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 = 𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑛 = 𝜆1 = 𝜆1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐 = 𝑛2
2 𝑛1 2 1

1 1
1 (𝑛− )𝜆 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 (𝑛− )𝜆
2 2
9.3 |𝑃𝑛 𝑆1 − 𝑃𝑛 𝑆2 | = (𝑛 − ) 𝜆 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛 = =
water wave 2 𝑑 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑

constructive interference 1
𝑚𝜆 (𝑛− )𝜆
2
9.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑚 = 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛 = destructive interference
𝑑
light wave
Double-Slit mth order bright fringe nth order dark fringe
1
𝑚𝐿𝜆 (𝑛− )𝐿𝜆 𝐿𝜆
2
𝑥𝑚 = 𝑑 𝑥𝑛 = 𝛥𝑥 = distance from the centre
𝑑 𝑑
destructive constructive interference
1
interference (𝑚+ )𝜆 𝑛𝜆 𝜆
10.1 2𝑡 = 2
2𝑡 = 𝑛 𝛥𝑥 = 𝐿 (2𝑡) the separation
between two fringes
interference in thin film 𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚

nth bright fringe (𝑚+1)𝜆

2 𝑛𝜆
10.2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑚 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑛 = mth dark fringe
𝑤 𝑤
single-slit
diffraction 1
(𝑚+ )𝐿𝜆 𝑛𝐿𝜆 𝐿𝜆
2
𝑦𝑚 = 𝑦𝑛 = 𝛥𝑦 = distance from the centre
𝑤 𝑤 𝑤

1
10.3 𝑑=𝑁

Revolutions in Modern Physics: Quantum Mechanics & Special Relativity

1𝑒𝑉 = 1.602 × 10−19 𝐽 ℎ = 6.63 × 10−34 𝐽 ∙ 𝑠

Time Dilation for Moving Objects relativistic momentum relativistic mass
𝛥𝑡𝑠 𝑣2 𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑠
𝛥𝑡𝑚 = 2
𝐿𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠 √1 − 𝑐 2 𝑝= 2
𝑚𝑚 = 2
√1−𝑣2 √1−𝑣2 √1−𝑣2
𝑐 length measured when moving 𝑐 𝑐

𝑚𝑐 2
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝐾 + 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑣2
relativistic energy √1−𝑐2 rest energy

ℎ𝑐
𝑊 = 𝑒∆𝑉 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸𝑘 = ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓0 𝐸𝑘 = ℎ𝑓 − 𝑊
𝜆
energy of photon

ℎ𝑓 ℎ
𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 = =
𝑐 𝜆
momentum of photon