Tutorial 3

First Law
Closed System
Closed vs Open Systems

Closed systems Open systems

Energy is transferred only Energy is transferred
through heat and work through heat, work and
mass

Mass in Mass out

First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy

Net energy transfer by heat, work Change in internal, kinetic, potential

and mass energies
= ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
= m(u2-u1) + ½m(v22-v12) + mg(h2-h1)
Or
∑ ∑ Note: We can usually neglect KE and PE
* Don’t neglect KE in nozzle/expander systems
Work
Types of Work
Boundary Shaft Electrical
Work due to a Work due to a
Rotating Shaft Work due to an
Moving Boundary
Electrical Circuit

·∆
Constant Pressure Expansion/Compression ∆
Constant Pressure

We can assume constant pressure

process if
FP,atm = PatmApiston FP,atm = PatmApiston
• No other info was given regarding
the relation between pressure and comp.
volume (e.g. PV-constant for W = mg
isothermal process)
FP1 = P1Apiston W = mg
FP2 = P2Apiston
AND State 2
State 1
• Static Forces are Constant – All
forces on the piston are constant
(weight of piston, atmospheric
pressure)
(No changing external forces, no
friction, no reaction forces at stops etc.)
Constant Pressure Expansion/Compression
Constant Pressure

We can assume constant pressure

process if FP,atm = PatmApiston FP,atm = PatmApiston
• No other info was given regarding
the relation between pressure and comp.
volume (e.g. PV-constant for W = mg
isothermal process) FP1 = P1Apiston W = mg
FP2 = P2Apiston
AND State 1 State 2

• Static Forces are Constant – All ΣF ≅ 0 (Equilibrium (near) at both states due to quasi-equilibrium)
forces on the piston are constant
(weight of piston, atmospheric FP = W + FP,atm (Static forces (W and FP,atm) are constant)
pressure)
(No changing external forces, no State 1: FP1 = W + FP,atm = constant State 2: FP2 = W + FP,atm = constant
friction, no reaction forces at stops etc.)
FP1 = FP2  P1Apiston = P2Apiston Therefore, P1 = P2
Constant Pressure Expansion/Compression
Constant Pressure Not Constant Pressure
(Examples) (Examples)
• No other info was given regarding the relation
between pressure and volume (e.g. PV-constant for R R
isothermal process)
• Static Forces are Constant – All forces on the piston
are constant (weight of piston, atmospheric
pressure)
(No changing external forces, no friction, no
reaction forces at stops etc.) Forces not constant Forces not constant
(reactions at stops)

.
0

Polytropic process Isothermal process Constant volume

Example
A piston–cylinder device contains 2.2 kg of nitrogen initially at 100 kPa and 25oC.
The nitrogen is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV 1.3
= constant until the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the work done and
the heat transfer for this process.
 Solution
Givens and Schematic diagram N2 Polytropic
25 oC process
V2=0.5 V1
."
We take the contents of the cylinder 100 kPa
as the system. This is a closed system
State 1 State 2
since no mass crosses the system
boundary.

The final pressure of nitrogen is

Assuming N2 is an ideal gas . Applying the ideal gas equation or states 1 and 2, since the
mass is constant
 The energy balance (first law of N2 Polytropic
thermodynamics) for this closed 25 oC process
V2=0.5 V1
system can be expressed as ."
100 kPa

State 1 State 2

# # Δ, ΔKE ΔPE 'kJ*

Assume that The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes
are zero. The only work interaction is boundary work

# $ % & & 'kJ*

Assume constant specific heats

# $ % 0 1 1 'kJ*
 N2 Polytropic
25 oC process
Assume The compression or expansion V2=0.5 V1
."
100 kPa
process is quasi-equilibrium.
State 1 State 2

234. 4 56

# $ % 0 1 1 'kJ* _ve sign indicates that

234. 4 heat is transferred out of
the system
Problem
A piston–cylinder device, whose piston is resting on a set of stops, initially contains 3
kg of air at 200 kPa and 27°C. The mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 400
kPa is required to move it. Heat is now transferred to the air until its volume doubles.
Determine the work done by the air and the total heat transferred to the air during
this process. Also show the process on a P-v diagram.
Givens and schematic diagram :

State 1: State 2: State 3:

Heat addition Heat addition

m = 3 kg
m = 3 kg
P1 = 200 kPa V3 = 2V1
P2 = 400 kPa
T1 = 27°C P3 =P2 = 400 kPa
V2 = V1
Assumptions: State 1: State 2: State 3:
- Air is an ideal gas
- No change in Kinetic and Potential Energy:
ΔKE = ΔPE = 0
- Quasi-equilibrium expansion
m = 3 kg Heat m = 3 kg Heat
V3 = 2V1
P1 = 200 kPa addition P2 = 400 kPa addition P3 = 400 kPa
T1 = 27°C V2 = V1

Analysis:
- Energy balance (First Law) is applied to the air inside piston-cylinder system

Ein – Eout = ΔESystem Using assumptions

= ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
 State 1: State 2: State 3:
Determine the boundary work:
7" 7 7"
=0 because the
volume remains m = 3 kg Heat m = 3 kg Heat
V3 = 2V1
constant (dV=0). P1 = 200 kPa addition P2 = 400 kPa addition P3 = 400 kPa
T1 = 27°C V2 = V1
Finding work done by the air:

"
& 8 2' 3 2*
Can we assume constant pressure ?
Quasi Equilibrium Yes
Static forces are constant Yes
Table A-1
<=> '" @A*'B. CD @?E·<"/@AH*'"BB H*
1 2 1.29 %3
? BB @?E

3 2 1 2 1.29 %3 2.58 %3
Subbing into the boundary work equation: & 2 3 2 400 M N 2.58 1.29 %3 O2P 56
 State 1: State 2: State 3:
Determine the the amount of heat
transfer

7 7 % & &
m = 3 kg Heat m = 3 kg Heat
V3 = 2V1
400 ∗ 1.29
P1 = 200 kPa addition P2 = 400 kPa addition P3 = 400 kPa
2 2
1 600 U T1 = 27°C V2 = V1
%. Q 3 ∗ 0.287
3 3 400 ∗ 2.58
1" 1200 U
%. Q 3 ∗ 0.287
u1 = u@ 300 K = 214.07 kJ/kg
u2 = u@ 600 K = 434.78 kJ/kg
u3 = u@ 1200 K = 933.33 kJ/kg

7 % & & 3 434.78 214.07

7 662.13 MV
 State 1: State 2: State 3:
Determine the amount of heat
transfer

7" 7" % &" &

m = 3 kg Heat m = 3 kg Heat
V3 = 2V1
% &" &
P1 = 200 kPa addition P2 = 400 kPa addition
7" 7" T1 = 27°C V2 = V1
P3 = 400 kPa

7" 3 933.33 434.78 516

7" 2011.56 MV

> EW 7 7"

> EW 2673.7 MV
Drawing the PV diagram: State 1: State 2: State 3:

P m = 3 kg Heat m = 3 kg Heat
V3 = 2V1
P1 = 200 kPa addition P2 = 400 kPa addition P3 = 400 kPa
T1 = 27°C V2 = V1
State 2 b State 3
P2
a) Heat is added to the system and pressure
begins to increase. However, the pressure is
not enough to lift the piston  volume stays
a constant
b) Once the pressure reaches the sufficient
P1 pressure to lift the piston, the volume
State 1 changes and reaches equilibrium at state 3

v1 v3 v