Lecture3: Introduction to OS

Modified by: Dr Hossam Mahmoud Moftah

Associate professor – Faculty of computers and information

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Process Management
 A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the
system. Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity.
 Process needs resources to accomplish its task

CPU, memory, I/O, files
 Initialization data
 Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources
 Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying
location of next instruction to execute
 Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time,
until completion
 Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread
 Typically system has many processes, some user, some
operating system running concurrently on one or more CPUs
 Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes
/ threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Process Management Activities

The operating system is responsible for the following activities in

connection with process management:
 Creating and deleting both user and system processes
 Suspending and resuming processes
 Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
 Providing mechanisms for process communication
 Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Memory Management

 To execute a program all (or part) of the instructions must be in

memory
 All (or part) of the data that is needed by the program must be in
memory.
 Memory management determines what is in memory and when
 Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users
 Memory management activities
 Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being
used and by whom
 Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to
move into and out of memory
 Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Storage Management
 OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
 Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file
 Each medium is controlled by device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive)
 Varying properties include access speed, capacity, data-
transfer rate, access method (sequential or random)

 File-System management
 Files usually organized into directories
 Access control on most systems to determine who can access
what
 OS activities include
 Creating and deleting files and directories
 Primitives to manipulate files and directories
 Mapping files onto secondary storage
 Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Mass-Storage Management
 Mass storage: refers to the storage of large amounts of data
 Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or
data that must be kept for a “long” period of time
 Proper management is of central importance
 OS activities
 Free-space management
 Storage allocation
 Disk scheduling or (I/O) scheduling
 Some storage need not be fast
 Tertiary storage includes optical storage, magnetic tape
 Still must be managed – by OS or applications
 Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times) and RW
(read-write)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Performance of Various Levels of Storage

Movement between levels of storage hierarchy can be explicit or implicit

 CMOS: Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
 Main memory SRAM or DRAM

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Migration of data “A” from Disk to Register

 Multitasking environments must be careful to use most recent

value, no matter where it is stored in the storage hierarchy

 Multiprocessor environment must provide cache coherency in

hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their
cache
 Distributed environment situation even more complex
 Several copies of a datum can exist
 Various solutions covered in Chapter 17

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 I/O Subsystem
 One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices
from the user
 I/O subsystem responsible for
 Memory management of I/O including buffering (storing data
temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts
of data in faster storage for performance), spooling (the
overlapping of output of one job with input of other jobs)
 General device-driver interface
 Drivers for specific hardware devices

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Protection and Security

 Protection – any mechanism for controlling access of processes or

users to resources defined by the OS
 Security – defense of the system against internal and external attacks
 Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity
theft, theft of service
 Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who
can do what
 User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and
associated number, one per user
 User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to
determine access control
 Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and
controls managed, then also associated with each process, file
 Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with
more rights

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Kernel Data Structures

 Many similar to standard programming data structures

 Singly linked list

 Doubly linked list

 Circular linked list

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Kernel Data Structures

 Binary search tree

left <= right
 Search performance is O(n)
 Balanced binary search tree is O(lg n)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Kernel Data Structures

 Hash function can create a hash map

 Bitmap –a mapping from some domain to bits

 Linux data structures defined in
include files <linux/list.h>, <linux/kfifo.h>,
<linux/rbtree.h>

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Traditional

 Stand-alone general purpose machines

 But blurred as most systems interconnect with others (i.e.,
the Internet)
 Portals provide web access to internal systems
 Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals
 Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks
 Networking becoming ubiquitous – even home systems use
firewalls to protect home computers from Internet attacks

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Mobile

 Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc

 What is the functional difference between them and a
“traditional” laptop?
 Extra feature – more OS features (GPS, gyroscope)
 Allows new types of apps like augmented reality
 Use IEEE 802.11 wireless, or cellular data networks for
connectivity
 Leaders are Apple iOS and Google Android

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments – Distributed

 Distributed computiing
 Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems
networked together
 Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common
– Local Area Network (LAN)
– Wide Area Network (WAN)
– Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
– Personal Area Network (PAN)
 Network Operating System provides features between
systems across network
 Communication scheme allows systems to exchange
messages
 Illusion of a single system

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments – Client-Server

 Client-Server Computing
 Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs
 Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated
by clients
 Compute-server system provides an interface to client to
request services (i.e., database)
 File-server system provides interface for clients to store
and retrieve files

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Peer-to-Peer

 Another model of distributed system

 P2P does not distinguish clients and servers
 Instead all nodes are considered peers
 May each act as client, server or both
 Node must join P2P network
 Registers its service with central
lookup service on network, or
 Broadcast request for service and
respond to requests for service via
discovery protocol
 Examples include Napster and Gnutella,
Voice over IP (VoIP) such as Skype

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Virtualization

 Allows operating systems to run applications within other OSes

 Vast and growing industry
 Emulation used when source CPU type different from target
type (i.e. PowerPC to Intel x86)
 Generally slowest method
 When computer language not compiled to native code –
Interpretation
 Virtualization – OS natively compiled for CPU, running guest
OSes also natively compiled
 Consider VMware running WinXP guests, each running
applications, all on native WinXP host OS
 VMM (virtual machine Manager) provides virtualization
services

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Virtualization

 Use cases involve laptops and desktops running multiple OSes

for exploration or compatibility
 Apple laptop running Mac OS X host, Windows as a guest
 Developing apps for multiple OSes without having multiple
systems
 QA testing applications without having multiple systems
 Executing and managing compute environments within data
centers
 VMM can run natively, in which case they are also the host
 There is no general purpose host then (VMware ESX and
Citrix XenServer)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments - Virtualization

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments – Cloud Computing

 Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network

 Logical extension of virtualization because it uses virtualization as the base
for it functionality.
 Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of virtual machines,
petabytes of storage available across the Internet, pay based on usage
 Many types
 Public cloud – available via Internet to anyone willing to pay
 Private cloud – run by a company for the company’s own use
 Hybrid cloud – includes both public and private cloud components
 Software as a Service (SaaS) – one or more applications available via
the Internet (i.e., word processor)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – software stack ready for application use
via the Internet (i.e., a database server)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – servers or storage available over
Internet (i.e., storage available for backup use)

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments – Cloud Computing

 Cloud computing environments composed of traditional OSes,

plus VMMs, plus cloud management tools
 Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls
 Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Computing Environments – Real-Time Embedded Systems

 Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of computers

 Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS,
real-time OS
 Use expanding
 Many other special computing environments as well
 Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS
 Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints
 Processing must be done within constraint
 Correct operation only if constraints met

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 Open-Source Operating Systems

 Operating systems made available in source-code format rather

than just binary closed-source
 Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights
Management (DRM) movement
 Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has
“copyleft” GNU Public License (GPL)
 Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of
Mac OS X), and many more
 Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows), Virtualbox
(open source and free on many platforms -
http://www.virtualbox.com)
 Use to run guest operating systems for exploration

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 1.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
 End of Chapter 1

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013