Kinesiology Lecture-3

Skeletal & Muscular
Considerations for Movement
Kinesiology
RHS 341
Lecture 3
Dr. Einas Al-Eisa
The kinetic chain concept
• Extremities consist of several bony

segments linked by a series of joints
Chain
1) Open-kinetic chain
• When the distal end of the extremity is not
fixed to any surface.
• Allows any joint in the extremity to move

without causing movement in the other
joints.
• Example: shoulder shrug

2) Closed-kinetic chain
• When the distal end of the extremity is
fixed to a surface.
• Movement of one joint can not occur

without causing predictable movements of
the other joint in the extremity.
• Example: push-up
Why learn kinetic chain?
• For determining appropriate conditioning
exercises to improve function.
• Open-chain usually isolate one segment,

while closed-chain exercises work all
segments in the chain, resulting in
conditioning of the muscles crossing each
joint.
Kinetic chain
• Most sports involve closed-kinetic chain

activities in the lower limb, and open-
kinetic chain in the upper limb.
Kinematic chain
• Derived from combining degrees of
freedom at various joints to produce
movement.
• = the summation of the degrees of

freedom in adjacent joints that identifies
the total degrees of freedom available or
necessary for the performance of a
movement.
Muscle attachment
• A muscle typically attaches to a bone at
both ends.
• Origin= proximal attachment

• Insertion = distal attachment
• Muscles pull equally on both ends (both

attachment sites receive equal force).
Muscle attachment
• Both muscle ends can move depending on
the activity….
• Example: Psoas major

¾leg raise (hip flexion)
¾sit-up (trunk flexion)
Muscular contraction
• = active shortening of a muscle with the

distance between the two muscle
attachments decreasing
• But, muscles also produce force while

lengthening….
Types of muscle contraction
Isometric (static) Isotonic (dynamic)

when tension develops when tension develops
in a muscle, but the joint in a muscle causing
angles do not change a change in the joint angle
Concentric Eccentric
(shortening) (lengthening)
Isometric contraction
• Static
• Muscle force = resistance force
• Muscle tension with NO change in:

– Joint angle
– Muscle length
Isotonic contraction
• Dynamic
• Muscle force greater OR less than

resistance force
• Muscle tension with a change in:

– Joint angle
– Muscle length (shortening or lengthening)
1) Concentric contraction
• Causes the body part to move against
gravity or resistance.
• Muscle force greater than resistance force

– Joint angle
– Muscle length (shortening)
2) Eccentric contraction
• Control the movement with gravity or
resistance.
• Muscle force less than resistance force

– Joint angle
– Muscle length (lengthening)
Internal vs. external force
• Concentric contraction: internal forces

produced by the muscles are greater than
the external forces applied
• Eccentric contraction : external forces are

greater than the internal force
Contraction & movement
• Concentric contraction:
¾movement occurs against gravity
¾joint moves towards the inner range
• Eccentric contraction:
¾movement occurs slowly in the direction of
gravity
¾joint moves towards its outer range
Muscle force
• Concentric contraction: produce the lowest

magnitude of muscle force………why???
• Eccentric contraction: produce the highest

magnitude of the muscular force
Note
• If a movement occurs in certain direction,

slowly towards gravity, the group of
muscles that is opposite to this direction is
acting in an eccentric contraction.
Example
• Elbow extension in the direction of gravity:
• What is the acting muscle group?

Isometric contraction
• The overall muscle length does not change
• The internal force produced by the muscle
equals the effects of the external forces
• No joint movement is produced
• No mechanical work is done, but fatigue
develops…why??
• Produce intermediate magnitude of muscle
force
Isokinetic exercises
• Specific technique of exercise that may
use any of the muscle contractions.
• = dynamic exercise using concentric

and/or eccentric muscle contraction in
which (throughout the movement):
¾the speed (or velocity) is constant
¾muscle contraction ideally maximum
• Procedure: The subject is positioned so

that the body movement to be measured is
isolated. The equipment is then set at
different speeds and the force applied can
be measured throughout the range of
movement.
• Results: The results are often reported at

different speeds so that a
speed/strength/power relationship can
be seen. Comparison of the relative
strengths of the different sides of the body,
or agonists/antagonists
(quads/hamstrings) can show specific
limitations.
• Equipment required: Isokinetic testing
equipment (e.g. Biodex, Cybex)
• Advantages: nearly any joint action can

be tested by the adjustment of the
equipment.
• Disadvantages: the equipment required is

bulky and expensive.
Passive movement
• Occurs without any muscle contraction.
• = movement produced by external forces

such as those applied by a therapist,
resistance, or the force of gravity.

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Skeletal & Muscular

Considerations for Movement

• Extremities consist of several bony

• Allows any joint in the extremity to move

• Example: shoulder shrug

• Movement of one joint can not occur

• Open-chain usually isolate one segment,

• Most sports involve closed-kinetic chain

• = the summation of the degrees of

• Origin= proximal attachment

• Muscles pull equally on both ends (both

• Example: Psoas major

• = active shortening of a muscle with the

• But, muscles also produce force while

Isometric (static) Isotonic (dynamic)

• Muscle force = resistance force

• Muscle tension with NO change in:

• Muscle force greater OR less than

• Muscle tension with a change in:

• Muscle force greater than resistance force

• Muscle tension with a change in:

• Muscle force less than resistance force

• Muscle tension with a change in:

• Concentric contraction: internal forces

• Eccentric contraction : external forces are

• Concentric contraction: produce the lowest

• Eccentric contraction: produce the highest

• If a movement occurs in certain direction,

• Elbow extension in the direction of gravity:

• What is the acting muscle group?

• = dynamic exercise using concentric

• Procedure: The subject is positioned so

• Results: The results are often reported at

• Advantages: nearly any joint action can

• Disadvantages: the equipment required is

• Occurs without any muscle contraction.

• = movement produced by external forces

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