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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    Ambreena Rasool

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    Ambreena Rasool
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    ch 2

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    11 views21 pages

    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    Ambreena Rasool

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    INTRODUCTION TO MOVEMENT

    dr.ambrina Rasool
    DPT (TUF)
    MS,PTN (UOL)
    Body Levers
    Bones and joints form levers…. arms and fulcrum .
    Structure of joint determined the type and direction of
    movement .
    Lever function when force applied on it.
    Forces applied to the body levers
    Forces may be external or internal.
    External….. Gravity or pressure of the PT’s hand.
    Internal …muscular contraction.
    Direction of applied force determines the direction of
    movement. e.g. movement under gravity or movement
    resulting from muscle contraction ….
    Direction of muscle pull is determined by the position of
    muscle.
    Normally two or more forces compounded on body levers at a
    time.
    These forces modifies the direction of movement.
    Types of Movement and Posture

    Passive Movement: movement produce by the


    application of external force.
    Active Movement: movement resulting from the
    contraction of muscles.

    Forces maintaining the body in specific attitudes or


    postures may be external or internal in character and
    balance or stability is achieved in both inactive or
    active posture.
    Types of Muscle Contraction

    Isometric contraction (iso- equal , metric –


    measurement)
     Increase in intra-muscular tension without any change in
    the length of the muscle.

    Isotonic contraction
     Increase in intra-muscular tension accompanied by a
    change in length of the muscle. The change in length may
    be shorten or lengthen the muscle.
    Types of Muscle work
    Static Muscle Work: Muscle contract isometrically to counter-
    balance opposing forces and maintaining stability but there is
    no movement ,no work done.

    Concentric Muscle Work: (concentric- towards center) The


    muscle contract isotonically in shortening to produce
    movement.

    Eccentric Muscle Work: (eccentric- from the center) the


    muscle contract isotonically in lengthening.
    Direction of movement opposite the direction of muscle pull.
    Range of Muscle Work
    Full Range: maximum excursion possible .
    Inner Range: The part nearest to the point at which
    movement the muscle is in its shortest position.

    Outer Range: The part which is nearest to the point at


    which the muscle is fully extended.

    Middle Range: the muscle is neither fully shortened nor


    fully extended as it works.
    Strength of Muscle contraction
    Muscle’s ability to generate tension(intra muscular
    tension).
    The strength of muscle contraction varies in
    proportion to the tension exerted by the forces which
    oppose its action.
    Strength of muscle contraction is control by system
    of motor unit.
    A Motor Unit consists of a single neurone and the
    group of muscle fibers it supplies.
    Motor Unit
    Group Action of Muscles
    Functionally muscles work together in groups although each
    muscle have specific part to play in relation to the action of
    the whole group.
    The integrity of many muscles required for the production of
    efficient functional movement.

    1. Agonists (prime movers)


    Group of muscles which contract to provide the force
    required to produce the movement.
    2. Antagonists
    Muscles whose action would oppose that of the agonists.
    control the movement…
    3. Synergists
    Muscles that stabilizes a joint around which movement is
    occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function
    effectively.  Synergist muscles also help to create the
    movement.
    e.g.  In the bicep curl the synergist muscles are the
    brachioradialis and brachialis which assist the biceps to
    create the movement and stabilize the elbow joint.
    4. Fixators
    These muscles work to stabilize the bones of origin of the
    agonists to increase their efficiency for the production of
    movement and to secure stability of the body as a whole.
    Pattren of Movement

    Most functional movement pattern require movement


    in several joints , i.e. mass movements.

    Localise movements are developed from mass


    movement pattern by a conscious process of learning.
    Timing in Movement
    Timing is the sequence of muscular contraction which takes
    place in the production of movement.
    Faulty timing frequently accounts for inefficiency of the
    movement…..

    Timing of functional movements usually proceeds from


    distal to proximal .

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