Maths Grade 10

Second Semester Mathematics summarized note for Grade 10, September/2013 E.
SUMMURY ON UNIT 6
 The acute angle formed by a horizontal line and the line of sight above the horizontal
line is called an angle of elevation
 The angle formed by a horizontal line and the line of sight below the horizontal line is
called an angle of depression.
 A median of a triangle is a line segment drawn from any vertex to the mid – point of the
opposite side
2
 The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point 3 of the distance from each vertex to
the mid – point of the opposite side that is, in the above triangle we have the following
relations
 The altitude of a triangle is a line segment drawn from a vertex perpendicular to the
opposite side, or to the opposite side produced.
 A segment that divides another segment into two equal segments is called side
bisector
 A line segment that passes through the mid – point of a side of a triangle and
perpendicular to that side
 The perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is equidistant from the three vertices
of a triangle
 An angle bisector of a triangle is a segment that bisects an angle of the triangle
and has one end point at a vertex of the triangle and the other end point at another
point of the triangle.
 The angle bisector of a triangle is equidistant from the sides of a triangle.
 Every triangle has three angle bisectors and they intersect each other at a
common point called incentre.
Altitude theorem
̅̅̅̅ to the hypotenuse
 If a right angled triangle ABC with altitude 𝐶𝐷
̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is given, then CD2 = (AD) (DB).
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 A quadrilateral is trapezium if it has exactly one pair of opposite sides parallel.
 Parallelogram is special quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel
 Special parallelograms are rectangle, rhombus and square
 Rectangle is a parallelogram with one of its angle is right angle \
 A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides
 Square is a rectangle with congruent adjacent sides
 A circle is a plane figure, all points of which are equidistant from a given point
called the centre of the circle.
̂ is a minor arc. <BOC is a central
 If A and C are not end – points of a diameter, 𝐴𝑋𝐶
̂ is said to subtend < AOC.
angle. 𝐴𝑋𝐶
 The measure of an angle inscribed in a a circle is half the measure of the arc
subtending it
 an angle inscribed in a semi – circle is a right angle or 900
 An angle inscribed in an arc less than a semi-circle is obtuse
 An angle inscribed in an arc greater than a semi – circle is acute.
 An angle formed by a tangent and a chord drawn from the point of tangency is
measured by half the arc it intercepts.
 The measure of an angle formed by two chords intersecting inside a circle is half the
sum of the measures of the arc subtending the angle and its vertically opposite angle.
 The measure of the angle formed by the lines of the chords intersecting outside a circle is
half the difference of the measure of the arcs they intercept.
̂ ].Moreover,
̂ ) − 𝑚(𝐴𝑋
m(<p) = ½ [m(𝐵𝑌
(PA) (PB) = (PX) (PY)
 If a secant and a tangent are drawn from a point outside a circle, then the square of the
length of the tangent is equal to the product of the lengths of line segments given by
(PA)2 = (PB) (PC)

 Regular polygon is a convex polygon in which all of its sides and the measure of each
interior angle is the same
 The area ‘A’ , a apothem ‘a’ , perimeter ‘P’ , side length’s ‘ of a regular n – sided
polygon inscribed in a circle of radius r is given by the following relations
3600 1
 A = ½ nr2 sin = 2 ap
𝑛
1800
 a = r cos 𝑛
1800
 s = 2r sin 𝑛
1800
 P = ns = 2nr sin 𝑛
SUMMURY ON UNIT 7
 prism is a solid figure bounded by plane faces of which two called the ends ( bases ) are
congruent figures in parallel planes and the others called side – faces are parallelograms
 If we denote the lateral surface area of the prism by AL, the area of the base Ab , altitude h
and the total surface area by AT , then
i. A L = Pbh
ii. AT = 2Ab + AL
iii. V = Ab h where Pb – perimeter of base &V – Volume of the prism
 For a right circular cylinder
i. AL = 2rh where r is the radius of the base of the cylinder
i. ii. AT = 2r(r + h)
ii. iii.Volume (V) = Ab h = r2h
 The solid figure formed by joining all points of a circle to a point not on the plane of the
circle is called a cone
 A pyramid is a solid figure formed when each vertex of a polygon is joined to the same
point not in the plane of the polygon.
 The solid figure formed by joining all points of a circle to a point not on the plane of the
circle is called a cone.
 The following formulas are used for both regular pyramids and cones

 Lateral surface area = ½ pℓ , where p – perimeter of base
ℓ - slant height
 AT (total surface area) = AB + ½ Pℓ AB – Area of base
1
 Volume (V) = 3 AB h . . . . . . . . .. . .. h – height of the pyramid
 A sphere is a closed surface,all points of which are equidistant from a
point called the centre.
 If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base,the
intersection of the plane and the pyramid (or the cone) is called a
horizontal cross-section of the pyramid(or the cone).
Frustums of pyramids and cones

 If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the intersection of the plane
and the pyramid (or the cone) is called a horizontal cross – section of the pyramid or the
base.
𝑘2
 For any pyramid, the ratio of the area of a cross – section to the area of the base is ℎ2
where h is the altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the vertex to the
plane of the cross – section
Frustum of a pyramid
 Frustum a pyramid is a part of the pyramid included between the base and a plane
parallel to the base
 The base of the pyramid and the cross – section made by the plane parallel to it
are called the bases of the frustum. The other faces are called lateral faces. The
total surface of a frustum is the sum of the lateral surface and the bases
 The altitude of a frustum of a pyramid is the perpendicular distance between the
bases
Frustum of a cone
 Frustum of a cone is a part of the cone included between the base and a horizontal cross
– section made by a plane parallel to the base
 The altitude is the perpendicular distance between the bases
 The slant height of a frustum of a right circular cone is the part of the slant height of the
cone which is included between the bases.
 The lateral surface area (AL) of a frustum of a regular pyramid is equal to half the product
of the slant height (ℓ) and the sum of the perimeter (p) of the lower bases and the
perimeter (P|) of the upper base. That is
AL = ½ ℓ (P + P1) and AT = AL + AC + Ab
Ac – are of cross section
Ab – area of ba

 For a frustum of a right circular cone with altitude h and slant height ℓ , if the
circumferences of the bases are C| and C, then the lateral surface area of the frustum is
given by
AL = ½ ℓ (C+C|) = ℓ(r+r|)
Note: r and r| are radiuses of the bases of the cone and cross – section
2
AT = = AL + r2 + 𝑟 1
 The formula for finding the volume of a frustum of a cone or pyramid as follows
ℎ|
Vf = (A + A|+√𝐴𝐴| )
3
Where A is the lower base area, A| is the upper base area and h| is the height of a frustum of a
cone or pyramid
 The formula for finding the volume of a frustum of a cone in terms of r and r| as follows
ℎ | 2
Vf = (r + (r1)2 + rr|)
3
Where r is the radius of the bigger (the lower base of the frustum cone and r| is the radius
of the smaller cone (upper base of the frustum)

Maths Grade 10

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Second Semester Mathematics summarized note for Grade 10, September/2013 E.

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Frustums of pyramids and cones

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