Most Frequently

Asked Java
Interview
Questions
w i t h a n s w e r s

Basic Level: Page 1

Intermediate Level: Page 6

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Basic Level

1. What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Answer:
JVM is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program.
JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the
Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the
computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which
is machine independent and close to the native code.

2. What is JIT compiler?

Answer:
Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT
compiles parts of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same
time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here
the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java
virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

3. What are the main differences between

the Java platform and other platforms?

Answer:
There are the following differences between the Java platform and
other platforms.

Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the

hardware platforms or software-based platforms.
Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other
platforms can only have the hardware components.

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4. What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?
Answer:
The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte
Code) which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code.
This bytecode is not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.

5. Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Answer:
Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac
.java and run by java class name.

6. What are the various access specifiers in Java?

Answer:
In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access
scope of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers
given below.

Public:- The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be
accessed by any class or method.
Protected:- Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or
by the sub-class of this class, or within the same class.
Default:- Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the
classes, methods, and variables are of default scope.
Private:- The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be
accessed within the class only.

7. Difference between Heap and Stack Memory in Java. And how

java utilizes this.
Answer:
Stack memory is the portion of memory that was assigned to every individual
program. And it was fixed. On the other hand, Heap memory is the portion that
was not allocated to the java program but it will be available for use by the java
program when it is required, mostly during the runtime of the program.

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8. How is Java different from C++?

Answer:
C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled as well as an
interpreted language.
Java programs are machine-independent whereas a C++ program can run
only in the machine in which it is compiled.
C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas java doesn’t allow
it. Java internally uses pointers.
C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas Java doesn't
support this. And it is due to avoiding the complexity of name ambiguity that
causes the diamond problem.

9. What do you understand by an instance variable and a local variable?

Answer:
Instance variables are those variables that are accessible by all the methods in the
class. They are declared outside the methods and inside the class. These variables
describe the properties of an object and remain bound to it at any cost.

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6. What are the various access specifiers in Java?

Answer:
In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access
scope of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers
given below.

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All the objects of the class will have their copy of the variables for utilization. If any
modification is done on these variables, then only that instance will be impacted
by it, and all other class instances continue to remain unaffected.

Local variables are those variables present within a block, function, or constructor
and can be accessed only inside them. The utilization of the variable is restricted to
the block scope. Whenever a local variable is declared inside a method, the other
class methods don’t have any knowledge about the local variable.

10. What are the default values assigned to variables

and instances in java?
Answer:
There are no default values assigned to the variables in java. We need to
initialize the value before using it. Otherwise, it will throw a compilation error
of (Variable might not be initialized).
But for instance, if we create the object, then the default value will be
initialized by the default constructor depending on the data type.
If it is a reference, then it will be assigned to null.
If it is numeric, then it will assign to 0.
If it is a boolean, then it will be assigned to false. Etc.

11. Why is the main method static in Java?

Answer:
The main method is always static because static members are those methods that
belong to the classes, not to an individual object. So if the main method will not be
static then for every object, It is available. And that is not acceptable by JVM. JVM
calls the main method based on the class name itself. Not by creating the object.
Because there must be only 1 main method in the java program as the execution
starts from the main method. So for this reason the main method is static.

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12. Can the static methods be overridden?

Answer:
No! Declaration of static methods having the same signature can be done in
the subclass but run time polymorphism cannot take place in such cases.
Overriding or dynamic polymorphism occurs during the runtime, but the
static methods are loaded and looked up at the compile time statically.
Hence, these methods can’t be overridden.

13. What is a ClassLoader?

Answer:
Java Classloader is the program that belongs to JRE (Java Runtime
Environment). The task of ClassLoader is to load the required classes and
interfaces to the JVM when required.

14.Can you tell the difference between equals() method and

equality operator (==) in Java?

Answer:
We are already aware of the (==) equals operator. That we have used this to
compare the equality of the values. But when we talk about the terms of
object-oriented programming, we deal with the values in the form of
objects. And this object may contain multiple types of data. So using the
(==) operator does not work in this case. So we need to go with the
.equals() method.

Both [(==) and .equals()] primary functionalities are to compare the values,
but the secondary functionality is different.

15. Briefly explain the concept of constructor overloading

Answer:
Constructor overloading is the process of creating multiple constructors in the
class consisting of the same name with a difference in the constructor
parameters. Depending upon the number of parameters and their
corresponding types, distinguishing of the different types of constructors is done
by the compiler.

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Intermediate Level

16. When can you use super keyword?

Answer:
The super keyword is used to access hidden fields and overridden methods
or attributes of the parent class.
Following are the cases when this keyword can be used:

1. Accessing data members of parent class when the member names of the
class and its child subclasses are same.For example - We have used
mathematical functions in the java program like - max(), min(), sqrt(), pow(),
etc. And if we notice that, then we will find that we call it directly with the
class name. Like - Math.max(), Math.min(), etc. So that is a static method. And
Similarly static variables we have used like (length) for the array to get the
length. So that is the static method.
2. Static classes - A class in the java program cannot be static except if it is the
inner class. If it is an inner static class, then it exactly works like other static
members of the class.
3. To call the default and parameterized constructor of the parent class inside
the child class.
4. Accessing the parent class methods when the child classes have overridden
them.

17. Difference between static methods, static variables, and static

classes in java.
Answer:
Static Methods and Static variables are those methods and variables that belong to
the class of the java program, not to the object of the class. This gets memory where
the class is loaded. And these can directly be called with the help of class names.

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18. What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

Answer:
There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.
Packages avoid the name clashes.
The Package provides easier access control.
We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and
used by the package.
It is easier to locate the related classes.

19. What is object-oriented paradigm?

Answer:
It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods
defined in the class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to
incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects are the
instances of classes which interacts with one another to design
applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-
oriented paradigm.

Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.

Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data

Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides
the complexities from the user and show only functionality.
Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.

20. What is the constructor?

Answer:
The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to
initialize the state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and
the memory is allocated for the object. Every time, an object is created using
the new keyword, the default constructor of the class is called. The name of the
constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor must not have
an explicit return type..

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21. How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Answer:
Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there
are two types of constructors in Java.

Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any
value. The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable
with the default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on
object creation. A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if
there is no constructor defined in the class.

Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which

can initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we
can say that the constructors which can accept the arguments are called
parameterized constructors.

No Argument Constructor: If a constructor does not accept any parameters, it

is known as a no-argument constructor. Here we can define the constructor.
When No-Argument constructor is invoked while creating the object of the
class the control will pass to it.

22. What is the static variable?

Answer:
The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not
unique for each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of
students, etc. Static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of
class loading. Using a static variable makes your program more memory efficient (it
saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than the object.

23. What is the static method?

Answer:
A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.
There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

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24. What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java
static methods?
Answer:
Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.
The static method cannot use non-static data member or call the non-static
method directly.
this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

25. Can we make constructors static?

Answer:
As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the
class, not the object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is
created, there is no sense to make the constructors static. However, if you try
to do so, the compiler will show the compiler error.

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26. Can we declare the static variables and methods in an

abstract class?
Answer:
Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we
know that there is no requirement to make the object to access the static
context, therefore, we can access the static context declared inside the abstract
class by using the name of the abstract class.

27. What is this keyword in java?

Answer:
The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There
are the various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current
class properties such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also
be passed as an argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be
returned from the method as the current class instance.

28. What are the main uses of this keyword?

Answer:
There are the following uses of this keyword.
this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

29. How can constructor chaining be done

using this keyword?
Answer:
Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another
constructor of the class with respect to the current class object. We can
use this keyword to perform constructor chaining within the same class.

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30. What are the advantages of passing this into a method

instead of the current class object itself?
Answer:
As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be
similar to the current class object. However, there can be two main advantages
of passing this into a method instead of the current class object.

this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value
whereas the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
this can be used in the synchronized block.

31. What is the Inheritance?

Answer:
Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties
and behavior of another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability
and Method Overriding. The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can
create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from
an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class.
Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also.
Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-
child relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

Single-level inheritance
Multi-level inheritance
Multiple Inheritance
Hierarchical Inheritance
Hybrid Inheritance

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32. Why is Inheritance used in Java?

Answer:

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given

below.

Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not

need to redefine the method of base class unless it needs to provide
the specific implementation of the method.
Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using
inheritance.
We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects
which makes OOPs more realistic.
Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data
from the derived class by making it private.
Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By
method overriding, we can give a specific implementation of some
basic method contained by the base class.

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33. Why is multiple inheritance not supported in java?

Answer:
To reduce the complexity and simplify the language, multiple inheritance is
not supported in java. Consider a scenario where A, B, and C are three classes.
The C class inherits A and B classes. If A and B classes have the same method
and you call it from child class object, there will be ambiguity to call the
method of A or B class.

Since the compile-time errors are better than runtime errors, Java renders
compile-time error if you inherit 2 classes. So whether you have the same
method or different, there will be a compile time error.

34. What is super in java?

Answer:
The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that is used to refer to the
immediate parent class object. Whenever you create the instance of the
subclass, an instance of the parent class is created implicitly which is referred
by super reference variable. The super() is called in the class constructor
implicitly by the compiler if there is no super or this.

35. What are the main uses of the super keyword?

Answer:
There are the following uses of super keyword.
super can be used to refer to the immediate parent class instance variable.
super can be used to invoke the immediate parent class method.
super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor.

36. What is method overloading?

Answer:
Method overloading is the polymorphism technique which allows us to create
multiple methods with the same name but different signature. We can achieve
method overloading in two ways.

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By Changing the number of arguments

By Changing the data type of arguments

Method overloading increases the readability of the program. Method

overloading is performed to figure out the program quickly.

37. What is method overriding?

Answer:
If a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by its parent class, it is known as Method Overriding. It is used for
runtime polymorphism and to implement the interface methods.

Rules for Method overriding

The method must have the same name as in the parent class.
The method must have the same signature as in the parent class.
Two classes must have an IS-A relationship between them.

38. Can we change the scope of the overridden method

in the subclass?
Answer:
Yes, we can change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass.
However, we must notice that we cannot decrease the accessibility of the
method. The following point must be taken care of while changing the
accessibility of the method.

The private can be changed to protected, public, or default.

The protected can be changed to public or default.
The default can be changed to public.
The public will always remain public.

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39. Can we modify the throws clause of the superclass

method while overriding it in the subclass?
Answer:
Yes, we can modify the throws clause of the superclass method while
overriding it in the subclass. However, there are some rules which are to be
followed while overriding in case of exception handling.

If the superclass method does not declare an exception, subclass

overridden method cannot declare the checked exception, but it can
declare the unchecked exception.
If the superclass method declares an exception, subclass overridden
method can declare same, subclass exception or no exception but cannot
declare parent exception.

40. What is the final variable?

Answer:
In Java, the final variable is used to restrict the user from updating it. If we
initialize the final variable, we can't change its value. In other words, we can say
that the final variable once assigned to a value, can never be changed after that.
The final variable which is not assigned to any value can only be assigned
through the class constructor.

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41. How would you differentiate between a String, StringBuffer,

and a StringBuilder?
Answer:
Storage area: In string, the String pool serves as the storage area. For StringBuilder and
StringBuffer, heap memory is the storage area.

Mutability: A String is immutable, whereas both the StringBuilder and StringBuffer are
mutable.

Efficiency: It is quite slow to work with a String. However, StringBuilder is the fastest in
performing operations. The speed of a StringBuffer is more than a String and less than a
StringBuilder. (For example appending a character is fastest in StringBuilder and very
slow in String because a new memory is required for the new String with appended
character.)

Thread-safe: In the case of a threaded environment, StringBuilder and StringBuffer are

used whereas a String is not used. However, StringBuilder is suitable for an environment
with a single thread, and a StringBuffer is suitable for multiple threads.

42. Using relevant properties highlight the differences between

interfaces and abstract classes.
Answer:
Availability of methods: Only abstract methods are available in interfaces, whereas non-
abstract methods can be present along with abstract methods in abstract classes.

Variable types: Static and final variables can only be declared in the case of interfaces,
whereas abstract classes can also have non-static and non-final variables.

Inheritance: Multiple inheritances are facilitated by interfaces, whereas abstract classes do

not promote multiple inheritances.

Data member accessibility: By default, the class data members of interfaces are of the
public- type. Conversely, the class members for an abstract class can be protected or
private also.

Implementation: With the help of an abstract class, the implementation of an interface is

easily possible. However, the converse is not true;

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43. What is a Comparator in java?

Answer:
Consider the example where we have an ArrayList of employees like(
EId, Ename, Salary), etc. Now if we want to sort this list of employees
based on the names of employees. Then that is not possible to sort
using the Collections.sort() method. We need to provide something to
the sort() function depending on what values we have to perform
sorting. Then in that case a comparator is used.

Comparator is the interface in java that contains the compare method.

And by overloading the compare method, we can define that on what
basis we need to compare the values.

44. What makes a HashSet different from a TreeSet?

Answer:
Although both HashSet and TreeSet are not synchronized and ensure that
duplicates are not present, there are certain properties that distinguish a
HashSet from a TreeSet.

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Implementation: For a HashSet, the hash table is utilized for storing the
elements in an unordered manner. However, TreeSet makes use of the red-
black tree to store the elements in a sorted manner.

Complexity/ Performance: For adding, retrieving, and deleting elements, the

time amortized complexity is O(1) for a HashSet. The time complexity for
performing the same operations is a bit higher for TreeSet and is equal to
O(log n). Overall, the performance of HashSet is faster in comparison to
TreeSet.

Methods: hashCode() and equals() are the methods utilized by HashSet for
making comparisons between the objects. Conversely, compareTo() and
compare() methods are utilized by TreeSet to facilitate object comparisons.

Objects type: Heterogeneous and null objects can be stored with the help of
HashSet. In the case of a TreeSet, runtime exception occurs while inserting
heterogeneous objects or null objects

45. Why is the character array preferred over string for storing
confidential information?
Answer:
In Java, a string is basically immutable i.e. it cannot be modified. After its
declaration, it continues to stay in the string pool as long as it is not removed in
the form of garbage. In other words, a string resides in the heap section of the
memory for an unregulated and unspecified time interval after string value
processing is executed.

As a result, vital information can be stolen for pursuing harmful activities by

hackers if a memory dump is illegally accessed by them. Such risks can be
eliminated by using mutable objects or structures like character arrays for storing
any variable. After the work of the character array variable is done, the variable
can be configured to blank at the same instant. Consequently, it helps in saving
heap memory and also gives no chance to the hackers to extract vital data.

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46. How do exceptions affect the program if it doesn't

handle them?
Answer:
Exceptions are runtime errors. Suppose we are making an android application
with java. And it all works fine but there is an exceptional case when the
application tries to get the file from storage and the file doesn’t exist (This is the
case of exception in java). And if this case is not handled properly then the
application will crash. This will be a bad experience for users. This is the type of
error that cannot be controlled by the programmer. But programmers can take
some steps to avoid this so that the application won’t crash. The proper action
can be taken at this step.

47. Although inheritance is a popular OOPs concept, it is

less advantageous than composition. Explain.
Answer:
Inheritance lags behind composition in the following scenarios:

Multiple-inheritance is not possible in Java. Classes can only extend from one
superclass. In cases where multiple functionalities are required, for example -
to read and write information into the file, the pattern of composition is
preferred. The writer, as well as reader functionalities, can be made use of by
considering them as the private members.

Composition assists in attaining high flexibility and prevents breaking of

encapsulation.

Unit testing is possible with composition and not inheritance. When a

developer wants to test a class composing a different class, then Mock
Object can be created for signifying the composed class to facilitate testing.
This technique is not possible with the help of inheritance as the derived
class cannot be tested without the help of the superclass in inheritance.

The loosely coupled nature of composition is preferable over the tightly

coupled nature of inheritance.

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48. What are Composition and Aggregation? State the difference.

Answer:
Composition, and Aggregation help to build (Has - A - Relationship) between
classes and objects. But both are not the same in the end. Let’s understand with
the help of an example.

Consider the University as a class that has some departments in it. So the
university will be the container object. And departments in it will contain objects.
Now in this case, if the container object destroys then the contained objects will
also get destroyed automatically. So here we can say that there is a strong
association between the objects. So this Strong Association is called Composition.

Now consider one more example. Suppose we have a class department and there
are several professors' objects there in the department. Now if the department
class is destroyed then the professor's object will become free to bind with other
objects. Because container objects (Department) only hold the references of
contained objects (Professor’s). So here is the weak association between the
objects. And this weak association is called Aggregation.

49. How is the ‘new’ operator different from the ‘newInstance()’

operator in java?
Answer:
Both ‘new’ and ‘newInstance()’ operators are used to creating objects. The
difference is- that when we already know the class name for which we
have to create the object then we use a new operator. But suppose we
don’t know the class name for which we need to create the object, Or we
get the class name from the command line argument, or the database, or
the file. Then in that case we use the ‘newInstance()’ operator.

The ‘newInstance()’ keyword throws an exception that we need to handle.

It is because there are chances that the class definition doesn’t exist, and
we get the class name from runtime. So it will throw an exception

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50. Is exceeding the memory limit possible in a program

despite having a garbage collector?
Answer:
Yes, it is possible for the program to go out of memory in spite of the
presence of a garbage collector. Garbage collection assists in recognizing
and eliminating those objects which are not required in the program
anymore, in order to free up the resources used by them.

In a program, if an object is unreachable, then the execution of garbage

collection takes place with respect to that object. If the amount of memory
required for creating a new object is not sufficient, then memory is released
for those objects which are no longer in the scope with the help of a
garbage collector. The memory limit is exceeded for the program when the
memory released is not enough for creating new objects.

Moreover, exhaustion of the heap memory takes place if objects are created
in such a manner that they remain in the scope and consume memory. The
developer should make sure to dereference the object after its work is
accomplished. Although the garbage collector endeavors its level best to
reclaim memory as much as possible, memory limits can still be exceeded.

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51. Why is synchronization necessary? Explain with the help of

a relevant example.
Answer:
Concurrent execution of different processes is made possible by
synchronization. When a particular resource is shared between many threads,
situations may arise in which multiple threads require the same shared
resource.

Synchronization assists in resolving the issue and the resource is shared by a

single thread at a time. Let’s take an example to understand it more clearly. For
example, you have a URL and you have to find out the number of requests
made to it. Two simultaneous requests can make the count erratic.

52. What could be the tradeoff between the usage of an unordered

array versus the usage of an ordered array?
Answer:

The main advantage of having an ordered array is the reduced search

time complexity of O(log n) whereas the time complexity in an
unordered array is O(n).
The main drawback of the ordered array is its increased insertion time
which is O(n) due to the fact that its element has to reordered to
maintain the order of array during every insertion whereas the time
complexity in the unordered array is only O(1).
Considering the above 2 key points and depending on what kind of
scenario a developer requires, the appropriate data structure can be
used for implementation.

53. What is the best way to inject dependency? Also, state the reason.
Answer:
There is no boundation for using a particular dependency injection. But the
recommended approach is -
Setters are mostly recommended for optional dependencies injection, and
constructor arguments are recommended for mandatory ones. This is
because constructor injection enables the injection of values into immutable
fields and enables reading them more easily.

Page no: 22
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54. How we can set the spring bean scope. And what supported
scopes does it have?
Answer:
A scope can be set by an annotation such as the @Scope annotation or
the "scope" attribute in an XML configuration file. Spring Bean supports
the following five scopes:
Singleton
Prototype
Request
Session
Global-session

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 FAQs

1 What is Talent Battle?

Talent battle is a group of mentors and educators who help students to prepare
for their On and Off campus placement opportunities. We have trainers with an
average of 10 years of experience in training students for their Tech company
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2 When and how to prepare for campus placements?

The best time to start preparing for your campus is in your third year of
engineering. During this time you can start preparing for your Aptitude, Verbal
and Programming skills.
Most of the companies have a similar testing pattern for selecting students.
There are typically tests on aptitude, programming and communication skills.
The short answer for this question is, prepare with Talent Battle's Masterclass as
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