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Development of integrated infrastructure (utility line)

Construction on urban roads, the case of bole sub-city

MEng: Final Project

SOLOMON ALEMAYEHU FEYISA

MASTER OF SCIENCE
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY

JUNE, 2019

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Development of integrated infrastructure (utility line)

Construction on urban roads, the case of bole sub-city

By

SOLOMON ALEMAYEHU FEYISA

A Project Submitted to
The Department of Civil Engineering for the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
TheDegree of Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering
(Road and Transport Engineering)

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

JUNE, 2019

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this Project entitled “Development of Integrated

Infrastructure(Utility Line) Construction on Urban Roads, The Case of Bole Sub-
City” was composed by myself, with the guidance of my advisor, that the work contained
herein is my own except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text, and that this work
has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or processional
qualification.

Name: Signature, Date:

_____________________________ _____________________

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project prepared by Mr. Solomon Alemayehu Feyisa entitled
“Development of Integrated Infrastructure (Utility Line) Construction on Urban
Roads, The Case of Bole Sub-City” and submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of Master of Science complies with the regulations of the University and
meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality.

Singed by Examining Board:

Examiner: __________________________________Signature, Date: _______________

Examiner: __________________________________Signature, Date: _______________

Project Advisor: _____________________________Signature, Date: _______________

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ABSTRACT

Integrated urban road utility infrastructure provision on the walk way of the road is very
essential for the modernity, social and economic development of urban area. The
efficiency of theseInfrastructure provision is determined by the responsive act of
administration, Addis Ababa city road authority,stakeholders andpolicy makers.

Consequently, this study has attempted to investigate the issue of uncoordinated urban
utility agents in road construction. Ithas accounted the Addis Ababa city administration,
AWSSA, EEPCO and ethio-telecom.

Uncoordinated(unplanned)system of urban utility infrastructure provision has resulted in

inefficient use of public finance and urban land, mixing up placement/conflict ofutilities,
improperly location/arrangement of utilities, damage of properties andrelated problems

The roles of the partners are the major intended areas of the study. In order to investigate
these problem primary and secondary cases were collected data from the AddisAbaba
city administration and thecity’s utility infrastructure providing authorities and service
offices like EEPCO, AAWSA and ETC.

In general the lack of integrated urban road utility infrastructure,result lack of strong link
between the land use development and utilityinfrastructure provision, shortage of
institutional coordination. Thus the issue is affect economy, social and environmental.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Mainly and foremost of all ‘Glory to God in the highest’, who gave me huge endurance
from the beginning to the end of my task. Second, I would like to thank my advisor Ato
Melaku sisay (PHD) for his open advice, suggestion and he assistedduring thepreparation
of the project.

My most thankfulness expression is for Addis Ababa city road authority particularly
CMC Ayat Road Junction – Gurd Shola and Summit – Meri roads project. In addition to
this I would like to thank for the respondents from Addis Ababa bole – sub city and
Addis Ababa water supply and sewerage authority (AWSSA),Ethiopian electric power
corporation (EEPCO) and Ethio-telecom authorities who interestingly gave their answers
for the different type of questions and documents for the study.

Finally I would like to express my great pleasure for my wife w/ro fitsum afework and
also my children’s leul and rakab Solomon and others for their encouragement and
supports.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 38

4.2 The process of urban roads utility infrastructure provision on the walkway. .... 38
4.2.1 Summarization of bole sub-city administration and utility provider based on
the table listed above ..............................................…………………47

4.3 The Cause and effect of utility providers’ problem particularly on the walk way
of urban roads .............................................................................................. 50
4.4 The roles of utility Agents and municipality for the integration of work on walk
way of urban roads. ...................................................................................... 51
4.5 The importance of the problem for municipality, utility providing institutions
and policy makers ........................................................................................ 52
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................... 54

5.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 54
5.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................ 55
5.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 55

5.2.2 General suggestion ....................................................................................... 55

CHAPTER 6 REFERENCE AND ANNEXES ....................................................... 58

6.1 Reference ............................................................................................................ 58

6.2 Annexes .............................................................................................................. 61
6.2.1 Questionnaires.............................................................................................. 61

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4-1: Shows the evaluation (process) of EEPCO utility infrastructures provision on the
walkway ofurban Roads particularly bole sub-city............................................40
Table 4-2: Shows the evaluation (process) of TELE utility infrastructures provision on the
walk way of urban Roads particularly bole sub-city…………………………..42
Table 4-3: Shows the evaluation (process) of AWSSA utility infrastructures provision on the
walkway of urban Roads particularly bole sub-city…………………………...44
Table 4-4: Shows the evaluation (process) of Bole Sub-city (Land administration) with other
utility provider………………………………………………………………....46

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Main objective of the study............................................................................ 15

Figure 1-2: Location of study area .................................................................................... 19
Figure 1-3: Typical cross section of study area ................................................................ 20
Figure 3-1: Shows data presentation process .................................................................... 37
Figure 4-1: Protection of electric line on the walkway of the road. ................................. 41
Figure 4-2: EEPCO electric lines on the walk way of the road. ....................................... 41
Figure 4-3: Sample TELE utility lines on study roads ..................................................... 43
Figure 4-4: Overhead TELE line on walkway section of the road. .................................. 43
Figure 4-5: Water supply line on the walkway of the roads. ............................................ 45
Figure 4-5: Temporary waste water lines coming from resident homes .......................... 45

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ACRONYMS

EEPCO Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

AWSSA Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority

AACRA Addis Ababa City Road Authority

FIIDCA Federal Integrated Infrastructures Development Agency.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Urban utility line on road construction development is a strong foundation for social and
economic growth of a developing country, like Ethiopia. Ethiopia is currently in a historic
journey of rapid Growth and Transformation. In recent years, it has embarked on
implementation of major urban road projects including utility lines on a wake way; which
are serving the country as powerful engines to propel its economic growth and
transformation, with impressive results. However, the country faced numerous challenges;
including in the areas of management, coordination and integration of the major utility line
infrastructure in road projects it has been undertaking which are frequently planned,
designed, managed and implemented simultaneously

In case of Ethiopian urban road utility infrastructure accounts electric power, water supply,
storm water drainage and telecommunication systems are the major components of this
study.

Most road utility infrastructures could be realized through underground, surface and/or
overhead networking systems. Electricity and telecommunication customers are supplied via
overhead wires or underground cables through an installation to the ground or in a network
of ducts.

The reliability and efficiency of this infrastructure provision is very important to modernize
urban development through the responsive act of utility authorities, municipalities, planners,
policy makers as well as stakeholders. But all responsive authorities have not fully
integrative.

The current approach of Ethiopian urban utility infrastructure provision goes as similar as
the traditional utility infrastructures provision processes. The problem is characterized in
terms of poor localization of very heavy and costly electric wire carrying reinforced concrete
poles, placement of electric power substations and national power cable carrying towers
within urbanized or expansion areas of the city/town, Inadequate cooperation,
communications and consultation among implementing agencies, Inadequate involvement of
stakeholders ,Lack of well-developed historical database. This has an adverse effect of
economic, social and environmental impact on the day-to-day activity of the dwellers and
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the movement of transportation system, as well as lack an efficient use of urban land,
disruption by digging of paved streets for the purpose of water pipes and other utility
infrastructure installations, improperly and mixing up placement of utilities a lack of
appropriate utility and land use data recording system. At the same time lack of workable
common standards and enforcing policy measures are among the major problems.

Most of these problems often stem from poor planning, coordination and integration of
major road utility line; eventually leading to potential risks arising from delay in schedules,
frequent scope changes and ultimately project deliverables that don’t meet expectations.

In order to find proper solutions and overcome these challenges pertaining to program
management, coordination and integration of major stakeholders, planners, policy makers
and others to minimize or avoid potential risks.

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1.2 Problem Statement

Urban society needs an efficient system of electric power, water supply and sewerage
system and telecommunication services facilities in urban road infrastructures on the
walkway section. However; the provision of such infrastructures (utility lines) is highly
affected byuncoordinated stakeholders of:

 Addis Ababa City Administration,

 Addis Ababa City Road Authority,
 Ethiopia Electric Power Corporation
 Addis Ababa Water Supply and Sewerage Authority,
 Ethio-Telecom.

As though, most Ethiopian urban road areas are highly exposed to the problem of urban road
utility infrastructure provision. The magnitude of the issue is well expressed by the planning
dimensions of the problem. The planning dimension illustrates by uncoordinated way of
utility infrastructure planning, installation, management and maintenance processes.

The current approach of Ethiopian urban utility infrastructure provision goes as similar as
the traditional utility infrastructures provision processes. The problem is characterized
Damage an existing infrastructures including roads utility line like, telecom and power
conduits and cables, at times immediately after they were built; disruptions in transportation
and utility services to the population for weeks or even months, often while construction or
implementations of utility line are underway, without proper coordination and
communications between stakeholders; in addition Inadequate cooperation, communications
and consultation among implementing agencies, who often shove each other to use same
space in order to advance or implement their projects simultaneously.

In addition to the abovesome of the problems are described as follow;

 Unnecessary finical expenditures for utility compensation;

 Unnecessary property damage;
 Water supply contamination resulted in public health;
 Electric power contact resulted in service fluctuation and day to day effect on human
activity;
 Decrease the service provider of ethio-telecom.

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Finally the entire problem stated in the above affect the economic, environmental and social
activity of the public. This is therefore I have selected ‘’development of integrated
infrastructure on urban roads’’ to study and provide solution.

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1.3 Objectives ofthe Study

1.3.1 General Objective

 To assess uncoordinated urban road utility infrastructure problem in stakeholder and
to recommend alternative solutions for it.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To show how to coordinate integrated road utility line infrastructure development
works in accordance with Roads Master Plan.
 To investigate the process of urban utility infrastructure provision in town roads.
 To identify the real dimensions of urban road utility infrastructure provision problem
 To show the role of municipalities and utility infrastructure providers in the process
of sustainable urban utility infrastructure provision.
To recommend alternative solutions to the problem of urban road utility
infrastructure provision in Ethiopia.

Un-Coordinated Utility lines Coordinated utility lines

Figure 1-1: Main objective of the study

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1.4 Research Questions

 How is the process of urban road utility infrastructure provision enacted in town
section?
 What are the major dimensions of urban road utility line provision problem?
 How to assess the cause-effect relationships of utility infrastructure provision
problem in community, economy and environment?
 How do policy makers, road utility line providers (EEPCO, AAWSA, ETC),
professionals and others will resolve urban road utility infrastructure provision
problem?

1.5 Significance ofthe Study

This study provides an important study results especially for Federal Integrated
Infrastructure Development Coordinating Agency and stakeholders particularly Ethiopia
electric power corporation, Addis Ababa water and sewerage authority, Ethio –teleom as
well as municipality.

Therefore, this study will have the following significances

 It will assist an input for federal integrated infrastructure development coordinating

agency.
 It used to identify the main problem of the area and will an input for the next plan of
the government.
 Stakeholder and policy maker could gain a lot of recommended result from study.
 The study will provide solution of quality infrastructure by decreasing damaging of
stakeholder property; decreasing service interruption of infrastructure.
 The study will provide solution of how to reducing unnecessarygovernment money
expense for the repetition and relocation ofutility works.
 The study will identify the common problem of stakeholder and provide a solution.

This is therefore, the significance of this study paper have an input to resolve the problem of
government stakeholders (EEPC, AWSSA, TELE); municipality; and other.in addition to
this the government policy makers and Federal Integrated Infrastructure Development
Coordinating Agency are used the paper as an input to integrated the stakeholders and
further plan of the government.

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1.6 Scope ofthe Study

The scope of the study is to investigate utility lines problem on the walkway of the urban
roads particularly Ethiopian electric power corporation (EEPCO) lines, Water supply and
sewerage lines (AWSSA), Ethiotelecom (TELE) lines in addition which include the case and
solution ofuncoordinated plan of stakeholders in the walkway of urban roads especially in
bole-sub city.

Particularly, the study scope area is AACRA project in bole sub city CMC Ayat Road
Junction – Gurd Shola & Summit Road– Meri Road project which covers the length of
2.128 km, 14 m carriageway and 3m each side walkway.

1.7 Limitation ofthe Study

The main limitations of this study are:

 Deficiency of guide line or platform to investigate the study which has been used
by stakeholders.
 Shortage of referencing materials to review previously conducted studies.
 Lack of information in stakeholders regarding previously work by technicians as
well as managers.
 Insufficient GPS data or plan to check utility lines which have been done previous
years.
 Poor information flow with in the design office department and site construction to
get evidence for the study.
The lack of yearly updated plan and data for construction of utility lineson certain extent
limited, inaddition some stakeholders have adapted on simple field sketching technics and
manually to assertive quantitative information to the study.However; by using data
collecting technics from the respective utility authorities and bole sub-city municipality the
study has done.

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1.8 Description ofthe Study Area

The study project roads are located east part of the Addis Ababa city around CMC square &
in bole sub-city which is an important relief corridor for the traffic from CMC Ayat road
Junction to Gurd Shola and Summit road - Meri road through residence area in the vicinity.
The project is designed to be constructed in two parts of the project in different sections
which crosses each other around station 0+450. These roads are namely CMC Ayat Road
Junction-Gurd Shola (0+000-1+179.06 - Road 1) and Summit Road – Meri 0+000-
0+948.57, Road 2) with total length 2.128 km.

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1.8.1 Location of the study area

The project location is CMC Ayat Road Junction – Gurd Shola (Road 1) with GPS
coordinate GPS 01 at station 0+000RHS is E-484105.509,N-996916.397, Z-2363.913, &
GPS 02 at station 1+179 is E-48062.646, N-995742.595,Z-2363.282 are start & end points
of the above road respectively & Summit -Meri Road (Road 2) is located at BM 06B St.
0+640RHS with coordinate,E-484319.120,N-996144.653,Z-2379.759 ditto respectively

Road 1 CMC Ayat Road Junctions –Gurd Shola and Road 2 Summit Road – Meri Road

Figure 1-2: Location of study area

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1.8.2 Cross section of study roads

CMC Ayat Road Junction-Gurd Shola (0+000-1+179.06 - Road 1) and Summit Road – Meri
0+000- 0+948.57, Road 2) with total length 2.128 km which consists of 4*3.5 carriage way
and 2*3 walkway for each sides of the roads. The study is mainly concerned on the walkway
of the roads.

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION 20M WIDTH



  


  
 

TYPE B TYPE B
TYPE A TYPE A

10 cm Asphalt Concrete
10cm Concrete tiles overlying sand 20 cm Crushed Stone Base (GB1)
15 cm Sub Base 25 cm Granular Subbase (GS)
60 cm Capping Layer Material (GC) 60cm Granular Capping Layer (GC)

Three (3m) width of walkway in each

sides of the roads. All utility lines have
been constructed on this area.

Figure 1-3: Typical cross section of study area

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CHAPTER 2 LITRATYRE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This section explains the theoretical and practical issue of urban utility infrastructure
provision on walk way. The concept of the review made from the general to the specific area
of the study.

The major and sub contents of the review are: the general concept of urban infrastructure,
utility infrastructure policy strategies, utility mapping and experiences and concepts of
utility infrastructure provision in international and local contexts. In the case of local context
urban utility infrastructure provision historical basis, the practice of provision in Addis
Ababa particularly in bole sub-city is the area of the review.

2.2 Urban Infrastructure

Urban utilities infrastructure accounts the water supply, sewerage facilities, drainage
Systems, power distribution networks, communication transmissions and other related
underground, surface and overhead services and facilities. As Pickering and his associates
(1993) the economic and efficient delivery of infrastructure service depends on effective
planning and management systems. The recorded utilities map information will not only
contribute for efficient service provision but also for operation and maintenance of assets,
‘sensible’ planning extensions and new works.

The location and the condition of utility infrastructure services and facilitiesinformation are
very important for municipalities within the area of their boundary. This information will
enable them to set changes in different parts of the city, as level of services they want to
identify in the deprived areas of the city/town. Consequently, planners may wish to refine
their options to meet the need of the area (Pickering, et al., 1993).

Here, utilities are the ‘conduits’ or ‘technological systems’ (Hughes, 1983, Preston, 1991
cited in Graham and Marvin, 1994) which support the rapid movement of waste, water,
energy and information up on which their integration together into economic and social
structure depends. That’s why, any attempt to improve, or even maintain, the standard of

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living in rapidly developing urban areas cannot go forward without adequate and well
administered municipal infrastructures (Pickering, et al., 1993).

Consequently, in some countries there is the development of some sort of a legalframework

for making infrastructure records more compatible across municipal and utility boundaries
however; due to somehow the variation in the scale of maps lead to an overlapping of utility
and other land use boundaries. The reason for lack ofuniformity is that each utility has
developed within the legislative framework of its own function with little or nothing
consideration its compatibility with other functions (ibid.).

A partnership first and foremost is about relationships between different parties to come in
to an agreement. This is quite different from the more traditional approach to manage urban
infrastructure projects. At least authorities should consider introducing ‘common’ map scale,
referencing and standard symbols. Commonly accepted data standardization will reduce the
‘duplicity’ and redundancy of data. Thus a full of information have to be gathered from all
utility infrastructure providing partners (Pickering, et al., 1993).

It is “increasingly recognized” that linkages between the various spatial

informationdevelopment areas leads to greater applications and benefits. In future, utility
infrastructure data from “all platforms” will be conveniently exchanged and interpolated for
testing decision scenarios. Such integrated systems will provide “seamless” decision support
while such alternative option is expected to provide a range of information for different
disciplines persuaded in urban planning and design fields (Pickering, et al., 1993).

Hence, utility authorities required to have update information to manage its assets,plan
extension, design new works, and carry out systematic operations and maintenance. Utility
base maps must have some spatial referencing system so as to identify in non-graphic form,
and at the same time be located on other maps at perhaps other scales (Pickering, et al.,
1993). The base map will have to be derived from at least an ‘aerial’ survey and probably a
certain amount of ground survey (ibid.).

On the other hand the use of computers, digital mapping and GIS software technology
advances the utility infrastructure provision to the higher standards however; the practice of
using this spatial information system in most developing countries has not been good

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(Bishop, et al., 2000). As such “care” should be taken by developing countries in adopting
the latest technologies which are only now being adopted in the developed world (ibid.).

In general, information about the location of underground utilities and facilities is (Bishop,
et al., 2000) often worse than the maps shown above ground features. In most cases, the
“actual location” of these service lines is different from the location appearing on plans. On
the other hand depth of underground utility lines is “seldom or correctly” shown on maps
and often these utility lines sometimes “run on top” of another utility line at a different depth
(ibid.).

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2.3 Urbanization and Utility Infrastructure Planning

African urban areas characterized by irregular and“spontaneous” pattern of settlement. The

problem of spontaneous settlement is aggravated by general “chaotic” layout of buildings
and an almost complete absence of “rudimentary” urban service (Dwyer, 1975).

Unplanned/spontaneous urban settlement is resulted from the continuousunplanned urban

growth without having modern urban planning and design concepts. Consequently, it is
resulted in inefficient and uncoordinated urban utility infrastructure provision which is
resulted in land speculation for financial gain, system of market-induced developments
rather than having well designed strategic plans (Bishop, et al., 2000).

Utility infrastructure planning in most developing countries seems there is little or nothing in
the design or engineering of such networks is substantially modified further to suit third
World countries, but “envisages” the extension of pipe networks as the ultimate solution to
the problem(ibid.). In broad the understanding of the link between utilities and urban
development remains extremely underdeveloped (Graham and Marvin, 1994).

GIS “requires” investment in hardware, software, data collection,data integration, data

maintenance and education and training, and ‘it is very important’ to get support for such
projects from senior management through technological potential awareness creation. On the
contrary; the “bureaucratic procedures” for approval and procurement of technology in
developing countries require a great deal of patience and energy (ibid.).

For instance in recent years the city of Cairo in developing countries established
acomprehensive kind of Utility Data Center (UDC) with the target (Mustafa, 2005) of: to
establish scientific utilities data base, protect the investment of utilities, to provide accurate
utilities data for city planners and decision makers, to create coordination among agencies
and utilities, to avoid repeating digging and protecting public fund, protecting the
environment from pollution resulting from cracking or explosion of water and sewage pipes.
Consequently, as Mustafa (2005) the Greater Cairo UDC has obtained the international
quality certificate ISO 9002-year 1999 and ISO 9001- year 2003.

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A fundamental rule for urban planning (Pickering, et al., 1993) ... is that strategic decision
can only be as good as the maps and information on which they are bases. Consequently, it
is better to have “too” much detailed and well laid out urban street network and utility
infrastructure planning. When producing base maps, the specifications should allow for the
variety of users. If created by a single utility the specifications should coincide with these of
the other utilities assuming that they all expect to make use of the maps (ibid.).

For the design of street side utility infrastructures within two meter wide foot way,there is an
exemplary NJUG (1995:5) recommended arrangement of utilities mains and plans. The
mains running parallel to the footway, there will also be side branches to individual
properties. The relative depths of lay “required” for the various mains argue powerfully in
favors of the lateral dispositions illustrated, and these are usually the standard locations. The
lateral clearances between adjacent utility mains are the recommended minimum, and
represent the “best use” of the limited spaces available (NJUG, 1995:5).

The “verge” (street sides) should be of sufficient width to allow space for all
relevantservices, landscaping, indented parking, future carriageway widening, cycle paths
and swale drains. In addition to this, designers need to accommodate “all” these facilities
within the verge space. This should be arranged early in the planning and design process of
the city/town plan. According to NJUG (1995) report, this as well allows for the efficient
integration of all these utility mains and required street light equipment’s into the verge
space.

In general, careful planning for the need of water supply and drainage, electricity system,
telecommunication system and other roads side utility operators at an early stage will result
in increased savings in costs as well as avoiding for the disruptions associated with footpath
and road operating. Underground and over ground utility facilities planning will meet the
needs for future advanced services in an efficient, safe, harmonized and cost effective way
and need to avoid further repetitive shifting of utilities.

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2.4 Urban Utility Infrastructure Provision Policy Strategies

Governorate to take decision to established “Cairo Utility Data Centre” (Mustafa,2005) so as

to “stop” damage of the infrastructures. In Egypt since 1975(Pritchard, 2004) USAID has
invested $5.8 billion in utility infrastructure projects. As the result, these projects
“predominately” focused in the power, telecommunication and water and waste water
sectors with an establishment of utility data centers (Pritchard, 2004 and Mustafa, 2005).

In developing countries, in order to have such efficient GIS operational informationfirst it is

very essential to collect basic infrastructure data. But, in these countries technology ‘alone’
will not guarantee a better information system unless there is a sound urban utility
infrastructure policy (Pickering, et al., 1993). Such a policy would deal with institutional and
organizational aspects such as institutional mandates and linkages, legal framework,
technological strategies, human skills development, and financial management.

In developing countries (Bishop, et al., 2000) the laws and guidelines for landregistration,
planning and land management is diverse and often uncoordinated. On the same way to this,
in most of these countries each utility providing authorities/agencies has developed its own
legislative frameworks without consideration (or with a little consideration) of its
compatibility to others utility infrastructure rules and regulations.

However, the successful development of spatial infrastructure information indeveloped

countries has partly been due to much of the data being available in digital form or there
being a political will and financial backing to build the required data sets (Bishop, et al.,
2000).
The overall responsibility of utility mapping and recording usually (Pickering, et al.1993)
goes to one central department. Among the responsibilities of the assigned utility
infrastructure department the first and the most important one it should “look at the system
as a whole”. While, the choice of department will depend on local circumstances and
preferences, but it may be the planning department, the new works design department, one
of the operations departments, or an entirely separate department (ibid.).

For example, in England and Wales the utilities operate under statutory rights andobligations
conferred by the... Parliament acts (NJUG, 1995). As it is described from the same source

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the New Roads and Street Works Act (1991) controls and coordinates work carried out in
the street by statutory undertakers, including all the utilities when exercising their various
legislative functions. As such, before carrying out any work involving the installation,
maintenance or alteration of underground services utilities are required to give notice to the
street authority (ibid.).

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2.5 Utility mapping

Base maps are the common used for urbanplanning; on the other hand the cadastral maps are
the “most useful” for urban land information and registration purpose. In addition to this,
large scale7 topographic maps are the more essential maps for utilities, because of its
containment of detailed roads, buildings and other geographic features. “Certainly”, utilities
that lay in pipes and cables along streets and make connections to buildings rely on such
maps (Pickering, et al., 1993).

However, the choice of the map scales “partly” depends on the resolution of
detailrequirements and the ability to put a usable amount of information on each record map.
For example, a 1:2500 scale means: a 1 millimeter-width on the map represents 2.5 meters
distance on the ground. According to Pickering8 this may be accurate enough for the
location of a water pipe, but unacceptable for, say power or telephone system duct work.
The use of different scales for different utilities may be due to the availability of the base
map within a given scale or because of particular scale “seems” appropriate but much
depends on the density of the urban area under consideration (ibid.).

Greater Cairo is an urban agglomeration with more than 12 million inhabitants, extremely
high population density ... the network of underground utilities in Cairo consists of almost
70, 000 kilometers of different kinds of pipes and cables (water, sewerage, electricity, gas
and telephone).... The underground Utilities Data Centre of Greater Cairo (UDC) was
officially established in October 1988 as an independent service organization with in the
frame work of the Governorate of Cairo. The role of UDC is to collect, process, and store
data for the urban management of Cairo. UDC is to create and maintain a geographic
information system containing accurate, relevant and basic information on underground
utilities. The data bases can also be extended to cover land use, cadastral, soil and other
environmental data ...The director general of UDC reports directly to the governor and the
operational costs are covered through different utility agencies that is; the water authority,
the sewerage authority, the electricity company, the gas company, and the telephone
company (Pickering, et al., 1993: 65-67).

As Mustafa’s (2005) report, the Cairo UDC started to survey main land marks abovethe
ground to produce base maps scale of 1:500 to allocate the utilities net and to make it easy to

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determine the exact location of utility. In the city the detection of underground utilities by
using detection equipment’s, without digging, and determining the location of pipes and
cables whatever they are water, sewage, electricity as well as its depths.

This is therefore, it is very important to have a full recording system for the locations of
pipes,cables, telephones, streetlights and other utilities. In the process of utility recording
and mapping readily available maps and coordinated reference systems are “vital”for both
municipal and utility information systems. On the other hand, adequate utility recording will
resulted in the reduction of accidental utility damage and raises the safety of the general
public and the utility operation (Pickering, et al., 1993).

2.6 Urban Infrastructure Provision in Developing Countries

Developing world cities (Bishop, et al., 2000) are expanding at a much greater rate than in
developed countries, these cities are usually the engines of economic development in the
respective countries, their infrastructure and quality of life is “often deteriorating”.
Addressing these issues in cities of the developing world is one of the great challenges
facing “all” societies in the next millennium.

The availability of spatial information for cities in these countries is “poor or nonexistent”.
Still in these countries, most of the land ownership and utility infrastructure information are
experienced in separate department only in the hands of some key personnel. While, the
design and implementation of a workable spatial infrastructure data is often “a dream for the
future” (ibid.).

For the general adoption and use of GIS and other technologies from the developed world
cities, countries first need to know the wide-ranging contribution of this technology in the
process of urgent utility infrastructure issues resolution in the developing world. On the
other hand, as in developed world the successful implementation and use of urban spatial
utility infrastructure information in developing countries is “highly depend on” political,
institutional and managerial support of the system. Moreover, municipalities and utility
agencies of developing world (Pickering, et al., 1993) cities need to work together to
promote awareness by nominating one of their members to coordinate and encourage
activities in this direction.

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As the case of Cairo city utility infrastructure provision, the UDC of thecity(Pritchard, 2004)
accounts a set of complementary activities that focus on sustainability, in support of the
strategy are ‘currently’ being implemented activities primarily focus on: 1) improving the
management of utilities through training in management/leadership, administration and
operations and establishment of management and financial systems. 2) Improving the
commercial orientation of utilities through support for restructuring of utilities. 3)
Supporting regulatory agencies to carry out functions. 4) Encouraging private sector
participation thought support for out sourcing of key functions to private contractors. The
point of interest of these activities is to improve the management and operational capability
of utilities.

In general, the process of urban utility infrastructure planning and management in

developing countries cities is “so workable” because of their low city size, minimal urban
land market price and low pace of life style. In these conditions, co-ordination between staff
is possible and there is time (Bishop et al, 2000: 9) to negate long term based planning,
political urgency and to share spatial information so as to overcome anomalies.
Consequently as Cairo’s UDC the Bangkok Land Information System (BLIS) will be a good
exemplary strategy to develop appropriate utilityinfrastructure provision standards in cities
and towns of developing countries (Pritchard, 2004 and Bishop et al, 2000).

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2.7 Urban utility infrastructure provision in the local context

2.7.1 Historical Basis of Utility in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia for the first time an innovation of pipe water supply was introduced inAddis
Ababa city 15 years later after the establishment of the City by emperor Menelik II (Addis
Ababa millennium secretariat, 2007).

During this period masonry ducts were constructed and laid along the sources ofKebena
River at the top of Entoto where water was carried down to the desired destinations in the
city through the advisory of the Swiss engineer Alfred Ilg to the emperor. Latter important
pump was fitted to drive water uphill trough connected pipes to the palace.

Gradually, construction of small dams on rivers was expanded and tap water wasbeing
supplied to quite a number of the residents in different areas of the city. The Gafresa dam as
the main source of the city water supply was built during the Italian occupation and then it
was rehabilitated in 2009(Garretson, 2000).

An electric power supply in the city as well as in thecountry was started in Menelik’s II
grand palace in 1897 using a small diesel generator which was given to the emperor by the
Germany government. Latter other generators were brought to the country for different
purposes: in 1903 for money printing, in 1911 for the establishment of bullet factory, 1926
for the establishment of abujedea textile factory. According to EEPCO (1999 E.C) report,
during the period of Italian occupation some towns in the country start to use generators as
means of electric power generation.

However; the use of hydroelectric power is started in 1911 on Akaki River, in 1959on koka
dam, in 1963 on Tis Abay (EEPCO, 1999 E.C). On the other hand different hydroelectric
power stations were established and being in establishment in different areas of the country.
Historical establishment of electric power authority proclamation, the first was the Ethiopian
electric light and power authority was enacted in 1955, latter this proclamation was renamed
as Ethiopian electric power corporation in 1996.

Finally, the history of telecommunication in the country “goes back” more than onehundred
years with the establishment of the first long distance telecommunication link was made

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between Addis Ababa and Harar in 1894(Dawit Bekele, 1996), but the first telephone
service was started as the electric power in 1897(Addis Ababa millennium secretariat,
2007). After the result of Adwa war in Ethiopian victory, from Addis Ababa to Asmara 880
km telephone line project was started in 1902 and completed in 1905 through an agreement
of the Ethiopian government and Italian counterpart and this line was connected most towns
along corridor(Dawit Bekele,1996)

2.7.2 Urban Utility Infrastructure Provision Strategies and Standards

The Ministry of Works and Urban Development (August 1998 E.C.) policy documentclearly
put the vision of Ethiopian urban centers. The need of planned and internationally competent
urban development is the basic concept for the vision statement. However; in the case of
plan realization the vision seems as not yet started in Addis Ababa city administration and
this could be also true in other Ethiopian regions.

The water supply, street networking, telecommunication and electric lightinfrastructures are
the prioritized policy directions under urban infrastructure provision. But, the mandate of
integrated urban infrastructure provision is given for the city/town administrations besides to
this; the importance of an integrated urban utility infrastructure provision is not addressed by
the document.

However; the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development (January 2004

E.C.)integrated urban infrastructure strategic document stated some of the important urban
infrastructure provision problems. The document also indicated the need of integrated
infrastructure development strategy, the policy gaps, the direct relationship between some
utility infrastructures with the street network and infrastructure provision experiences of
South African and Indonesian urban centers.

While the Ministry of Construction and Urban Development (2004: 73) has specifiedthe
general consecutive arrangements and minimum horizontal distances between utility lines.
The arrangement is required to begin from the sides of streets and then need to end on the
side of individual property lines as in the order of: drainage line - electric power distribution
line- telecommunication transmission lines and then at the end the water supply distribution
system with the minimum required distances of 0.50-1.0 meters between two consecutive
utility lines.

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In general, overall requirements of the standard for eachauthorities respondent, they

individually criticized the standard as follows: wherethe electric distribution systems may
affected by an overflow of the drainage systems (unless it is far enough from the drainage
lines), the standard is workable for the city’s telecommunication authority, the water supply
pipes need to be far enough from individual property lines so as to prevent water pollution.
On the other hand the minimum standardized distance between the telecommunication and
water supply lines is criticized as so minimal particularly when both of them installed in
underground systems. The other criticism is the difficulty to incorporate all of these utilities
in both sides of narrow streets walk way lines (especially in 3 - 5 meter width).

Besides to this, most of the city’s utility infrastructure providing authorities pursuedto use
only a few standards which are very much skewed towards individual authorities’ specific
objectives with a very minimal emphasis for its impact on other utilities and activities.

Addis Ababa city telecommunication authority uses average depths for the primaryand
secondary underground communication cables are 0.80 and 1.20 meters. On the other hand
it is explained that the city communication system applied using both the overhead and
underground communication lines depending on the width of walk way roads, soil type and
other factors.

While, the city water supply service office follows to use an average depth for major and
housing pipe water connection varies from 0.80 - 1.00 and 0.50-0.60 meters respectively.
But the distances between the surface water drainage line and other utility lines is expected
to be 0.60 -1.50 meters as it was replied by one of utility departments.

As EEPCO (2008) standard, the widths and depths of underground power cable varies as
follow (as their respective orders): on the feeder power cables with street light need to install
0.95 by 0.80 meters; the feeder power cable in walkways, local streets and green areas need
to be 0.55 by 1.20 meters; but in limited width walkways, local streets and green areas the
feeder underground power cable will have variable widths (1.5 x the diameters of
pipes/ducts in the trench + 0.2 meters) by 0.90 meter depths.

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According to the underground power cable standard of EEPCO’s, a number of pipesor ducts
will be laid in the trench side by sides. Then one or more cables depending upon their sizes
are expected to draw through each pipes/ducts. After the pipes are laid the cables will be
pulled into position from manholes by means of a strong rope or flexible steel wire.

Among the other requirements of the underground power cable networking (EEPCO, 2005)
is the minimum clearance-crossing distance between power and water supply pipes should
be 0.40 meters whereas the minimum vertical and horizontal distances between power and
communication cables ought to be 0.60 meters and need to cross at right angle so as to avoid
the disturbances of the communication system by the power of electric.

2.7.3 Urban Utility Infrastructure Provision in Addis Ababa city.

The electric power installation system illustrates the existingcondition of utility
infrastructure provision in the city. As we observe in Addis multi functionality of the poles
for both the electric and communication lines. In different location of the city there are
variety types of utility infrastructures provision problems, this may reveal the lack of
workable rules, regulation and standard of utility infrastructures provision system.

As similar to the above case, the lack of utility infrastructure provision standards. The
number of parallel electric and tele poles and lines placed along the side of the street. Such
crowded poles installation affects the day to day activists and movement of people.

The other main problem is damaged paved street for thepurpose of unplanned water supply
line installation. The digging of such streets is one of the most commonly observed
problems in the city of Addis Ababa. This produces an adverse effect on traffic movement,
national economy, and the visual quality of the area.

In general we have several problem for the installation overhead electric and tele line and
also underground installation of water line and sewerage system in Addis Ababa city
administration, this problem came the integration problem of the stake holders.

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Research method and methodology

The study employed case study research through qualitative research type. More of
interrelated semi structure interview questionnaires were asked for each of utility
Infrastructure providing authorities and the Bole sub-city administration. The Interview in
most cased is provided for the process owners and in rare cases for the Very nearby persons
in each of the city’s utility infrastructure providing authorities and the bola-city
administration land use department. Hence the interviewed persons were given
indispensable answers to the questions
Methodologically, the data analysis process is seen in terms of the dimensions and the
cause-effect relationships of the city’s utility infrastructure provision problem. Based
on existing/analyzed facts and theoretical concepts the study provided essential
recommendations to the problem, Additionally the qualitative and quantitative physical,
interviewed and documented data is presented in tables, charts, figures and textual
techniques.

3.2 Research design

The research is designed in such way to investigate the crosscutting issue of

municipalities and urban utility authorities. Basically the primary and secondary facts were
collected from Bole sub-city administration and respective utility infrastructure like.

EEPCO (Ethiopia electric& power corporation)

AAWSA (Addis Ababa water supply authority)
TELE (Ethiopia telecommunication corporation)
And other utility agency.

During the primary data collection for the purpose of data reliability and information
crosschecking, only the process owner’s or the person who had better exposure in area of the
study was interviewed so as to control the quality of the information.

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3.3 Data source

For the case study there are two types of data sources: primary and secondary data sources.
The Bole sub-city administration, Bole sub-city utility infrastructure providing authorities
and on site observation were taken in to account as the primary source of information.

While secondary data were collected from the Federal Integrated Infrastructure
Development Corporation, Addis Ababa Municipality, respective utility infrastructure
providing authorities, Ministry of Construction and Urban Development and from other
published and unpublished materials.

3.4 Data analysis tools

For the purpose of data analysis the study employed Excel, Arc GIS, Auto CAD and some
related tools. Excel is used to analyze basic data were converted into graphs, charts, tables
and descriptions. While, Arc GIS and Auto cad tools is used to analyze the spatial
land use and utilities information so as to investigate the realities and issues of the sub-
city utility infrastructure provision.

3.5 Data presentation

All the questionnaires, field survey results, graphical information and documented
results were systematically presented under the results and discussion section of the
study. The data presentation was made in line with the basic objectives of the study.

The interviewed results, field survey data, pictures , operational maps and related
documents were presented in logical sequences in the form of tables, figures and analysis
as predefined objectives of the research

At the end on the support of data analysis, field observation, graphical information and
theoretical facts the study is summarized by conclusion and recommendation

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Addis Ababa City

Administration

Stakeholders

EEPCO TELE AWSS

Bole-Sub AACRA
City

Water Supply Sewerage

System

Un-coordinate Stakeholder

Cause of the
Effect of the
problem
problem

Recommendation

Figure 3-1: Shows data presentation process

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

The results and discussion section is the most important part of the study. ThisSection
principallyconsidered based on the predefined research objectives. The finding results of the
problem of utility lines works on the walkway of roads. The studies have done in bole sub-
city which includes two roads that is Road 1 CMC Ayat Road Junctions –Gurd Shola and
Road 2 Summit – Meri Road.

The results and discussion is provided based on four major sections.

1. The process of urban roads utility infrastructure provision on the walkway,

2. The Cause and effect of utility providers’ problem particularly on the walk way of
urban roads.
3. The roles of utility agents and municipality for the integration of works on walk way
of the roads.
4. The importance of the problem for municipality, utility provider institution and
policy makers.

4.2 The process of urban roads utility infrastructure provision on the walkway.

The planning, implementation and management of the bole - sub city utility infrastructure
provider problem will be an indicator to the solution. The method of urban road utility
infrastructure provision is reviewed in terms of

 Level of administration
 Types of utility
 Authorities
 Accountability
 Roles and responsibility of the utility providers.
 Land use of utility provider and bole sub city.

The most common factor which affect the compatibility of utilities and urban land use
functions. The incompatibility of activities will result in an overlap of utilities and land use

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boundaries. In general, the understanding of such factors and incompatibilities of utilities

will be the part of the solution to the problem.

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Table 4-1: Shows the evaluation (process) of EEPCO utility infrastructures provision
on the walkway of urban Roads particularly bole sub-city.

Serial
Assessment Criteria EEPCO(Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation)
No

1 Accountability Federal electric power corporation

To provide an efficient and well planned electric

2 Major roles and responsibilities
power

planning revision
3 10 (ten years)
period
Mainly used Addis Ababa city administration road network
4 Source of base map plan, in addition to this collaborated with any other base map
like union of resident homes.
5 Practice to use digital mapping No

The usual works practice on road Not used any digital machine. The EEPCO utility line works
6
section of walk way. have done simple sight alignment and sketch.

The accuracy of land use & utility Not accurate at all even they have not any design on the
7
infrastructure designing walkway of some road section.

No have scale , simply used based on the sit condition by field

8 The scale of operational maps
alignment and sketch

Actual location of utilities lines on road

9 walkway relation to its location on Partially different from the location on maps
maps

Land use and utilities line infrastructure

10 data on the walkway of the road linkage None
to the other stakeholders

Some times when the problem is happened on sit but in top

11 Stakeholder coordination
management level not undertaken.

12 Designers Electrical engineers

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This electric line also appears on

the walkway of the road but for
the construction of carriageway
it downfall and protected by
construction machines.

Figure 4-1: Protection of electric line on the walkway of the road.

As we have seen the

carriageway of the road is
finalized but the walkway has
not started due to electric lines.

Figure 4-2: EEPCO electric lines on the walk way of the road.
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Table 4-2: Shows the evaluation (process) of TELE utility infrastructures provision on
the walkway of urban Roads particularly bole sub-city.

Serial
Assessment Criteria Etio-Telecom
No

1 Accountability Direct to Addis Ababa ethiotelecom Agent.

To provide an efficient and well planned communication

2 Major roles and responsibilities
system

Planning revision
3 5 (Five years)
period
4 Source of base map Addis Ababa city administration road network plan,
Initially the agency has used the soft and hard copy of the roads
which is ongoing projects and designs the utility lines on the
5 Practice to use digital mapping
walk way of the road under and overhead lines. (see sample
figure below)
Used design shop drawing which is compatible with Addis
The usual works practice on road
6 Ababa city administration road network plan but it is not
section of walk way.
integrate with other utility infrastructure provider.
The accuracy of land use & utility Somehow it is better compare to other utility infrastructure
7
infrastructure designing provider because at least the agency has design.

According to sit condition and other utility line provider on

8 The scale of operational maps
walkway of the roads.

Actual location of utilities lines on road

Partially differ from the location on maps. in addition Very
9 walkway relation to its location on
less accurate
maps

Land use and utilities line infrastructure

10 data on the walkway of the road None
linkage to the other stakeholders

Particularly in field work when the problem is appending

11 Stakeholder coordination stakeholders professions are gathers to solve the problems.in
high level not yet started.

12 Designers Electrical engineers (IT Experts)

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LIMIT OF WORK
0+690

ROAD-01

TELE fiber lines

0+700

design on both
0+710

0+720
sides of the
0+730

LIMIT OF WORK
walkway
0+740
ROAD-02

0+750 LIMIT OF WORK

ROAD-02
LIMIT OF WORK
0+290

0+300

0+310

0+320

0+330

0+340

0+350

0+360

0+370

0+380

0+390

0+400

0+410

0+420

0+430

0+440

0+450
0+760

0+460

0+470
5.1029

0+480

0+490

0+500

0+510

0+520

0+530

0+540

0+550

0+560

0+570

0+580

0+590

0+600

0+610
0+770

0+620

0+630

0+640

0+650

0+660
0+780
LIMIT OF WORK LIMIT OF WORK
LIMIT OF WORK
0+790
LIMIT OF WORK
LIMIT OF WORK

LIMIT OF WORK
0+800
Site office&Store

0+810

0+820
TELE Type S manhole
Roads center line 0+830
ROAD-01

Figure 4-3: Sample TELE utility lines on study roads

This TELE overhead copper

line relocates again without
any communication with
other utility provider and
AACRA

Figure 4-4: Overhead TELE line on walkway section of the road.

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Table 4-3: Shows the evaluation (process) of AWSSA utility infrastructures provision
on the walkway of urban Roads particularly bole sub-city.

Serial AWSSA(Addis Ababa Water Supply And Sewerage

Assessment Criteria
No Authority)

1 Accountability Direct to Addis Ababa city AWSSA Agency’s.

To provide well planned drainage system and efficient water

2 Major roles and responsibilities
supply.

Planning revision
3 15 (Fifteen years)
period
4 Source of base map Addis Ababa city administration street network plan
On water supply to some extent have used hard copy of street
5 Practice to use digital mapping network map but on sewerage system on most area used
mapping of street network plan by soft and hard copy.
Water supply and sewerage system have used walkway of road
The usual works practice on road
6 section however the implementation is very poor specially
section of walk way.
water supply staff.
Mostly the sewerage crow is moderated to implement land used
The accuracy of land use & utility
7 and design but the water supply crow is very less accurate to
infrastructure designing
work land used and design

8 The scale of operational maps None

Actual location of utilities lines on road

The sewerage system is moderated but water supplies differ
9 walkway relation to its location on
from the location on maps. in addition Very less accurate
maps

Land use and utilities line infrastructure

10 data on the walkway of the road None
linkage to the other stakeholders

11 Stakeholder coordination Sometimes the sewerage crow discussed with stakeholders

particularly in field work but the water supply not carried out
12 Designers Water (Hydrologic) engineers

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The usual work practice of water

supply. They are not used any plan
and GPS system to lay the water
supply lines as we have observed
on sit.

Figure 4-5: Water supply line on the walkway of the roads.

As we have seen all sewerage and

waste water coming from homes
collected and flow in the MH which
are constructed for storm drain. On
these study roads the sewerage line
has not constructed and integrated
with other stakeholders.

Figure 4-6: Temporary waste water lines coming from resident homes

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Table 4-4: Shows the evaluation (process) of Bole Sub-city (Land administration) with
other utility provider.

Serial Bola Sub-City Administration Particularly Land

Assessment Criteria
No Administration

1 Accountability Addis Ababa city administration

To control and develop the growth of the urban land
2 Major roles and responsibilities acquisition and provision for urban development and
infrastructure
Planning revision
3 10 (Ten years)
period
4 Source of base map Addis Ababa city administration Land use plan
5 Practice to use digital mapping Already in uses
Ready the walkway in modern form by using global positioning
The usual works practice on road
6 system (GPS) and realized with better precision which provided
section of walk way.
by AACRA and used utility provider.
The accuracy of land use & utility The land use and the utility provider design have some
7
infrastructure designing difference (2 – 5 m gap)

8 The scale of operational maps 1:2500 to 1:3000

Actual location of utilities lines on road The provided width on the walkway which is the actual land
9 walkway relation to its location on used and the utility provider design has slight difference on
maps actual works.

Land use and utilities line infrastructure

The linkage of the data is relatively good but actually all
10 data on the walkway of the road
stakeholders works on sit have some overlaps.
linkage to the other stakeholders

11 Stakeholder coordination At most time the administration arranges and discuss the
stakeholders how to implement the utility lines on the walkway.
12 Designers Urban planner

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4.2.1 Summarization of bole sub-city administration and utility provider based

on the table listed above
 The result of the primary data reveals that the strategic planning periods for the
Addis Ababa city’s administration, Addis Ababa water supply and sewerage
authority, the electric power provision and TELE depend on the customers’ demand,
rate of urbanization and the city upgrading projects
The land use and utility infrastructure planning period is used to recognize the land
use and utility infrastructure linkage, the level of institutional coordination and the
periodically compatibly among utilities and other land uses. Such periodical disparity
of the utility infrastructure as well as land use planning will have an impact on the
overall development of the city. Consequently, the effort of one authority might be
negatively affected by other authorities as similarly as the problem between the city
water supply and street construction sectors.
 The fundamental rule for land use and utility infrastructure planning is that strategic
decisions can only be good when the maps and the information on it are complete
and useful for different activities. Consequently, it is better to have ‘too’ much
detailed and well laid out information and need to coincide with other utilities map
information.
 The basis of the Addis Ababa city administration utility base map for
telecommunication, water supply and drainage systems and electric power is the city
street network plan. However, EEPCO, AWSSA authority offers to use a simple kind
of field sketchedas the information from the concerned regional utility authority. But
TELE use designed fiber lines underground the walkway but the copper line
overhead system is poor. In general, the agents have done their works without
integrated each other
 TELE and AWSSA and EEPCO department employed the street network map. Thus
the street network served as the base map for the preparation of fiber lines, sewerage
lines and underground electric power system. As it was explained by the department
sometimes the detailed design of each utility providers are made by directly using the
digital street network map or through an alteration of the hard copy into digital
forms. The design is commonly made by civil engineers in Auto Cad programming.

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 The sketch and implementation of overhead electric system is made by electrical

engineers with none defined scale of maps and none digital system. But; for the
future underground power distribution system the design is recognized as it will
prepare in computerized digital system but apply on site have not compatible with
other utility providers.
 Utility infrastructure provision on road walkway has various defects. These defects
well illustrated in terms of planning and institutional coordination, cause-effect
relationships, policy and technological related factors. The application usually
executed as the interest of individual authorities without having a common
regulatory and control measures. The return of all such defective acts resulted in an
adverse effect on the work of the Addis Ababa city road authority, utility agents,
public property, the quality and sustainability of the services.
 Furthermore; the location of utilities on maps is completely different from location
on the ground. These could happen due to lack of common regulatory measures, less
aware of the issue, less use of digital
 Mapping techniques, absence of geo referencing and XYZ coordinating mapping
systems.

 The digging streets are the most common problem in the Addis Ababa city as well as
in other most Ethiopian urban road localities. This made a great trouble on safe
traffic movement, this problem occurred without coordination of utility provider with
the city road authority
 According to the information fromthe stakeholders raised the following points as the
major problems:
 Lack of institutional integration,
 Very low level of communication,
 Improper positioning of utilities,
 Failure to remember the location of underground utilities and
 Damage of utilities is illustrated as major problems of the sector.
In general unplanned and uncoordinated system of utility provider and urban road
development makes difficult to provide utilities lines on the walk way of the roads, the lack
of proper land use and utilities data base greatly affects the efficiency of urban land
development and utilities provision. Furthermore the land use and utility infrastructure
planning period is used to recognize the land use and utility infrastructure linkage, the level

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of utility provider coordination and the periodically compatibly among utilities and other
land uses. Such periodical difference of the utility infrastructure provider on the walk way
and AACRA as well as land use planning will have an impact on the overall development of
road network the city. Consequently, the effort of one authority might be negatively affected
by other authorities However; when there were systems of integrated planning or different
means ofdata base and institutional integration between the Addis Ababa city
administration, Addis Ababa city road authority and utility providers, the result will reduce
the effect among the authorities.

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4.3 The Cause and effect of utility providers’ problem particularly on the walk way
of urban roads

The Causes of Urban Utility Infrastructure Provision Problem on the walk of the
roads.
 Lack of integrated urban utility infrastructure provision policy on the walk way of
the roads.

 Weak institutional coordination between utility provider, AACRA and city

administration

 Less emphasis for the issue of urban planning and plan implementation

 Dependency on traditional utility infrastructure provision approaches on the walk

way.

 Self-determinism of individual utility authorities and inconsistency of standards

among utility authorities.

 Level of accountability.

 Less applicability of urban land and infrastructure providermanagement

 Lack of efficient labor forces and means of incentives

 Lack of comprehensive city plan with utility line map and town street network plan.

 The importance of digital mapping and GIS technologies has very less awareness by
authorities.

 Lack of utilities registration and common base maps among the city administration
and utility infrastructure provider and Addis Ababa city road authority.

In general, the entire listed above are the general causes of weak institutional coordination
between Addis Ababa city administration, Addis Ababa city road authority and utility
providers like (EEPCO, AWSSA, and TELE).

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The effect of Urban Utility Infrastructure Provision Problem on the walk of the
roads.
 SOCIAL IMPACT
 Low quality of utility services like electric power, telecommunication and water
supply.
 Overlap of utilities lines one to other on the same area.
 Physical and visual obstruction effect on day-to-day human activities.
 ECONOMIC IMPACT
 Loss of public property
 Inefficient use of urban land
 Damage of paved streets
 Damage of overlap placement other utilities
 High cost of compensation and restoration and property damage.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT.
 Improper location of utilities
 Contamination of water supply
 Disruption of electric power, tele and water.

4.4 The roles of municipality and utility Agents for the integration of work on walk
way of urban roads.

Thedevelopmentof sustainable urban utility infrastructure on the walk way of Addis Ababa
city administration should know all the basic information about the sub-city’s utility
infrastructure system. In addition the sub-citiesneed to set the standard of utilities spacing
and the required space for each utility on the given space on the walk way on the streets.

Furthermore, the municipality need to have the role of monitoring and controlling the utility
infrastructure provision, guiding urban utility infrastructure networking system, coordinating
utility infrastructure providing institutions and safeguarding the utilities and its
infrastructure.

While the city utility infrastructure providing institutions will have the role of standardized
installation of utility mains, protecting the wellbeing of utilities, providing accurate utility

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data for planners and decision makers, creating coordination with other utility authorities
and the municipality, and updating utilities information.

On the other hand municipalities and utility authorities may need to transfer the utility
infrastructure provision process to the other organization like FIIDCA, Federal Integrated
Infrastructure Coordinating Agents. Such organizations may have the role of

 Coordination and integration of the city utility infrastructure provision process

(planning, provision, management and maintenance).
 Utility data collection, processing and storing;
 Made linkage utilities with urban land development,
 Promoting the use of digital mapping technology,
 Introducing a single information system among the partners and
 Harmonizing the different standards and guidelines into comprehensive regulatory
tools.

4.5 The importance of the problem for municipality, utility providing institutions
and policy makers

This study provided an important study results for Addis Ababa City Administration, Addis
Ababa City Road Authority and utility provider like EEPCO, AWSSA and TELEas well as
professionals within the area of study.

The study will provide the following benefits.

 Identification common issue between stakeholders to solve the problem.

 Encourages institutional coordination among utility infrastructures provider on

the walk way.

 Decrease continuously relocation of utilities lines on the walk way of the road.

Helpcomfortable provision of utility infrastructure

 Efficient use of stakeholder provider resources.

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 Help the administration to easy and comfortable.

 Used as input for further dissection of the problem faced on walk way of the
urban roads.

 Used to develop a Master (Strategic) Plan to all stakeholders.

 Identify, prioritize and develop an integrated and coordinated plan for

implementation of utility lines on the walkway of the roads.
 Create an effective partnership framework between stakeholders.

 Improves the overall utilities networking, management and controlling system.

 Reduces the time requirement for utility infrastructures design preparation.

 Improve well planned urban road utility infrastructure provision.

 Improve management performance.

 Improve time spent for utility infrastructure installation and location.

 Develop reliable utility data/information.

 Develop formulas and standards for assessment of compensation.

In general the study could have a lot of use for Addis Ababa City Administration, Addis
Ababa City Road Authority and utility provider like EEPCO, AWSSA and TELE. This is
therefore all stakeholders have to be used this study an input of the problem of each
stakeholders.

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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Utility infrastructure on the walk way section of the roads refers to the fundamental facilities
and a system serving urban walk way road sections of the city, which supports the easy
movementof energy, water, waste and information and it is commonly named as public
utility. Basically an integration of public utilities allows for more effective and efficient use
of resources. The study considered uncoordinated of the provision of utility lines on the
walk way of road section. The study considered the problem of Addis Ababa city
particularly bole-sub city of EEPCO, AWSSA and TELE utility infrastructure provision.

The work Addis Ababa city utility infrastructure provision is wellcharacterized by various
defects. Which is resulted from process based defects, lack of integrated urbanutility
infrastructure policy, institutional, planning and technological related problems.

The process based defect is caused due to the inconsistency of utilitiesadministration,

decision making procedures, and unclear intra-sectorial roles and responsibilities. All such
limitations effected on incompatibility of utilities and administrative functions, gap among
utilities and urban land development, inconsistency in land use and utility infrastructure
planning, and contradiction among utilities.

Still the efficiency of the sub-city development is very much distressed byimproperly
location of power lines, unevenly location of utility lines, an overlap of utilities, and high
cost of compensation.

The summary of the cause-effect relationship of the problem reveals the potential causes and
associated effects of the problem. Consequently it provides an important study results to
Addis Ababa City Administration, utility service providers, policy makers and professionals.

Generally the lack of a single formalized decision making system, procedure and common
standard highly affects the work of municipalities, public properties, the quality and
sustainability of utilities. Basically this may not be the fault of the local utility authorities

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but it may also be the fault of the city administration and the general institutional setup of
urban utility infrastructure provision and land use planning systems in the national and
regional levels of the country.

5.2 Recommendation

5.2.1 Introduction

In Addis Ababa the process of linkage between urban utility infrastructure providers and
urban development partners like sub-city is very much lower than what to be done.
Consequently, this is time to explore more structured and harmonized planning and
institutionalized solutions to the problem.
Therefore this section suggested alternative solutions for the problem of urban
utilityinfrastructure provision in the walk way of the roads.in addition the city
administration, utility providers and policy makers are used this recommendation as an input
to solve the problem.

5.2.2 General suggestion

Urban utility infrastructures provision on road section of the wake way are too important to
be plannedand managed in a sustainable way as importantly as their symbiotic roles in
economic and social development.This emphasizes the importance of integrated urban land
and utility infrastructure provision on road development strategies.

Land use and utility infrastructure planning and plan implementationand coordination
municipalities and utility authorities should do a lot to maximize the planning, institutional,
financial and quality of services related benefits. The joint performances need be applied
within the overall process of utility infrastructure provision agents, Addis Ababa city
administration and Addis Ababa city road authority.

For the harmonized of Addis Ababa city administration plan, Addis Ababa city road
authority and urban utility infrastructure provision on road section of the walk wayissue are
summarized andprovide recommendation.

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I. Develop a Master (Strategic) Plan, which will serve for the Agency as a Road Map
and Guide or a Platform

II. Improvement of efficient use of resource and data standardization.

III. There must be strong institutional coordination among the partners.

IV. Develop an integrated and coordinated plan for implementation of major

infrastructure on road section.

V. Development of joint utility infrastructure and land use development strategy.

VI. Create an effective partnership framework between stakeholders and sub

administration.

VII. Improve urban land and utility infrastructure management system and establishment
scientific data base.

VIII. Municipalities and utility authorities should work together with respect to their roles
and responsibilities to provide an integrated and efficient urban utility infrastructure
services.

IX. Develop and determine codes, designs, color type and standards of signs and
markings used in existing and new utility lines and; instruct and inspect that every
implementing organ to use the signs and markings at the right place and time.

X. Utility partners must have suitable base map, regularly registered and land use
information. Thus, it is so worth full to have strong link between the land use plans
and utility maps.

XI. The walk way of the streets is recommended to have sufficient width to allow space
for all relevant utility infrastructure, landscape elements, indented parking spaces,
future carriageway widening and cycle paths.

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XII. The walk way of the roads the utilities lines are advised to install before the
development of the area. If so this will reduce unnecessary expenses of
compensation and utilities disruption.

XIII. Provide training for stakeholders how to integrate infrastructure development

planning, design and implementation.

XIV. Enhance effective communications and transparency between the city administration
and stakeholders as well as with the public, as required to promote accountability,
minimize risks and save time and money during implementation of major utility line
on road.

XV. Computerized digital mapping system must be employed like GPS and used modern
lay out instrument like total station.

XVI. All the geo-referenced utility maps should realize in to the ground with the help of
total-station, accurate GPS and other instruments.

XVII. Submit annual and semi-annual reports or as required to the Board and other major
stakeholders on the status coordination and integration challenges as well as potential
conflicts and risks, which may have been prevented or mitigated or may still be on
the horizon.

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CHAPTER 6 REFERENCE AND ANNEXES

6.1 Reference

 Federal Integrated Infrastructure Development Coordinating Agency (FIIDCA),

August 2014, Ethiopia.

 Addis Ababa Millennium Secretariat, 2007. Addis Ababa in the Past and its
Prospects in the New Millennium. Addis Ababa Millennium Secretariat,
AddisAbaba, Ethiopia.

 M.Nyarirangwe, ‘Harnessing the Utility of Urban Infrastructure Asset Management

in Ethiopia Cities: Challenges and Opportunity. Ethiopian Civil Service Collage,
Ethiopia.

 Ministry of Works and Urban Development, Federal Urban Planning Institute,

(2006): Integrated Urban Infrastructure Services Planning Manual.

 Ministry of Works and Urban Development, August 1998 E.C. Urban Development
Policy (Amharic Version). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 The urban Institute, (2005): Infrastructure Condition Assessment and Maintenance

Strategies Manual. Urban Development Capacity Building Office, Ministry of
Federal Affairs.

 Dawite Bekele, 1996. ‘The Ethiopian Telecommunications: Past, Present and

Future’. First ESS Conference on Ethiopian Telecommunications in the Information
Age, Washington, DC, 2 July.

 GTZ-IS, (2006): Infrastructure Assessment Final Report. Urban Development

Capacity Building Office.
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 Pickering, D., park, J.M. & Bannister, D.B., 1993. ‘Urban Management and
Infrastructure’: Utility Mapping and Record Keeping For Infrastructure. World
Bank, Washington, DC 20433, USA

 Bishop, I.D., Escibar, F.J., Karuppannan, s. & Williamson, I.P. (2000). Spatial Data
Infrastructures for Cities in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Bangkok
Experience. University of Melbourne, Australia.

 Graham, S. and Marvin, S., 1994. ‘Managing Cities: The New Urban Context’,
Healey, P.ET AL (Eds.). More than Ducts and Wires: Post-Fordism Cities andUtility
Networks. John Wiley, London.

 EEPCO, 2005. ‘Technical Specification/Cable system Inst. & Testing’: Training

Course-Underground Cables. SWECO international, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 Ethio Telecomm, 2011. Engineering Rules and Procedures for Designing and
Construction of Fixed Access Network/FAN.

 Ministry of Construction and Urban Development, 2004. Urban Planning and

Implementation Manual. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

 Printchard, H.D., 2004. Sustainability of USAID - Financed Utility Infrastructure

Activities in Egypt. Report No. 6-263-05-001-S. 6, Cairo, Egypt.

 Government of India Ministry of urban Development (2005). Guidelines for Urban

Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns. New Delhi.

 EEPCO, 2008. Energy Access Project: Urban Distribution Rehabilitation and

Expansion Project. SWECO international, Construction Manual Rev 7.

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 Mustafa Khamis Farahat, 2005. ‘Greater Cairo Utility data Canter’: Application of
Geographic Information System in Field of Utilities. Cairo, Egypt.

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6.2 Annexes

6.2.1 Questionnaires

Interview Questionsto:
TELE
EEPCO
AWSSA (Pipe and sewer lines)

1. Describe the existing problem of utility infrastructure providers and municipality?

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. Describe the existing relation of utility infrastructure providers and
municipality?_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___
3. What will be the role of municipality’s and utility providers in the process of
improvingthese problems?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
4. What is the relation of municipality with utility infrastructure providers?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
5. The major cause for the shifting of utility lines respectively authority.
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
6. Does the agency have the design to install the utility lines?
__________________
7. Is there formal discussion experience between agencies regarding utility
infrastructure provision?
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
8. What is your agency’s suggestion to solve utility infrastructure provision
problems?
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_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
9. What are the major problems of the agency in the last few years, in the process of
utility facility planning, provision, implementand management?
_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10. What are the major problems of the municipality to collaborate with utility
facility providers to plan, implement and managing?
11. What is the distance gap from the other utility lines? (Horizontally and
vertically)?_______________________________________________________
12. How is the accountability of the stake holders?
_______________________________________________________________
13. What is the time of plan revision period?
_________________________________________________________

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Interview questions for Bola sub-city administration:

1. Does the sub-city work together with Federal Integrated Infrastructure

Development Coordinating Agency (FIIDCA) in the preparation of planning?
____________________________
2. Does the sub-city have arranged program to participate the stakeholder and
FIIDCA in the process of planning?____________________________________

3. Does the sub-city have a plan to integrate the utility infrastructure? If yes______

4. What are the main problems of the sub-city to participate the stakeholder on the
planning?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

5. What actions have been taken by the sub-city to solve these problems?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

6. What will be the role of municipality’s and utility infrastructure providing

agencies’ in the process of improving these problems?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
7. How is the accountability of the bole sub – city?
_________________________________________________________________

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8. What is the time of plan revision period?

__________________________________________________________

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