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    Lecture 4.2 - Applied-Genetics

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    Lecture 4.2 - Applied-Genetics

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    5 views28 pages

    Lecture 4.2 - Applied-Genetics

    Uploaded by

    21-02923

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Genetics Notes!

    Johann Gregor Mendel


    • Father of Genetics
    • Principle of Independent Assortment –
    Inheritance of one trait has no effect on the
    inheritance of another trait
    Traits
    • Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent
    to offspring
    • Traits are determined by the genes on the
    chromosomes. A gene is a segment of DNA that
    determines a trait.
    • Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, thus genes
    come in pairs.
    Homologous pairs – matching genes – one from female
    parent and one from male parent
    • Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.
    One set from dad – 23 in sperm
    One set from mom – 23 in egg
    Dominant and Recessive Genes
    • Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” –
    dominant
    • Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present –
    recessive
    • Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T
    Recessive gene – lower case letter – t

    Recessive
    Dominant
    color
    color
    Genotype and Phenotype
    • Combination of genes an organism has (actual gene
    makeup) – genotype
    Ex: TT, Tt, tt
    • Physical appearance resulting from gene make-up –
    phenotype
    Ex: hitchhiker’s thumb or straight thumb
    Applied
    Genetics
    selection
    Choosing parents with desirable
    genes and rejecting parents with
    undesirable genes.

    Luther Burbank (1849-1926)


    He is the world’s foremost selective breeder,
    and produced more than 250 varieties of fruit.
    INBREEDING
    HYBRIDIZING OR CROSSBREEDING
    Other plant breeding methods

    Plant breeding

    Embryo culture technique

    Synthetic seed engineering

    Gene splicing technique


    Genetic improvement on humans

     the Mendelian laws also applies to humans


     researchers theorized that men may be able to
    discover the secret of life, the cure of hereditary
    diseases and defects and possibly produce a race
    with superior qualities through genetic engineering
     moral and ethical issues are involved in manipulating
    genes to clone human beings
    mutation
    Restriction enzymes
    Dna insertion
    THE HUMAN
    GENOME
    Dna sequencing

    Modern Dna sequencing


    Dna fingerprint
    CLONING
    • type of genetic engineering in which an exact
    duplicate of an organism is created from a single
    body cell.
    • This is done in trees to produce many organisms from
    a single organism in order to reforest certain areas has
    only been the last few years that it has been possible
    in mammals as well.
    • This type of genetic engineering is artificial and done
    in a laboratory.
    Genetic engineering
    plants animals
    Genetic engineering
    humans
    APPLICATIONS OF DNA
    TECHNOLOGY

    3 Main Areas Of Use


    Industrial
    Medical
    Agricultural
    TRANSGENIC BACTERIA
    IINDUSTRIAL USES
    • Breaking down pollutants to harmless products
    • Degradation of spilled oil, extraction of minerals from
    ores, bioremediation

    MEDICAL USES
    • Production of hormones: growth hormone, insulin
    • Producing phenylalanine for artificial sweeteners

    AGRICULTURAL USES
    • Reduction of frost damage to plants
    • Increased rate of nitrogen fixation in the soil.
    TRANSGENIC PLANTS
    Plants are more difficult to genetically engineer than
    bacteria because
    • No plasmids
    • Thick cell wall
    • Mechanical vectors commonly used

    Engineered plants may:


    • Resist herbicides
    • Produce internal pesticides
    • Increase protein production
    TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

    • Used for studying diseases and roles played by


    specific genes with a view to curing some
    human diseases
    Examples:
    1. Goats engineered to produce high levels
    of human protein to dissolve blood clots.
    2. Cows engineered to produce higher milk
    yields

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