WEEK 1 GENETIC ENGINEERING - Final

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Prepared by: Jayrald L. Cruzada R.N., L.P.T.

GENERAL TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
IN FIRST QUARTER
1. Recombinant DNA
2. Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and

Theories of Evolution
3. Basic Taxonomic Concepts and Principles,
Description, Nomenclature, Identification, and
Classification
INTRODUCTION
GENETIC ENGINEERING
CLASSICAL GENETIC
BREEDING ENGINEERING
CLASSICAL
BREEDING
✔mating of organisms with desirable qualities
✔does not involve any direct manipulation of
genetic material.
✔(Non-Genetically Modified Organisms)
Classical Breeding/Artificial selection:
✔breeders choose which organism to mate to produce
offspring with desired traits.
✔They cannot control what genes are passed.
✔When they get offspring with the desired traits, they
maintain them.
SELECTIVE BREEDING
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
Selective breeding:
✔when animals/plants with desired characteristics
are mated to produce offspring with those desired
traits.
✔Passing of important genes to next generation.
Process of Selective Breeding
• Selective breeding occurs when you choose the
best male and female to breed.
• This allows you to fine tune and control the traits
• The offspring or babies will then have the best
traits.
• Then you continue to breed those organism with
the best traits, those traits will be maintained.
Champion race horses
People breed dogs for specific purposes.
• Dachshund were once bred to hunt badgers and other
burrowing animals.
• They must be small to fit into the animals hole in the
ground.
• Angus cows are bred to
increase muscle mass so
that we get more meat,
• Egg-Laying Hen-produces
more eggs than the average
hen
• A. Hybridizations: two organisms with unlike
characteristics are crossed to produce the best in
both organisms.
• Hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the

qualities of two organisms of different breeds,
varieties, species or genera through sexual
reproduction.
• Example: In the late 1800s Luther Burbank created
a disease resistant potato called the Burbank
potato.
• He crossed a disease resistant plant with one that
had a large food producing capacity.
• Result: disease resistant plant that makes a lot of
potatoes.
Other Examples of hybridization:
1. Liger: lion and tiger mix
2. Grape + apple= grapple. The fruit tastes like grapes
and looks like apple.
Advantages
✓ passing along favorable traits
✓ prolonging the survival of a threatened or
endangered species
Disadvantage
✓ Genetic swamping due to its disruptive
effects on genetic integrity of species and
potential to eliminate unique adaptations.
✓ hybrid animals have more difficulty finding
mates and successfully breeding.
B. Inbreeding
• breeding of organism that genetically similar to
maintain desired traits.
• Dog breeds are kept pure this way.
• It’s how a Doberman remains a Doberman.
• It keeps each breed unique from others.
Advantages:
✓ Inbreeding is done to develop purelines.
✓ It increases the homozygosity and helps in the
accumulation of superior genes.
✓ Inbreeding also helps in eliminating less
desirable genes.
Disadvantages:
✓ since both have the same genes, the chance
that a baby will get a recessive genetic disorder
is high.
✓ blindness, joint deformities.
✓ Inbreeding decreases variations.
• Variation: difference between individuals of a
species.
• For example: Some humans have blond hair and
some have brown. This is a variation among
humans.
• Some finches have short beaks, some have long
beaks.
Concept Summary
Classical breeding has been used to create many
of the things familiar to life today:
✔modern agriculture
✔domesticated plants and animals
✔all cat and dog breeds
✔many of the existing commonly used industrial
yeast strains.
OTHER NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL BREEDING
Wagyu Beef
Macapuno trait in coconut
Wheat Soybeans
Guapple (Large-sized Guava)
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
✔the alteration of an organism’s genotype using
recombinant DNA technology to modify an
organism’s DNA to achieve desirable traits.
Different terms used for genetic engineering :
1) Recombinant DNA technology
2) Gene manipulation
3) Gene cloning
4) Genetic modification
5) New genetics
✔The addition of foreign DNA in the form of
recombinant DNA vectors generated by molecular
cloning is the most common method of genetic
engineering.
✔The organism that receives the recombinant
DNA is called a genetically modified organism
(GMO).
✔If the foreign DNA that is introduced comes
from a different species, the host organism is
called transgenic.
CLASSICAL BREEDING GENETIC ENGINEERING
SELECTIVE BREEDING RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
INDIRECT DIRECT
Non-Specific Manipulation Specific
Non-GMO GMO
Alteration
Modification
Genetic Material

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

Prepared by: Jayrald L. Cruzada R.N., L.P.T.

2. Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and

• Hybrid is the offspring resulting from combining the

Non-Specific Manipulation Specific

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