AWP Assignment 1

UNIT 1 rollno:20311a04f3
1)What are the far field conditions for an antenna?
a) In power pattern-P[θ, Φ]
in E-field pattern-E[θ, Φ]
2)define:
i)Solid Angle:It is a measure of the amount of field of view form some particular point that a given
object covers
ii)Steradian: It is the unit of solid angle in the SI units also called as square radian
3) State Reciprocity Theorem for antenna.
a) the ratio of transmitted power from the transmitting antenna to the received power of the
receiving antenna will not change even when the modes of the antennas are interchanged.
4)Distinguish between isotropic and directional radiators.

a) An "isotropic antenna" should not be confused with an "omnidirectional antenna"; an isotropic
antenna radiates equal power in all three dimensions, while an omnidirectional antenna radiates
equal power in all horizontal directions, with the power radiated varying with elevation angle, but
decreasing in the direction
5)Explain the concept of Retarded vector potential

a) the electromagnetic potentials for the electromagnetic field generated by time-varying
electric current or charge distributions in the past.
6) Write the relation between effective aperture and Directivity
a) The effective aperture of an antenna is uniquely related to its directivity. By using the
directivity and effective aperture of a short dipole, which are relatively easily calculated, a
general interrelation between effective aperture and directivity, valid for any antenna, will be
derived.
7) Define antenna Temperature
a) Antenna Temperature is a measure of the noise being produced by an antenna in a given

environment. This is also called an Antenna Noise Temperature. It is not the physical
temperature of the antenna.
8) What are the factors that contribute to the efficiency of antenna?

a) A high efficiency antenna has most of the power present at the antenna's input radiated
away. A low efficiency antenna has most of the power absorbed as losses within the
antenna, or reflected away due to impedance mismatch.
9) Define the terms radiation intensity and directivity.
a) Directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given

direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The
average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π.
10) What is meant by Beam Area?

a) Beam Area. According to the standard definition, “Beam area is the solid angle through
which all the power radiated by the antenna would stream if P (θ, Ø) maintained its
maximum value over ΩA and was zero elsewhere.”
11) What is meant by Polarization?

a) polarization, property of certain electromagnetic radiations in which the direction and
magnitude of the vibrating electric field are related in a specified way.
12) Define isotopic source.

a)for an isotropic source at a point z0,the excitation fluence rate phi at aa pont (Ps,zs) can be
described as fluence rate in terms of a positive source and a negative image source for a semi infinite
medium.
13) Find the directivity of antenna having a power gain of 45dB and an efficiency of 90%.
a) 0.81 dB See what the community says and unlock a badge.
14) Define the terms antenna efficiency and radiation efficiency
a) The efficiency of the antenna in performing this conversion, known as antenna radiation
efficiency, is defined as the ratio of the power dissipated into space to the net power
delivered to the antenna by the transmitter circuits.
15) How the retarded potentials are helped to estimate radiated fields at far field? Justify?
a) The electromagnetic field travels at certain velocity and hence the potentials at the
observation point (due to the changing charge at source) are experienced after a certain
time delay. Such potentials are called retarded potentials.
The retarded potentials at a radial distance r from an antenna source fed with a single
frequency sinusoidal waves, is shown to be
Φ(r)=14πϵ∫Vρ(z′)e−jkRRd3z′A(r)=μ4π∫VJ(z′)e−jkRRd3z′(1)Φ(r)=14πϵ∫Vρ(z′)e−jkRRd3z′A(r)=μ4π∫VJ(
z′)e−jkRRd3z′(1)
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where, the quantity k = ω/c = 2 π/λ is called the free-space wavenumber. Also, ρ is the
charge density, J is the current density, Φ is the electric potential and A is the magnetic
potential that are functions of both radial distance.
UNIT 2
1)What is the radiation resistance of half wave dipole antenna?
a) Length of dipole = λ/2. Directivity = 1.64 or 2.15 dBi. Impedance for half-wave dipole
antenna in free space is 73 Ω
2) Define monopole Antenna

a) A monopole antenna is a class of radio antenna consisting of a straight rod-shaped
conductor, often mounted perpendicularly over some type of conductive surface, called
a ground plane.
3) Calculate the number of elements required to design a linear array of length 50λ
a)n=101
5) Define Dipole Antenna
a) A dipole antenna commonly consists of two identical conductive elements such as metal
wires or rods. The driving current from the transmitter is applied, or for receiving antennas
the output signal to the receiver is taken, between the two halves of the antenna.
6) Define Hertizian Dipole
a) A Hertzian dipole is commonly defined as an electrically-short and infinitesimally-thin

straight filament of current, in which the density of the current is uniform over its length.
7) Define collinear array and Parasitic Array

a) Parasitic array - This is an endfire array which consist of multiple antenna elements in a
line of which only one, the driven element, is connected to the transmitter or receiver, while
the other elements, called parasitic elements, are not.
A Collinear array consists of two or more half-wave dipoles, which are placed end to end.
These antennas are placed on a common line or axis, being parallel or collinear. The
maximum radiation in these arrays is broad side and perpendicular to the line of array.
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8) Why array antennas are preferred over a single radiator?
a) An antenna array can achieve higher gain (directivity), that is a narrower beam of radio
waves, than could be achieved by a single element.
9) Define Array Factor
a) The array factor is the complex-valued far-field radiation pattern obtained for an
array of isotropic radiators located at coordinates , as determined by: where are the
complex-valued excitation coefficients, and is the direction unit vector.
10) compare small loop and large loop antennas

a) There are two types of loop antenna: electrically small loop antennas
and electrically large loop antennas. If the total loop circumference is less than one-
tenth of the wavelength, the loop antenna is considered electrically small. The
circumference of an electrically large loop antenna is close to a wavelength
11) What is a uniform linear array?

a) The uniform linear array (ULA) arranges identical sensor elements along a line in
space with uniform spacing. You can design a ULA with phased. ULA . When you use this
object, you must specify these aspects of the array: Sensor elements of the array.
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UNIT 3
1) What are the various feeds used in reflectors?
a) A variety of different feed techniques can be used with parabolic reflector antennas
including: focal feed, Cassegrain, Gregorian, offset feed. It is possible to use one
of a variety of different feed arrangements when using a parabolic reflector antenna.
2)
2) What is optimum horn? Explain its important features
a) An optimum horn does not yield maximum gain for a given aperture size. That is
achieved with a very long horn (an aperture limited horn). The optimum horn yields
maximum gain for a given horn length. Tables showing dimensions for optimum horns for
various frequencies are given in microwave handbooks.
3) Explain the need of Reflector antenna
a) The function of a standalone reflector is to redirect electro-magnetic (EM) energy,

generally in the radio wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum. corner
reflector, which reflects the incoming signal back to the direction from which it came,
commonly used in radar.
4) Describe the cassegrain method of feeding a parabolic reflector.
a) In telecommunications and radar, a Cassegrain antenna is a parabolic antenna in which

the feed antenna is mounted at or behind the surface of the concave main parabolic reflector
dish and is aimed at a smaller convex secondary reflector suspended in front of the primary
reflector.
5) What are the disadvantages of lens antennas?
a) ➨Its size is large. ➨It incurs relatively large dielectric losses. ➨It is complex to fabricate.
6) Write a brief note on F/D ratio in parabolic reflectors
a) The reflected wave forms a colllimated wave front, out of the parabolic shape. The ratio of
focal length to aperture size (ie., f/D) known as “f over D ratio” is an important parameter of
parabolic reflector. Its value varies from 0.25 to 0.50.
rollno:20311a04f3

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UNIT 1 rollno:20311a04f3

1)What are the far field conditions for an antenna?

3) State Reciprocity Theorem for antenna.

4)Distinguish between isotropic and directional radiators.

5)Explain the concept of Retarded vector potential

6) Write the relation between effective aperture and Directivity

7) Define antenna Temperature

a) Antenna Temperature is a measure of the noise being produced by an antenna in a given

8) What are the factors that contribute to the efficiency of antenna?

a) Directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given

10) What is meant by Beam Area?

11) What is meant by Polarization?

12) Define isotopic source.

14) Define the terms antenna efficiency and radiation efficiency

1)What is the radiation resistance of half wave dipole antenna?

2) Define monopole Antenna

5) Define Dipole Antenna

6) Define Hertizian Dipole

a) A Hertzian dipole is commonly defined as an electrically-short and infinitesimally-thin

7) Define collinear array and Parasitic Array

9) Define Array Factor

10) compare small loop and large loop antennas

11) What is a uniform linear array?

2) What is optimum horn? Explain its important features

3) Explain the need of Reflector antenna

a) The function of a standalone reflector is to redirect electro-magnetic (EM) energy,

4) Describe the cassegrain method of feeding a parabolic reflector.

a) In telecommunications and radar, a Cassegrain antenna is a parabolic antenna in which

5) What are the disadvantages of lens antennas?

6) Write a brief note on F/D ratio in parabolic reflectors

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