OM SAKTHI

ADHIPARASAKTHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

G.B.NAGAR, KALAVAI 632 506
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
2 MARKS QUESTION WITH ANSWER

SUB CODE&NAME: EC2353 ANTENNA&WAVE PROPAGATION

UNIT I ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ANTENNA FUNDAMENTAL
1. Define antenna.
Antenna is a conductor having a length of /2 (or) Antenna is a transducer which converts
electrical to electromagnetic wave (or) Antenna is a impedance matching circuit between
transmission line and free space.
2. What is meant by radiation pattern?
Radiation pattern is graphical representation of radiation and it provides spatial distribution of
radiated energy of the source with respect to angle. It is classified into two types
i)
Field Pattern
ii)
Power Pattern
3. Define Power Pattern.
If the radiation pattern is drawn as radiation in terms of power with respect to angle than it is
called power pattern.

4. What is meant by field pattern?

If the radiation pattern is drawn as radiation in terms of Voltage (Field ) with respect to angle
than it is called power pattern.

5. Define Radiation intensity.

The power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle is called the radiation intensity. It is
denoted by U
The unit of radiation intensity is watts / steridians (or) watts / radian2
It is given by
U = Wrad R2
Wrad - Radiation Density
R
-Distance
6. Define a Hertzian dipole.
When the antenna length (L) is very very small compare to wavelength (L<<<<< ) than it is called
Hertzian dipole (or) Small current element (or) Oscillating dipole (or) elementary dipole.

7. Define vector potential.

The magnetic vector potential or simply vector potential is denoted by a vector A. it potential due to
the charges in a small current element

8. What is meant by retarded Vector potential?

The magnetic Vector potential A is called Retarded Vector Potential when it is delayed due to time
varying current at distance point from the element then it is given by
A(t-r/c) = A(t t) =
9.

Define Isotropic Antenna.

An isotropic antenna radiates equal radiation in all directions the radiation pattern of isotropic antenna
is like a sphere . it is also called as point source

10. Define Beam efficiency.

The ratio of the main beam area (M) to the total beam area (A) is called beam efficiency denoted
as M
Beam efficiency is given by M = M / A
11. Define Directivity.
The directivity D of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the maximum radiation intensity U(, )max
to the average radiation intensity Uavg
D = U(, )max / Uavg
12. Define Directive Gain.
The Directive gain (Gd) in a given direction is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in that
direction to the average radiated power
Directive Gain (Gd) = Radiation intensity in a particular direction
Average radiated power
Gd(, ) = U(, ) / Uavg
13. Define Gain.
It is ratio of maximum power received from test antenna to power received from reference antenna
( isotropic antenna)
G=
Maximum power received from A.U.T
Power Received from Ref. Antenna ( isotropic antenna)
14. What is Power gain?
Power gain is defined as a ratio of power density radiated in a particular direction by the antenna
under test (A.U.T) to Power density radiated in that direction by an isotropic antenna
GP= Power density radiated in a particular direction by the antenna under test (A.U.T)
Power density radiated in that direction by an isotropic antenna

15. Define Beam width.

Antenna beam width is a measure of sharpness of the main radiation ( main beam) Antenna beam
width is an angular width in degrees, measured on the radiation pattern ( major lobe)
They are two different Beam width
HPBW Half power Beam width
FNBW First Null Beam width
16. What is Half Power Beam width (HPBW) ?
Half power Beam width is defined as the angle measured on the radiation pattern between the points
where the radiation power has fallen to half of its maximum value in power pattern (or) the radiated
voltage (Field) fallen to 0.707 times of its maximum value in field pattern.

17. What is meant by First Null Beam width (FNBW) ?

First Null Beam width is defined as the angle measured on the radiation pattern between the points
where the radiation pattern between the points where the radiation power fallen to zero (or) the
radiation voltage fallen to zero

18. Define Input impedance.

The input impedance of the antenna is defined as ratio of voltage to antenna current at the input
terminal of antenna
ZA = VA
IA
19. Define Polarization.
Polarization is represents the orientation of the electric field vector E in space
( Electromagnetic Wave)
There are three types of polarization
o Linear Polarization
o Circular Polarization
o Elliptical Polarization
20. What is meant by Antenna Band width?
The Bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies on either side of a centre frequency where
the antenna characteristics such as input impedance, Beamwidth, Polarization, side lobe level, Gain,
Beam direction, radiation efficiency and Radiation Pattern are within an acceptable value of those at
the centre frequency
BW = W2 W1
= Wr
= fr
Q
Q
fr Resonant frequency ( Centre frequency )

Q is Quality factor
21. State Reciprocity theorem.
The reciprocity theorem for antenna is stated as if a current I1 at the terminals of antenna no. 1
induces an emf E21 at the open terminals of antenna no.2 and a current I2 at the terminals of antenna
no.2 induces an emf E21at the open terminals of antenna no.1 then
E21 = E21 Provided I1 = I2
with Same frequency & same medium.
22. Define Effective Aperture.
It is defined as the ratio of power received at the antenna to the power density of the incident wave
Ae = Pr
S
Pr Received power
S Power Desnsity.
23. What is meant by effective length?
The term effective length represents the effectiveness of an antenna as radiator (or) collector of an
electromagnetic wave energy. It indicates how far an antenna is effective in transmitting (or)
receiving the electromagnetic wave energy.
24. Define Radiation resistance.
Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna's feed point resistance that is caused by
the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna. It can be viewed as the equivalent
resistance to a resistor in the same circuit.
25. What is the relationship between effective aperture and directivity?
D = 4 Aem

2
UNIT II WIRE ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA ARRAYS
1. State pattern multiplication
Total field pattern of an array of non isotropic but similar point sources is the multiplication of the
individual source patterns and the pattern of an array of isotropic point sources, each located at the
phase centre of individual source and having the same relative amplitude and phase while the total
phase pattern is the addition of the phase pattern of the individual sources and the array of isotropic
point sources.

2. Define current element (or) Short Dipole (or) Hertzian Dipole (or) Oscillating dipole (or)
elementary dipole.
When the antenna length (L) is very very small compare to wavelength (L<<<<< ) than it is called
Hertzian dipole (or) Small current element (or) Oscillating dipole (or) elementary dipole.

3. Write the Radiation Resistance Value of Free space, Short Dipole Half Wave Dipole and
Mono Pole?
Free space
= 377 (or ) 120
Short Dipole
= 80 2 ( l / )2
Half Wave Dipole
= 73
Mono Pole
= 36.5
4. Define half wave dipole.
Any linear antenna of / 2 long is called as half wave dipole antenna or Resonant length antenna

5. Define Quarter wave monopole.

Any linear antenna of / 4 long is called as Quarter wave monopole antenna

6. Define Wire Antennas.

Wire antennas are made of thin, conducting straight or curved wire segments or hollow tubes. They
are very easy to construct. The dipole and monopole antennas are examples of straight wire
antennas. The loop antenna is an example of a curved wire antenna.
7. What is meant by loop antenna?
The loop antenna is a radiating coil of any convenient cross section of one or more turns carrying
RF currents.
The different shapes of loop antennas are

Rectangular

Triangular

Circular

Square

8. Define Small loop Antenna

The loop antenna is a radiating coil of any convenient cross section of one or more turns carrying
RF currents. If dimensions are small in comparison to wave length (a <<<< ) than it is small
loop antenna.
9. Write the expression for Radiation resistance of small loop?
Rr = 31200 ( NA/ 2)2
Where N is no. of turns
A is Area of the loop
10.

What are the applications of loop antenna?

Radio Receiver
Aircraft receiver
Direction finding

UHF transmitters

11.

What is meant by Antenna Array?

An antenna array is a system of similar antenna oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a
desired direction

12.

Define Uniform Linear Array.

A uniform Linear Array is one in which the elements are fed with a current of equal magnitude
with uniform phase shift along the line

13.

What is Broad side array and draw its radiation pattern?

The Broad side array is one in which a number of identical parallel antenna are arranged in equal
spacing and feed with equal amplitude and same phase so that the maximum radiation in broad
side of the array.

14.

What is End fire array and draw its radiation pattern?

The End Fire array is one in which a number of identical parallel antenna are arranged in equal
spacing and feed with equal amplitude and out off phase ( Usually 180 ) so that the maximum
radiation in the direction of ends of Antenna array.

15.

Define Colinear Array

Antennas are mounted end to end in single line (or) one antenna stacked over another antenna as
shown in figure is called collinear array

16.

What is meant Phase Difference?

It is a phase difference of the wave between the two points and it is given by
= d cos

17.

Differentiate broadside and end fire array

SI No
Broad Side Array
1
Array elements are fed with the
currents of equal amplitude and
inphase
2
Maximum radiation is
perpendicular to the direction of
array axis
3
BWFN = 2/nd radians

End Fire Array

Array elements are fed with the currents
of equal amplitude and out of phase -d
Maximum radiation is directed along the
array axis.
BWFN = 2 2/nd radians

18.

Define array factor.

The factor by which the array increases the field strength over that of a single element radiating the
same total power.
19. What is meant by Binomial Array
To reduce the side lobe level the antenna are feeded with amplitude proportional to the
efficient of a binomial series of the form

co-

(a+b)n-1= an-2 +(n-1)an-2 b + (n-1)(n-2) an-3b2+

1!
2!
Where n is the number of antennas.
20. Define Non Uniform distributed Array.
To reduce the side lobe level the antenna are feeded with different amplitude (non Uniform) Eg.
Binomial Array.
21.

What are the advantages of antenna arrays?

Greater Directivity in a desired direction
Reduced Side lobes
Antenna Gain is more

22.

What is parasitic array?

A array of antenna which are not directly connected to the energy source is called parasitic array
which is used to increases the directivity and gain in a particular direction

23.

List the HPBW of various amplitude distribution?

Type of distributions
HPBW
Uniform
23
Binomial
31
Optimum
27
Edge
15

24.

What is a Phased array?

The Phased array is one in which a number of identical parallel antenna are arranged in equal
spacing and feed with equal amplitude and Progressive phase shift.

25.

List some of the advantages of pattern multiplication.

Radiation pattern of any no. of isotropic elements can be easily determine
Field strength of an array antenna at any direction can be determine

UNIT III APERTURE ANTENNAS

1. Define Magnetic vector potential.
The magnetic vector potential or simply vector potential is denoted by a vector A. it potential
due to the charges in a small current element

2. Define Electrical vector potential.

3. Define Uniqueness Theorem?
4. State Field Equivalence principle?
5. State Duality Principle?
6. What is meant by Slot antenna?
7. Write down the expression for impedance of slot antenna?
8. What is meant by sectorial horn antenna?
9. What are the different methods of feeding slot antennas?
10. What is the application of slot antenna?
11. What are horn antennas?
12. What is meant by reflector antenna and give its significant?
13. What are secondary antenna?
14. List out the different types of reflector antenna?
15. Define Babinets Principle
16. Give the disadvantages of Cassegrain feed and Gregorian feed?
17. What is meant by spill over?
18. Why slot antenna is called complementary dipole antenna?
19. What is parabolic reflector?
20. What are the different types of feeding for parabolic reflector?
21. Give any three applications of Parabolic reflector?
22. Define Huygens Princple.
23. What is meant by Lens antenna?
24. What are the types of Lens antenna?
25. What is meant by Luneburg Lens antenna?
UNIT IV SPECIAL ANTENNAS AND ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
1. What are standing waves?
2. What is meant by V antenna?
3. What is meant by Traveling Wave Antenna?
4. Name and draw a frequency independent antenna?
5. Draw three element Yagi Uda Antenna
6. Define Parasitic elements (or) Passive element
7. What is meant by Driven Element?
8. Give the length of Director , Reflector and Driven Element in Three element Yagi Uda
Antenna?
9. What is meant by Frequency independent antenna?
10. What is meant by Log Periodic Antenna?
11. Why Log Periodic antenna is feeding in shorter dipoles?

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25.

Why transposing line is need in LPA?

What is effects of decreasing the in LPDA?
What is meant by Turnstile antenna?
What is meant by Biconical antenna?
List out some frequency independent antenna?
What is meant by Helical antenna?
What are the types of radiation modes of operation for a helical antenna?
Draw the radiation pattern of Axial mode and normal mode of helix antenna?
List the applications of helical antenna?
Name and sketch an antenna which provides circularly polarized waves?
What is rhombic antenna and give its applications?
What are the applications of log periodic and Yagi Uda antenna?
Name any four substrate materials for micro strip antenna?
Give the Friis Transmission formula?
UNIT V RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

1. What are the various modes of Propagation?

2. What do you mean by ground Wave Propagation?
3. What do you mean by Sky Wave Propagation?
4. What do you mean by Space Wave Propagation ?
5. Write short notes on D region
6. Write short notes on Normal & Sporadic E region
7. Write short notes on F region?
8. What are different types of diversity reception?
9. What is meant by Faradays rotation?
10. Define skip distance.
11. What is duct propagation?
12. What are the factors that affect the propagation of radio waves?
13. Define Gyro frequency.
14. Define critical frequency.
15. State: Faradays law.
16. What is Magneto Ionic Splitting?
17. Define Virtual Height
18. Define Maximum Usable Frequency(MUF)
19. Define Skip Distance
20. Define Optimum Working Frequency(OWF)
21. State some Ionospheric abnormalities
22. Define Sun Spot Cycle
23. Define Fading and Mention its types
24. What are Whistlers
Write the ranges for various layers of atmosphere