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Design of Pyramidal Horn Antenna With Frequency

3 GHz and Gain 3 dB

Siti Sahhiada Ashikin Binti Mohd Yasim B020910031
Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Malaysia Melaka
sahhiada@gmail.com

AbstractThe purpose of this technical report is to present the
pyramidal horn antenna.This paper also discuss the calculation
of horn antenna and the performance of antenna using
simulation program CST ( Computer Simulation Technology)
Horn antenna have very little loss so the directivity of this
antenna is roughly equal to the gain

Index Terms Pyramidal horn antenna , frequency is 3
GHz and gain is 13 dB, directivity

I. INTRODUCTION
This report is covered how to design Pyramidal Horn Antenna
based on gain and frequency selected. The objectives of this
paper are :
- To explore the operational principle of the pyramidal
horn antenna
- To design a pyramidal horn antenna based on
specification given which including calculation and
simulation
- To measure the antenna radiation pattern, gain,
directivity by simulation using CST software.
[1] Horn antenna is the most simplest and probably used.
It widely used as a feed element for large radio astronomy,
satellite, tracking and communication dishes found installed
throughout the world. There are three basic types of horn
antenna , E- plane sectoral horn ( flared in the direction of the
E-plane only ) , H- plane sectoral horn ( flared in the direction
of the H-plane only) and pyramidal horn antenna ( flared in
both E-plane and H-plane).The horn antenna is mounted on a
waveguide that is almost always excited in single mode
operation. The waveguide is operated at frequency which is
above the cutoff frequency of the TM
10
but below the cutoff
frequency of the next highest mode

Figure 1 : (a) E-plane (b) H-plane (c) pyramidal sectoral
II. DESIGN AND CALCULATION
a. Design of rectangular waveguide
[2] In a rectangular waveguide, radio waves can
propagate in many different modes. For this antenna design,
dominant mode is

has lower attenuation and its
electric field is vertically polarized. In order to design the
waveguide, firstly must calculate the cutoff frequency (f
C
)
for the dominant mode of propagation. Value of a and b is
assumed value in order to get the right cut-off frequency.

Permeability ( ) = 1.2566x10
-6
Henries/meter
Permittivity ( c ) =8.8541x10
-12
Farad/meter
t = 3.1415
a = 6cm , b = 3cm
And the rules is (a>b)
For dominant mode TM
10
, m=1 and n=0
Formula for cut-off frequency after simplify according to the

dominant mode.

Figure 2 :Designed Rectangular waveguide
b. Design of the 3GHz Horn Antenna Aperture
A horn will be optimum when the aperture dimension are
adjusted to give maximum gain for the slant length in the E
and H planes.
2 2
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
n
a
m
f
c
t t
c
t
Unit Hertz (Hz)
c a
f
c
2
1
= Unit Hertz (Hz)
2

Figure 3 : Cross section of waveguide, cut in the E-plane

Figure 4 : Cross section of pyramidal horn, cut in the H-plane
In order to design the horn, the value is calculated by
following the equation.
Wavelength ,

Gain of antenna,
10

Go (
Go ( dB)
Determine value of X,

For
e
and
h

For a
1
and b
1

For P
e
and P
h

For the directivity of the horn antenna can defined in terms of
directivity of E-plane and H-plane sectoral horn :
Calculate value of A and B

Find the value of GE and GH by using the value of A and B

The directivity of the pyramidal horn (
p
D ) can be written in
terms of the directivities of the E-plane and H-plane sectoral
horns

Result of calculation
= 0.1
X(trial) = 1.266856cm
e
=11.384 cm
h
=14.0983 cm
1
a =20.565695 cm
1
b = 15.08907 cm
p
D = 14.99 dBi
h
p =
e
p =6.83102 cm
III. SIMULATION
a. Horn antenna design

Figure 5 : View of Pyramidal Horn Antenna Design (a-
Perspective, b-Front, c-Back, d-Left, e-Right, f-Top, g-
Bottom)

h
a
A
50
1
=

e
b
B
50
1
=
B GE
t
32
= A GH
t
32
=
(
(
(
(
(
=
t
h e
H
G
E
G
p
D
50 50 32
( )
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
e
b b Pe

( )
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
h
a a
h
p
f
c
=
c(speed of light in vacum) = 3x10
8
f(operating frequency) = 10GHz

( )
t t
_
2 2
) (
0
unitless G
trial =
_
t
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
3
8
2
0
G
h
h
a 3
1
~
e
b 2
1
~
( ) cm accurate 1384 . 1 = _
) (trial x
e
=
3

b. Return Loss
Figure 6 : Return loss of the pyramidal antenna
Simulation frequency = 2.8244 GHz , Simulation Return
Loss = -19.91 dB
c. Bandwidth
Bandwidth = 0.2577GHz
Figure 7 : Return loss of the pyramidal antenna
d. Radiation pattern

Phi = 0 is 38.0 degree , Phi = 90 is 33.9 degree
Figure 8 : HPBW of the radiation pattern

FNBW for phi = 90 is 66 degree
Figure 9 : FNBW of the radiation pattern
e. Gain and Directivity

4

Figure 10 : Gain and directivity
The simulated gain = 12.96 dB, The simulated directivity =
12.99dBi

IV. RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

[3] A horn antenna with the horn in the shape of a four-
sided pyramid, with a rectangular cross section. They are the
most widely used type, used with rectangular waveguides, and
radiate linearly polarized radio waves. The gain of a horn is
usually very close to its directivity because the radiation
efficiency is very good (low losses).
The from simulation is 12.96 dB and while the
corresponding gain is 13 dB. The gain of an antenna in a
given direction is the amount of energy radiated in that
direction compared to the energy an isotropic antenna
would radiate in the same direction when driven with the
same input power
Directivity is the ability of an antenna to focus energy
in a particular direction when transmitting, or to receive
energy better from a particular direction when receiving. The
calculated directivity is 1.499 dBi and the measurement is
12.99 dBi. It show that the calculated have higher than
measurement..
The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of
frequencies over which the antenna can operate correctly.
From simulation, the bandwidth that obtain is 0.417 GHZ. The
greater the bandwidth, more accurate result that obtain for
horn antenna.
[4] The return loss is another way of expressing mismatch.
It is a logarithmic ratio measured in dB that compares the
power reflected by the antenna to the power that is fed
into the antenna from the transmission line .The return loss
from the simulation is below than -10dB which is -19.874689
dB .
[5]The radiation pattern of the horn antenna is similar to the
theoretical pattern. The radiation pattern of a horn antenna will
depend on B and A value (the dimensions of the horn at the
opening) and (the length of the horn, which also affects
the flare angles of the horn), along with b and a (the
dimensions of the waveguide).
The pattern consists of a main lobe with many side lobes
adjacent to it. Minor lobes usually represent radiation in
undesired directions, and they should be minimized, the peaks
are referred to as sidelobes
A null is a zone in which the effective radiated power is
at a minimum. A null often has a narrow directivity angle
compared to that of the main beam. An antenna's
beamwidth is usually understood to mean the half-power
beamwidth. The peak radiation intensity is found and then the
points on either side of the peak which represent half the
power of the peak intensity are located. The angular distance
between the half power points is defined as the beamwidth.
Half the power expressed in decibels is 3dB, so the half
power beamwidth is sometimes referred to as the 3dB.

HPBW for phi = 0 is 38.0 degree while for phi = 90 is 33.9
degree. FNBW is taken from the major lobe of the radiation
pattern which is equal to 66 degree.
V. CONCLUSION

Horn are the versatile microwave antenna and easy to design
and build with predictable performance. They should be the
antenna choice for all but the highest gain application. The
gain of horn antenna is often increased , while the beamwidth
decrease as the frequency of operation in increased. This
happens because the size of the horn aperture is always
measured in wavelengths where at higher frequencies the horn
antenna is "electrically larger" and this is because a higher
frequency has a smaller wavelength.

REFERENCES
[1] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory
Analysis & Design. 3
rd
editions John Wiley &
Sons.
[2] http://smartech.gatech.edu/jspui/bitstream/
1853/34414/1/PG_TR_040813_YL.pdf
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_antenna
[4] http://wireless.ictp.it/handbook/C4.pdf
[5] http://www.antenna-
theory.com/antennas/aperture/horn.php
[6] http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~donohoe/
ece4990notes12.pdf
[7] http://www.qsl.net/n1bwt/chap2.pdf

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Design of Pyramidal Horn Antenna With Frequency

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