Unit 2

SEC1313 - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
UNIT 2 BASEBAND PULSE TRANSMISSION 9 Hrs.
Base band transmission - Wave form representation of binary digits -Matched Filter- Error
Rate due to noise -- Nyquist’s criterion for Distortionless Base band Binary Transmission-
Inter symbol Interference - Ideal Nyquist channel - Raised cosine channels- Correlative level
coding - Baseband M-ary PAM transmission- Equalization – Eye patterns- Companding - A
law and μ law- correlation receiver.
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2.1 Introduction
2.2 Waveform representation of binary digits
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2.3 Matched Filter
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2.2.1 Properties of matched filter
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2.3 Error Rate due to noise
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Similarly you can derive
The optimum threshold is given as
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2.4 Inter symbol Interference (ISI)
The residual effects due to the occurrence of pulses before and after the sampling
instant is called inter symbol interference (ISI).
Parameters used to reduce ISI
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2.5 Nyquist’s criterion for Distortionless Base band Binary Transmission
2.5.1 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Criterion
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2.5.2 Ideal Nyquist channel
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2.5.3 Raised cosine channels
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2.6 Correlative level coding
By adding inter symbol interference to the transmitted signal in a controlled manner, it
is possible to achieve a signaling rate equal to the Nyquist rate of 2W symbols per second in
a channel of bandwidth W Hertz. Such schemes are called correlative- level coding or partial-
response signaling schemes.
2.6.1 Duobinary signalling
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2.6.2 Modified Duobinary Signalling
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2.6.3 Generalized form of correlative level coding (Partial response signaling)
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2.7 Baseband M- ary PAM transmission
 Up to now for binary systems the pulses have two possible amplitude levels.
 In a baseband M-ary PAM system, the pulse amplitude modulator produces M
possible amplitude levels with M>2.
 In an M-ary system, the information source emits a sequence of symbols from an
alphabet that consists of M symbols.
 Each amplitude level at the PAM modulator output corresponds to a distinct symbol.
 The symbol duration T is also called as the signaling rate of the system, which is
expressed as symbols per second or bauds.
 Let’s consider the following quaternary (M=4) system.
 The symbol rate is 1/ (2Tb), since each symbol consists of two bits.
 The symbol duration T of the M- ary system is related to the bit duration Tb of the
equivalent binary PAM system as
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 For a given channel bandwidth, using M-ary PAM system, log2M times more
information is transmitted than binary PAM system.
 The price we paid is the increased bit error rate compared binary PAM system.
 To achieve the same probability of error as the binary PAM system, the transmit power
in M -ary PAM system must be increased.
 For M much larger than 2 and an average probability of symbol error small compared
to 1, the transmitted power must be increased by a factor of M 2 / log2M compared to
binary PAM system.
 The M-ary PAM transmitter and receiver is similar to the binary PAM transmitter and
receiver.
 In transmitter, the M-ary pulse train is shaped by a transmit filter and transmitted
through a channel which corrupts the signal with noise and ISI.
 The received signal is passed through a receive filter and sampled at an appropriate
rate in synchronism with the transmitter.
 Each sample is compared with preset threshold values and a decision is made as to
which symbol was transmitted.
 Obviously, in M-ary system there are M -1 threshold levels which makes the system
complicated.
 The raised cosine pulse shape, which is ISI-free for binary signaling is also ISI-free for
M -ary signaling.
2.8 Equalization
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2.8.1 Adaptive Equalization
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2.9 Eye patterns
The quality of digital transmission systems are evaluated using the bit error rate.
Degradation of quality occurs in each process modulation, transmission, and detection. The
eye pattern is experimental method that contains all the information concerning the
degradation of quality. Therefore, careful analysis of the eye pattern is important in analyzing
the degradation mechanism.
Eye patterns can be observed using an oscilloscope. The received wave is applied to
the vertical deflection plates of an oscilloscope and the saw tooth wave at a rate equal to
transmitted symbol rate is applied to the horizontal deflection plates, resulting display is eye
pattern as it resembles human eye.
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2.9.1 Performance of data transmission system using eye pattern
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2.10 Companding
2.10.1 μ law Companding
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2.10.2 A law Companding
2.11 Correlation Receiver
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SEC1313 - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

UNIT 2 BASEBAND PULSE TRANSMISSION 9 Hrs.

2.2 Waveform representation of binary digits

The optimum threshold is given as

Parameters used to reduce ISI

2.5.1 Nyquist Pulse Shaping Criterion

2.6.1 Duobinary signalling

2.10.1 μ law Companding

2.11 Correlation Receiver

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