CN Lab 3, 6

3.
Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight wired cable

using crimping tool
Aim: Study of different types of Network cables and Practically implement the
cross-wired
cable and straight through cable using clamping tool.
Apparatus (Components): RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair
Cable
1. Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the
cable. Be very careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which
are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics of your cable, or even worse
render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there
are any, just whack the whole end off, and start over.
2. Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with
your other hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside
the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of 'untwisted' wire
at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have
ALOT more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
3. You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are
using a pre-made cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one
end to install - the crossed over end.
Below are two diagrams, which show how you need to arrange the cables for
each type of cable end. Decide at this point which end you are making and
examine the associated picture below.
Use straight through cable and crossover cables for the following cabling:
6. Study of network device(Switch, Router, Bridge)
Switch:
A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A switch
is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets
that have errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct port only.
In other words, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts, but the
broadcast domain remains the same.
Types of Switch
Unmanaged switches: These switches have a simple plug-and-play design
and do not offer advanced configuration options. They are suitable for small
networks or for use as an expansion to a larger network.
Managed switches: These switches offer advanced configuration options

such as VLANs, QoS, and link aggregation. They are suitable for larger, more
complex networks and allow for centralized management.
PoE switches: These switches have Power over Ethernet capabilities, which
allows them to supply power to network devices over the same cable that
carries data.
Local area network (LAN) switches
LAN switches, or local area network switches, are typically used to link
locations on a company’s internal LAN. It also is referred to as an Ethernet
switch or a data switch. Allocating bandwidth efficiently prevents data packets
from overlapping as they travel via a network. Before directing the delivered
data packet to its intended destination, the LAN switch delivers it. These
switches alleviate network congestion or bottlenecks by sending a packet of
data solely to its intended receiver.
Router:
A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer

networks. One or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks can be
connected using a router. By sending data packets to their intended IP
addresses, it manages traffic between different networks and permits several
devices to share an Internet connection.
Let us understand this by a very general example, suppose you search for
www.google.com in your web browser then this will be a request which will be
sent from your system to google`s server to serve that webpage, now your
request which is nothing but a stream of packets don`t just go to the google`s
server straightaway they go through a series of networking devices known as
a router which accepts this packets and forwards them to correct path and
hence it reaches to the destination server. A router has several interfaces by
which it can connect to several host systems.
Types of Router
There are several types of routers available in the market. Some of them are
mentioned below:
Broadband Routers: These are one of the important kinds of routers. It is

used to do different types of things. it is used to connect computers or it is
also used to connect to the internet.
Wireless routers: These routers are used to create a wireless signal in your
office or home. Wireless routers receive data packets over wired broadband,
convert the packets written in binary code into radio signals that are picked
up by electronic devices, and then convert them back into previous packets.
Edge Routers: As the name indicates, these are located at the edges usually
connected to an Internet Service Provider, and distribute packets across
multiple packets.
Core Routers: Core routers distribute packets within the same network. The
main task is to carry heavy data transfers.
3. Bridges:
A bridge is a network device that connects two or more LANs (local area
networks) to form a larger LAN. Network bridging refers to the process of
aggregating networks. A bridge connects the various components, making
them appear to be part of a single network.
In the OSI model, a bridge operates at layer 2, or the data link layer. This is
primarily to inspect incoming traffic and determine whether it should be
filtered or forwarded.
Uses of Bridge in Computer Network:
• Bridges are used to increase the network capacity as they can integrate
multiple LANs together.
• On receiving a data frame, databases use the bridge to decide whether
to accept or reject the data.
• In the OSI model, it can be used to transmit the data to multiple nodes
of the network.
• Used to broadcast the data even if the MAC address or destination
address is unavailable.
• It forwards data packets despite faulty nodes.
• The data packet can be forwarded or discarded by the bridge when the
MAC address is available.
Types of Bridges in Computer Networks
Transparent Bridge
It's an invisible computer network bridge, as the name implies. This bridge's
primary function is to block or forward data based on the MAC address. The
other devices in the network are entirely unaware that bridges exist. These
are the most common bridges, and they work transparently for all networks
connected to hosts.
This bridge keeps MAC addresses in a table similar to a routing table. When
a packet is routed to its destination, this calculates the information. As a
result, it can also combine several bridges to monitor incoming traffic better.
Typically, these bridges are used in Ethernet networks.
Source-Route Bridge
It decides the route between two hosts. The entire frame route is contained
within a single frame in this bridge. As a result, the bridge will make precise
decisions about how the structure will be forwarded over the network.
The data link layer is connected to two similar network segments using this
method. It can be done in a distributed manner wherever the bridging
algorithm combines end stations.
Translational bridge
Translational bridges are a type of network bridge that can translate between
various network protocols. This enables devices on different networks to
communicate with one another, even if they are using different protocols.
It can connect different types of networks and helps in improving network

security and performance. The only downside to them is that they area
difficult to configure and manage.

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3.

Practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight wired cable

Managed switches: These switches offer advanced configuration options

Local area network (LAN) switches

A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer

Broadband Routers: These are one of the important kinds of routers. It is

Types of Bridges in Computer Networks

It can connect different types of networks and helps in improving network

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