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Assessment of biomass carbon stock in an

Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. plantation Uttarakhand,
India

Article · December 2013

DOI: 10.5897/JENE213.0404

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 Vol. 5(11), pp. 352-359, November 2013
DOI: 10.5897/JENE213.0404
ISSN 2006-9847 ©2013 Academic Journals Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment
[Link]

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of biomass carbon stock in an Ailanthus

excelsa Roxb. plantation Uttarakhand, India
Nishita Giri1* and Laxmi Rawat
Forest Ecology and Environment Division, FRI, Dehradun, India.
Accepted 26 September, 2013

The article presents biomass carbon stock for an Ailanthus excelsa plantation in Dehradun Forest
Division, Uttarakhand, India. Destructive sampling was used to calculate the biomass of A. excelsa and
undergrowth vegetation (shrubs and herbs); volumetric equations were used for estimating the biomass
of associated tree species. The total biomass of A. excelsa was calculated as 126.07 t ha-1 with above
ground biomass (AGB) 102.96 t ha-1 and below ground biomass (BGB) 23.11 t ha-1. The total biomass of
the two associated tree species was estimated as 43.91 t ha-1 (AGB 34.01 and BGB 9.9 t ha-1). The total
biomass of shrub and herb species was calculated as 1.62 and 0.98 t ha-1, respectively. Litter biomass
was calculated as 0.98 t ha-1. The estimated total biomass of the whole ecosystem (173.56 t ha-1) was
obtained as the sum of these component biomass values. Carbon content of the main tree species,
associated tree species, and understory vegetation (shrubs+herbs), was estimated in AGB pool (63.76
Mg ha-1) and BGB pool (14.84 Mg ha-1), and added to the litter carbon (0.35 Mg ha-1) and soil organic
carbon (SOC) (46.27 Mg ha-1) to estimate the carbon stock in the whole ecosystem (125.22 Mg ha-1). The
SOC to AGB ratio was 0.72.

Key words: Biomass, carbon stock, litter, Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. plantation ecosystem, above ground biomass
and below ground biomass.

INTRODUCTION

Forest ecosystems are deemed to be an important factor ways (Robledo and Forner, 2005).
in climate change because they can be both sources and Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. commonly known as 'Ardu' or
sinks of atmospheric CO2. They can assimilate CO2 via 'Mahanimb' is a fast growing tree and is extensively culti-
photosynthesis and store carbon in biomass and in soil vated in many parts of India. Its wood is very light, soft
(Trexler and Haugen, 1994; Brown et al., 1996; Watson and perishable. The timber is used for packing cases,
et al., 2000). Plantations or naturally regenerated trees fishing floats, boats, spear sheaths, sword handles, toys
can protect watersheds against droughts, flash floods or and drums. The bark is bitter, astringent, anthelmintic and
landslides thought to be more prevalent due to climate it is used in diseases like dysentery, bronchitis, asthma,
change. Sustainable forestry practices can increase the dyspepsia and ear ache. It is also used for environmental
ability of forests to sequester atmospheric carbon, while conservation as it is resistant to drought and soil condi-
simultaneously enhancing other ecosystem services, tions. It grows well on slopes. The pulp is obtained from
such as improved soil and water quality. Carbon seques- debarked wood and is used in paper industry as a substi-
tration is also a good indicator of the health and tute for aspen, for printing papers, the leaves are rated as
functioning of ecosystems. Forests may help local highly palatable and protein rich nutritious fodder for
communities to cope with climate change in a numerous sheep and goats and are said to augment milk production

*Corresponding author. E-mail: nishi28nov@[Link]. Tel: +91 9410529984.

 Giri and Rawat 353

Map 1. Study site.

(Jat et al., 2011). carbon (SOC) at the ecosystem level in India.

Above ground biomass (AGB) has been given the
highest importance in carbon inventories and in most MATERIALS AND METHODS
mitigation projects and is the most important pool for
afforestation and reforestation CDM projects under the Study area
Kyoto Protocol. However, below ground biomass (BGB) This study was conducted in a 39 year old A. excelsa plantation in
has been shown to be an important carbon pool for many the Jakhan block, Barkot Range of Dehradun Forest Division,
vegetation types and land-use systems and accounts for Uttarakhand, India (Map 1), nearly 25 km east of Haridwar and 30
about 20% (Santantonio et al., 1997) to 26% (Cairns et km south east side of Dehradun city. The area lies in a subtropical
al., 1997) of the total tree biomass. BGB accumulation is region at an altitude of 449 m msl at 3004’37.2’’N and
linked to the dynamics of AGB. The greatest proportion of 7812’11.1’’E. It has a very gentle slope with a south aspect. The
maximum, minimum and mean temperatures of the area (1980 to
root biomass occurs in the top 30 cm of the soil surface
2010) were 28.11 13.52 and 20.32°C, respectively. The mean annual
(Bohm, 1979; Jackson et al., 1996). rainfall during this period was 1901.03 mm when averaging monthly
The carbon (C) sequestration potential of a forest eco- and approximately 80% of the rainfall occurred during the south-
system depends on initial soil organic carbon (SOC) con- west monsoon period (June to September) (Figure 1).
tent, stand growth rates, the biological carrying capacity
of the stand and stand age. In particular, C sequestration Soil analysis
and storage may be increased significantly, if forests are
harvested and trees are converted into wood products Texture
(Skog and Nicholson, 1998). Some researchers suggest It is the proportion of particle size distribution (soil texture) into
that sequestration of C in tree biomass and litter is a de- classified grades expressed as percentage of sand, silt and clay.
laying tactic that only buys time for finding more perma- After air drying of samples, big stones were removed and the soil
nent solutions for C sequestration (IPCC, 2000). Making was passed through 2 mm sieve. Part of the soil samples having
an effort to maximize the productivity of the restored particle size less than 2 mm were subjected for texture analysis by
Hydrometric method (Black, 1965) and percentage of different
forest is also worthwhile because forest C pools can vary fractions namely: sand, silt and clay was estimated in each sample
five-fold within a local edaphic gradient as a function of and textural class was determined using the Triangular diagram by
site quality (Burger and Zipper, 2002). U.S.D.A (Black, 1965).
This article presents complete stand level (ecosystem
level) estimates of biomass by component. This is the Soil moisture
first report of C stock / C pool estimation of AGB, BGB of
all existing vegetation and litter, as well as soil organic Soil moisture percentage (%) was measured by means of moisture
354 J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.

Figure 1. Ombrothermic graph of rainfall, mean, maximum and minimum temperature for 30 years (1980 to 2010).

meter. Biomass estimation for the associated tree species

Biomass of the associated tree species (Acacia catechu and

Soil bulk density
Eucalyptus hybrid) was estimated using the volumetric equations of
the Forest Survey of India (FSI, 1996). Estimated volumes were
A metal core cylinder (by core sampler) of known weight and
multiplied by the density of the corresponding wood following the
volume was used to determine the soil bulk density (Wilde et al.,
methods of Chaturvedi and Khanna (1982) to get the dry weight
1985). Soil bulk density was determined by the following
stem biomass. The biomass of branches and leaves were esti-
expression:
mated using 45 and 11% of the stem biomass, respectively, as per
Sharma (2003). BGB was estimated using the root-shoot ratios
Bulk density (g cm3) = (R:S) of these species (FAO, 2000); Table 1). Total biomass per
tree was obtained by summing AGB and BGB for each sample tree
and averaging over the sample. The total biomass per ha for each
Where, W1= weight of cylinder + weight of soil, W2 = weight of of these species was esyimated by multiplying the average biomass
empty cylinder, V= volume of cylinder per tree by the trees per ha for each of the species (80 trees ha-1 for
Acacia Catechu and 40s tree ha-1 for Eucalyptus hybrid). C was
estimated as 43% of the total biomass (Negi et al., 2003).
Biomass estimation of Ailanthus excelsa

The stratified tree technique method of Art and Marks (1971) was
used to harvest the sample trees. Temporary sample plots (30 m × Biomass estimation of understory vegetation
30 m) were laid out in the plantation and the diameter at breast
height (DBH at 1.3 m) of all the standing trees were recorded within Ten quadrats of 3 m × 3 m and 1 m × 1 m were laid out for shrubs
the sample plots. The DBH range was divided into five different and herbs, respectively. Complete harvesting of all shrub and herb
diameter classes that is, 10 to 20 cm, 20 to 30 cm, 30 to 40 cm, 40 species present in all quadrats was done; the plant materials were
to 50 cm and 50 to 60 cm from which 2 trees were harvested from separated into above and below ground portions. Fresh and dry
10 to 20 cm diametr class, 3 trees from 20 to 30 cm, 2 trees from 30 weights were measured for biomass and C was estimated accor-
to 40 cm, 1 tree from 40 to 50 cm and 1 from 50 to 60 cm and in ding to the methodology given earlier. Biomass values were then
this way 9 representative sample trees were selected for the study. multiplied by an expansion factor to sclae them to a one hectare
The tree components (leaves, twigs, branches, bark, bole and area.
roots) were separated immediately after felling and their fresh
weights recorded. Samples of all tree components (100 g of each
component) were selected for oven dry weight estimation and Estimation of litter biomass
chemical analysis for C content.
The bole of each sample trees was cut into 2 m long sections Litter biomass was estimated by laying out ten 5 m × 5 m sample
(billets) for convenience of weighing. plots in the plantation. Litter samples were collected on these sam-
 Giri and Rawat 355

Table 1. Volumetric equations and root shoot ratio (R:S) used for estimation of biomass of associated tree species.

Tree specie Volumetric equations (FSI, 1996) R:S (FAO, 2000)

2
Eucalyptus hybrid V = 0.02894 - 0.89284 D+8.72416 D 0.30
Acacia catechu V = 0.048535 - 0.183567√D+ 3.78725D2 0.25
V = volume, D = diameter.

Table 2. Moisture, Bulk density and Texture of soil at different depths under A. excelsa plantation.

A. excelsa Texture (Sandy loam)

Moisture (%) BD (g cm -3)
plantation (cm) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%)
0-30 5.990± 0.198 1.223± 0.004 51.23 ± 0.470 26.83 ± 0.536 21.93 ± 0.133
30-60 7.075± 0.363 1.267± 0.003 51.67 ± 0.636 25.80 ± 0.851 22.53 ± 0.606
60-90 8.848± 0.203 1.283± 0.003 52.80 ± 0.208 25.37 ± 1.538 22.50 ± 0.589

ple plots and a fresh and an oven dry weight at 80C (until a branches, 6.71 to 52.63 kg; bark, 5.84 to 18.28 kg; and
constant weight was achieved) were obtained. The litter was roots 21.27 to 119.36 kg.
ground for chemical analysis to estimate C content. The total biomass of A. excelsa trees was estimated at
126.07 t ha-1, of which the AGB comprised 102.96 t ha-1
Estimation of carbon in A. excelsa trees, shrubs, herbs, litter and the BGB comprised 23.11 t ha-1. The highest percen-
and soil organic carbon (SOC) tage of total biomass was found in boles (66.94%), fol-
lowed by roots (18.33%), branches (9.07%), bark (3.36%),
Samples of all three parts of A. excelsa trees, shrubs, herbs and
leaves (1.59%) and twigs (0.71%). The percentage con-
litter soil were analyzed for C content using Wakley and Black's
titration method (Jackson, 1967). For estimation of SOC, soil tribution to the total biomass varied among dbh classes:
samples were taken from the surface to 90 cm depth (in three depth 10 to 20 cm, 4.52%; 21 to 30 cm, 17.93%; 31 to 40 cm,
classes of 0 to 30 cm, 30 to 60 cm and 60 to 90 cm) from randomly 27.98%; 41 to 50 cm, 26.79%; and 51 to 60 cm, 22.76%.
selected points in the plantation area. Three replicates from each More than 77% of the A. excelsa trees have a dbh bet-
point were collected. ween 31 to 60 cm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biomass of associate tree species

Floristic struture The biomass values of Acacia catechu and the Eucalyptus
In the plantation, A. excelsa showed the maximum den- hybrid were estimated as product of wood density (kg/m 3)
sity (350 ha-1) followed by A. catechu (80 ha-1) and and volumes using volumetric of FSI (1996). The bio-
Eucalyptus hybrid (40 ha-1). mass estimated for the Eucalyptus hybrid was 36.15 t ha-
1 -1
and for Acacia catechu was 7.76 t ha .
Physical attributes of soil
Soil texture was observed to be sandy loam in nature, Understory biomass
soil moisture was higher (8.848%) in the deepest layer
that is, 60 to 90 cm depth, lower (5.990%) in uppermost The shrub species present in the plantation ecosystem
layer that is, 0 to 30 cm depth. The trend of bulk density were Lantana camara, Justicia adhatoda, Murraya
in soil depths was in the order 60 to 90 cm > 30 to 60 cm koenigii, Eucalyptus hybrid saplings, Syzigium cumini,
> 0 to 30 cm (Table 2). Lemonia acidissima and Cassia tora. Herb species were
Ageratum conyzoides, Sida cuta, Oxalis corniculata,
Aerva scandens, Rundia pectinata, Cyperus esculentus,
Biomass of A. excelsa species Oplismenus compositus, Parthenium hysterophorus,
Cynodon dactylon, Murraya koenigii seedlings and
The DBH and heights of the nine sample trees varied Achyranthes aspera. The AGB of shrubs was 1.027 t ha-1
from 15.5 cm to 55.09 cm and 8.85 m to 20.20 m, res- and the BGB was 0.591 t ha-1. The total shrub biomass
pectively. This variation in the total tree biomass which -1 -1
-1
was 1.618 t ha . The herb biomass was 0.983 t ha
ranged from 75.04 to 759.56 kg tree . The other tree -1 -1
(AGB 0.705 t ha and BGB 0.278 t ha ). The total
components ranged from: bole, 40.21 to 551.48 kg; understory biomass (shrub and herb) was estimated at
leaves, 0.32 to 12.71 kg; twigs, 0.43 to 5.10 kg; 2.60 t ha-1. Total litter biomass estimated as 0.98 t ha-1.
356 J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.

Table 3. Total Biomass distribution (t ha-1) among different components of A. excelsa plantation ecosystem.

Vegetational components
Level
Main tree species Associated tree species Shrubs Herbs Total
Above ground 102.96 34.01 1.027 0.705 138.702
Below ground 23.11 9.90 0.591 0.278 33.88
Total 126.07 43.91 1.618 0.983 172.58

(A)

(B)

Figure 2. (a) AGB (%) contribution of different components of the ecosystem. (b) BGB (%)
contribution of different components of the ecosystem.

Total biomass estimation Carbon content / carbon pool

Total biomass of the whole ecosystem was estimated at A. excelsa tree species
-1
173.56 t ha , which is the sum of the biomass of main The total C content (t ha-1) in the different A. excelsa tree
tree species that is, A. excelsa, the biomass of components were: 40.27 (boles), 10.22 (roots), 5.36
associated tree species, shrub, herb biomass and litter (branches), 1.61 (bark), 0.73 (leaves), and 0.33 (twigs).
biomass (Table 3). The amount of C content contributed by A. excelsa trees
The biomass contribution of the main tree species, -1
was 58.52 t ha .
associated tree species, shrubs and herbs to the total
AGB and BGB was 72.64% for A. excelsa trees, 25.3% Associated tree species
for associated tree species, 0.93% for shrubs, and 0.57%
for herbs. Figure 2 (a) and (b) depicts the AGB and BGB Total C content in associated tree species was 18.88 t
-1 -1
contribution (%) sepaprately for these components. ha , of which 14.62 t ha (77.44%) was contributed by
 Giri and Rawat 357

Table 4. Carbon stock (t ha-1) in different pools of A. excelsa plantation ecosystem.

Carbon Pools
Parameter Total C
AGB C BGB C Litter C SOC
Main tree species
Ailanthus excelsa 48.3 10.22 58.52

Associate species
(1) Acacia catechu 2.67 0.67 3.34
(2) Eucalyptus hybrid 11.95 3.59 15.54
18.88
Understory vegetation
(1) Shrubs 0.5 0.24 0.74
( 2) Herbs 0.34 0.12 0.46
1.20
0.35 0.35
46.27 46.27
Grand total 63.76 14.84 0.35 46.27 125.22

AGB and 4.26 t ha-1 (22.56%) by BGB. Rana and Singh (1990) showed that the understory
(shrubs+herbs) accounted for 1.5% of the total forest
Understory vegetation biomass (432.8 t ha-1) in a Pinus roxburghii plantation
located in Kumaun Himalaya of Uttarakhand. Mac Lean
Understory vegetation (shrubs+herbs) contributed 1.20 t and Wein (1977a) found that understory biomass in Pinus
ha-1 to the C pool. For shrubs 67.56% of the C was in the banksiana ranged from 1 to 6% of the ecosystem
above ground material and 32.43% was in the below biomass in old stands. The per-cent contribution of the
ground material. For the herb layer 73.91% of the C was understory to the total biomass in this study was 1.50%.
in the above ground material and 26.09% was in the Negi (1984) reported 2.3 and 0.9% understory biomass
below ground material. Litter contains 0.35 t ha-1 of total C contribution to the total stand tree biomass in Shorea
content (Table 4). robusta (sal) forest and Eucalyptus hybrid plantation
ecosystems, respectively.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) The maximum concentration of C was found in the bole
(47.2%) and the minimum concentration was in the
Soil Organic Carbon was estimated at 46.27 t ha-1. leaves (36.08%). Similar findings have been reported by
Kraenzel et al. (2003) and Negi et al. (2003) in teak
Total carbon stock plantations of Panama and India, respectively.

The total C stock was determined to be 125.22 t ha-1 of

which 46.73% was contributed by A. excelsa trees, Conclusion
15.08% by associated tree species, 0.59% by shrubs,
0.37% by herbs, 0.28% by litter and 36.95% contibuted Long rotation forests have larger long term C storage in
by soil (Table 3). the forest biomass and product pool. Biotic interferences
Pande et al. (1988) also the estimated biomass of A. and changes in land use cause significant exchanges of
excelsa of different ages in Uttar Pradesh. They have carbon between the land and the atmosphere. The
reported that contribution of bole to AGB was just over phytomass carbon pool estimates are associated with
50%, bark contributed 19.9 to 23.3%, branches contri- significant uncertainties due to deficiency of data, volume
buted 9.68 to 14.5% and roots 18.1 to 25%. This study biomass conversion approach and the extent of the
has showed a similar order of contribution of different tree human activity on ecosystem and environment, because
components to AGB. The percent contribution of AGB to many ecological processes depend on the carbon cycle.
total biomass was estimated as 81.67% in the present In the tropical forest the carbon in the soil is roughly
study, which is similar to overstory biomass contribution equivalent to or less than the AGB due to degradation
of 81.9 and 81% reported by Nascimento and Laurance (cited from Ramachandran et al. 2007). Ravindranath et
(2002) and Henry et al. (2009), respectively. However, it al. (1997) reported that the ratio of SOC and biomass
is less than the 92.7 to 94% of overstory contribution carbon was 1.25. Kaul (2010) has given the range of this
reported by Clark and Clark (2000). ratio between 0.7 to 2. She indicates that in the plantations,
358 J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.

the carbon content in the soil was double the biomass FAO (2000). Global Forest Resource Assessment FAO For. Paper No.
40. FAO, Rome.
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recorded earlier. The fact she gives that the sequestered Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests,
SOC came from the original vegetation in the past before Dehradun.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS managed and man-made ecosystems. Ph. D Thesis, Garhwal
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Negi JDS, Manhas RK, Chauhan PS (2003). Carbon allocation in
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(FRI), Dehradun and Uttarakhand Forest Department for for carbon estimation. Curr. Sci. 85(11):1528-1531.
logistical and financial support for conducting the study. Pande MC, Tandon VN, Negi M (1988). Biomass production in
plantation ecosystem of Ailanthus excelsa at 5 different ages in Uttar
Pradesh. Indian For. 114(7):362-371.
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