E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]

1051/e3sconf/202235101096
ICIES’22

Assessment of the organic carbon stock in the green

oak forest in the Morrocan Oulmes Central Plateau.
Hicham Ikraoun* Mohamed El Mderssa
Laboratory of Environment and Valorization of Microbial Polydisciplinary Faculty.
and Vegetal Resources, Faculty of Sciences. Soltane Moulay Slimane University.
Moulay Ismail Univesity. Beni Mellal, Morroco.
Meknes, Morroco. [Link]@[Link]
hichamenfi40@[Link]
Laila Nassiri Jamal Ibijbijen
Laboratory of Environment and Valorization of Microbial Laboratory of Environment and Valorization of Microbial
and Vegetal Resources, Faculty of Sciences. and Vegetal Resources, Faculty of Sciences.
Moulay Ismail Univesity. Moulay Ismail Univesity.
Meknes, Morroco. Meknes, Morroco.
nassiri_layla@[Link] jamal_ibijbijen@[Link]

Abstract—the present study was conducted in the Morrocan the level of the biomass of the green oak trees in the central
Oulmes Central Plateau to assess the organic carbon stock plateau of Oulmés.
(OCS) in the soil and biomass of the green oak ecosystem. Soil
samples taken from green oak plots at the upper organomineral II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
layer (<30 cm depth) were analyzed by conventional assay for
the determination of carbon stock in each sample. Also, other A. Presentation of the studied area
soil physicochemical parameters namely pH, total nitrogen, The study was carried out at the level of the green oak-
total limestone, organic carbon, bulk density, texture, and based plots of the Zitchouéne forest as illustrated in Figure 1.
stability of soil aggregates were studied. Aliquots of ten green The forest of Zicthouéne is located in the southeast of the
oak trees were used to assess the carbon stock in the different territorial commune of Oulmés also called ‘Haut Pays' [6].
compartments of the tree. The studied soil is slightly acidic to The geological substratum at the level of the studied sites is
neutral with a pH ranging from 5.49 to 7.19. The texture of the based on schist present almost everywhere [7] and of quartzite
studied area is loam. The soil organic carbon stock ranges from
gés at the level of the tops. according to the data of the
16.03 t/ha to 97.33 t/ha with an average value of 40.07 t/ha. The
National Office of the Agricultural Council of Oulmes, the
total above-ground biomass of the green oak stands in the
studied plots has an average value of 55.28 t/ha, and the average
region receives an average annual precipitation of about 550
value of the total carbon mass is 31.06 t/ha. mm to 750 mm, maximum temperatures vary from 20.5 to
38.1°C and minimum temperatures vary from -1.4 to 6.1°C.
Keywords— organic carbon, carbomass, central Moroccan The seasonal regime is of the HPAE type, reflecting the
plateau, green oak, ecosystem. Mediterranean character of the studied area. The number of
frost days is about 15 to 20 days per year.
I. INTRODUCTION
Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the
atmosphere are now recognized as the main cause of climate
change [1]. In the past, the development of agriculture was the
main cause of the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere, but
currently, the burning of fossil carbon by industry and
transport represents the main contribution [2]. The oceans are
the most important sink for carbon, storing 93% of the world's
carbon, or about 39,200 Gt C, with the remaining 7%
distributed among epigenetic biomass, soils, and the
atmosphere [3]. The estimation of forest carbon stocks is
beginning to gain importance because of the role of forests in
mitigating global climate change by storing carbon in biomass
and soil [4]. the green oak, a multipurpose tree with significant Hydrographic network

potential for fodder and energy wood in the form of charcoal,

Oulmes territorial commune

[5], also sequesters significant amounts of carbon from the

atmosphere in the form of CO2. The objectives of the present
study are summarized in : (i) the physicochemical Fig. 1. Localisation of studied area
characterization of the soils at the level of the plots under
green oak, (ii) the evaluation of the stock of Soil organic
carbon (iii) the evaluation of the stock of organic carbon at

__________________________________
* Corresponding author: hichamenfi40@[Link]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 ([Link]
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]
ICIES’22

D. Assessment of the total carbomass of the aerial part

B. Soil physicochemical analyses
To assess the carbon stock at the tree level, a biomass
Soil samples, randomly distributed on the plots (Fig.2),
study is necessary. It provides data on the quantity of biomass
taken with the help of the pedological auger, on the upper
and consequently on the quantity of carbon in each
organo-mineral layer whose depth is lower than 30cm, were
compartment of the tree, i.e. the trunk, branches, twigs, and
the object of a characterization bearing on the determination
leaves. These data are then extrapolated to the scale of the
of the :
parcels studied after an inventory that consists of measuring
 pH of the soil solution: measured in a soil: water the circumferences at 1.30 m from the ground of the trees
suspension of ratio 1/2.5 using a pH meter as stated inside the circular plots of 0.5 ares distributed randomly on the
by Zaher et al [8]; said parcels.
 Total nitrogen: the analysis of this parameter was
 Study of the biomass of green oak trees
carried out using the Kjeldahl/ Wilke (2005) [9,10,11]
distillation method ;
For our case study, we used the models for estimating the
 Organic carbon and organic matter: the analysis of biomass of green oak trees developed by Belghazi et al (2001)
soil organic carbon was carried out using the method [5] (Table I), in the central plateau of Oulmés bordering our
of Walkley and Black (1934) [10,11,12] and the value studied area and comparable to our context.
of organic matter was deduced from the formula of
Soltner (1988) [13] ; TABLE I. BIOMASS TARIFFS DEVELOPED BY BELGHAZI ET AL. (2001)

 bulk density: consists of a calculation of the mass of Component Models

Trunk PST = 0,015 * C^(1,977)
the soil to its fresh volume according to the following Branches PSB = 2,6*10^(-4)*C^(2,822)
formula : Twigs PSR = 2,64*10^(-3)*C^(1,943)
Leaves PSF = 1,99*10^(-3)*C^(2,009)
DA = P/V (g/cm3) PST : Dry weight of trunk in (Kg) ; PSB: Dry weight of branches in (kg)
PSR: Dry weight of twigs in (kg) ; PSF: Dry weight of leaves in (kg)
Where: P: the dry weight of the sample and V: the
volume of the sample taken and dried.
In addition, these models were validated on a sample of
 Granulometry: consists of the determination of the ten (10) felled green oak trees, on which direct measurements
percentages of the constituents of the soil, namely of the fresh mass of the different compartments were carried
clays, silts, and sands using Bouyoucos hydrometer out [19]. Thus, for all the standing trees, we proceeded to the
method [14]. measurement of the circumference at 1.30 m height, and for
each tree, the different compartments were separated, and the
measurements concerned :
- The total weight of the trunk up to the 5 cm
circumference cut ;
- The total weight of the branches ;
- The total weight of the twigs ;
- The total weight of the leaves.
The statistical parameters used for the verification of the
above models are proposed by Palm (1981) [20] namely :
- the relative average of the cubing errors :
em = (1 / n) ei /Vm
- the relative standard deviation of the cubing error
distribution :
Se = (1 / n) (ei - em)² /Vm
Where : ei = Vi - Ve
Fig. 2. Distribution of soil sampling locations. Vi : real volume,
Ve : volume estimated by the tariff,
C. Assessment of soil organic carbon stock Vm: actual average volume,
The soil carbon stock is calculated based on the following n: number of trees retained for checking.
formula [15,16,17,18] : These two parameters allow us to calculate the bias of the
q(ji) = 0,1 x Ei x da(i) x C(ji) model and the degree of confidence we can place in it. The
lower they are, the better is the tariffs.
With : q (i) : content of element (j) in soil layer (i) ([Link]-1)
- 0.1 : conversion coefficient, In addition, wood samples were taken to measure the
- Ei : depth of the layer (i) (cm), moisture content and the organic carbon fraction of the wood,
- da(i) : bulk density of the fine fraction, <2 mm, in for each tree we took :
layer (i) in ([Link]-3), - Three 5 cm slices of the trunk, one at the base, another
- C(ji) : concentration of element (j) in soil layer (i) halfway up, and the third at the 5 cm cut;
([Link]-1).

2
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]
ICIES’22

- One 3 cm slice from the middle branch of the tree; Moroccan central [Link] variation of this value, between
- Two 3 cm slices of the middle twigs of the middle branch the different replications, is between 16.03 and 97.33 t/ha.
of the tree;
- Two handfuls of the tree's leaves after stirring the whole B. Biomass of green oak in the studied plotss
tree's leave ;.
- Two 3 cm slices from the root. In addition to the fact that the assessment of the biomass
The moisture content of the different components of the of ecosystem components constitutes the basic element for the
tree was determined according to the formula illustrated fundamental knowledge of their functions [23], the study of
below : this parameter is necessary for the calculation of carbon stock
[1].
PF - PS
TH % = ------------------------ 100 The verification of the biomass rates developed by
PS Belghazi et al on the 10 ten sample trees was performed based
on the relative mean of the cubing errors and the relative
Where: PF: the fresh weight of the sample and PS: its dry standard deviation of the distribution of these errors. The
weight. results of the calculations are reported in Table III.
 Determination of the carbomass of green oak trees The models developed have a low relative bias of only
9.84% for the trunk biomass tariff, 9.65% for the branch
The knowledge of the biomass of the different
biomass tariff, 8.53% for the twigs biomass tariff, and 6.37%
compartments of green oak and their carbon fraction allows
for the phytomass tariff, and a relative standard deviation of
evaluating the carbomass of the whole tree. For the
the biomass error distribution of the order of 1.01, 2.23, 9.78
determination of this carbon fraction, aliquots of wood and
and 13.88, respectively, for the four tariffs.
leaves were taken from the sample trees dried to the stability
of their weights. These aliquots were weighed, placed in The application of the biomass models retained for each
weighed porcelain crucibles, and calcined in a muffle oven at tree organ and their sums allowed us to estimate the total dry
600°C for 12 hours. After removal from the oven, the biomass per hectare.
crucibles were placed in a desiccator until they cooled, and the
whole set (crucibles + mineral material) was weighed Table IV summarizes the average total biomass per hectare
afterward. The weight loss observed during the calcination which amounts to 55.28 t/ha.
corresponds to the organic matter and the residue to the Compared to other green oak forests in Morocco (Table
mineral matter. The organic matter is thus calculated V), the biomass of the Zitchouéne forest is high, which can be
according to the following formula: explained by the high density of green oak trees in the studied
OM = ME-((MM-T)-T) area and the favorable ecological conditions.

OM: Organic Matter; MM: Mineral Matter; ME : Weight C. Total carbomass of green oak in the studied plots
of the dried sample; T: Weight of porcelain crucible.
The results of the carbon content of the different
And the organic carbon content is deduced through the components of the tree, calculated from the aliquots calcined
formula of Soltner (1988) [13]. in the muffle oven, are shown in Table VI.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The combination of the biomass data of all the
components of the tree and their carbon content allows
A. Physicochemical characterization and organic carbon
evaluating the carbomass of green oak, which is estimated at
stock in the soil
31.08 t/ha in the studied plots. Compared to other studies
related to the evaluation of carbon stock in the aboveground
The results of physicochemical analyses of soil samples
part of green oak trees in other ecological contexts (Table
collected under green oak-based plots are shown in Table II.
VII), the different values recorded for the same species
It emerges from this analysis that the soils in the studied between forests is explained by the different dendrometric
area are slightly acidic, these values of pH little acid can be characteristics that characterize the important potentialities of
explained by the existence of vegetation represented by the stands composing each forest [18].
deciduous species in their natural state, namely the green oak
despite the nature of the substrate based on schist. The The carbon stock in the root part of green oak trees was
distribution of organic carbon content, with an average value evaluated using the ratio of below-ground biomass to above-
of about 1.23%, remains very heterogeneous between the ground biomass (R) cited in Intergovernmental Panel on
replicates, with a coefficient of variation reaching 57%. Climate Change (2006) work [29]. Thus the root biomass of
The C/N ratio considered by Lafond et al. (1992) [21] and green oak trees is estimated at 25.42 t/ha, and the carbon stock
Akselsson et al. (2005) [22] as a good indicator to evaluate is estimated at 14.29 t/ha.
carbon sequestration in soils takes a rather high value (31.85)
showing a low carbon decomposition rate. Thus the total carbon stock in the plots based on green oak
in a pure state, deduced by the addition of this stock at
The soil texture in the studied area is loamy. different levels, namely: the soil and the above-ground part
The organic carbon stock in the soil, with a mean value of and the root part amounts to 85.42 t/ha.
40.07 t/ha, wich is close to that found by zaher et al [30],
nammely 40.83 t/ha in the natural green oak forests of the

3
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]
ICIES’22

TABLE II. PHYSICOCHEMICAL RESULT OF SOIL SAMPLES

SOCS Clay Slit (%) Sand (%)
pH- (t/ha) (%)
Sample %N %C C/N % OM BD
H2O F G F G
1 0,05 0,99 19,59 1,71 0,98 6,2 4,94 29,21 10,1 15,1 16,7 39,1
2 0,05 1,68 30,91 2,90 1,06 6,56 5,43 53,58 15,3 20,4 16,6 29,6
3 0,00 0,61 260,70 1,05 0,99 6,13 4,87 18,08 30,4 22,8 8,9 10,0
4 0,01 0,65 119,18 1,12 1,26 6,78 5,75 24,56 10,3 20,5 23,9 19,8
5 0,28 0,66 2,35 1,13 0,81 6,53 5,65 16,03 25,5 28,1 12,9 11,3
6 0,20 0,73 3,64 1,25 1,33 6,32 5,02 28,96 15,3 25,5 11,8 10,8
7 0,25 0,77 3,07 1,33 1,13 6,84 5,78 26,05 25,4 20,3 17,2 18,2
8 0,35 2,13 6,15 3,68 0,96 7,19 5,87 61,54 30,9 23,2 15,1 7,2
9 0,28 2,37 8,45 4,08 1,07 6,55 5,15 76,17 15,6 26,0 28,9 16,1
10 0,41 0,94 2,32 1,63 1,02 6,4 5,26 29,01 20,4 15,3 16,2 15,0
11 0,29 1,08 3,66 1,86 1,08 6,54 5,55 34,78 20,1 25,2 8,9 13,4
12 0,30 1,18 3,96 2,03 1,05 6,67 5,57 37,08 25,4 25,4 3,4 16,0
13 0,25 2,62 10,63 4,52 1,06 6,83 5,41 83,43 20,4 20,4 15,6 19,4
14 0,22 1,29 5,85 2,22 0,71 6,14 5,49 27,31 20,4 25,5 7,5 17,5
15 0,07 2,50 36,97 4,32 1,30 7,08 6,53 97,33 20,3 20,3 11,3 13,4
16 0,31 0,16 0,51 0,27 1,07 5,5 4,14 5,07 20,4 20,4 3,0 18,5
17 0,28 1,01 3,57 1,73 1,20 6,36 5,41 36,25 20,4 28,1 18,8 12,1
18 0,32 0,88 2,72 1,52 1,20 6,91 5,76 31,85 15,3 20,4 2,5 12,5
19 0,01 1,13 80,88 1,95 1,33 6,13 4,82 45,12 10,1 10,1 7,7 21,4
F: Fine G: Gross MO: Organic substance C: Carbon N: Nitrogen

TABLE VI. CARBON CONTENT IN THE GREEN OAK TREE IN MOROCCO

TABLE III. RESULTS OF THE CHECK OF THE BIOMASS TARIFFS Studied area Author Carbon stock (t/ha)
DEVELOPED BY BELGHAZI ET AL. (2001) Central Middle Atlas El Mderssa [18] 25,45
(forest of Jbel Aoua Sud)
Component Models em Se Central Middle Atlas El Mderssa [18] 53,48
Trunk PST = 0,015 * C^(1,977) 9,84 % 1 ,01 (Jaâba)
Branches PSB = 2,6*10^(-4)*C^(2,822) 9,65 % 2,23 Central Middle Atlas El Mderssa [18] 15,19
Twigs PSR = 2,64*10^(-3)*C^(1,943) 8,53 % 9,78 (Azrou)
Leaves PSF = 1,99*10^(-3)*C^(2,009) 6,37 % 13,88 Middle Atlas (Reggada) Boulmane [16] 49,9
PST : Dry weight of trunk in (Kg) ; PSB: Dry weight of branches in (kg) Middle Atlas (Dayet Boulmane [16] 55,5
PSR: Dry weight of twigs in (kg) ; PSF: Dry weight of leaves in (kg) Hachlaf)
Middle Atlas (Tafechna) Boulmane [16] 56,8
TABLE IV. TOTAL BIOMASS PER HECTARE AND PER TREE Middle Atlas (Ajdir) Boulmane [16] 88,5
COMPONENT (T/HA) Middle Atlas (Ksiba) Boulmane [16] 91,5
Component Biomass (t/ha)
Trunk 29,40
Branches 16,96 TABLE VII. CARBON CONTENT IN THE COMPARTMENTS OF THE GREEN
Twigs 4,51 OAK TREE
Leaves 4,41 Component Trunk Branches Twigs Leaves Root
Whole tree 55,28
Carbon 56,35 56,03 56,36 55,98 56,21
fraction (%)
TABLE V. BIOMASS OF SOME GREEN OAK STUDIED IN MOROCCO
Studied area Author Total Biomass Age TABLE VIII. CARBON STOCK OF OTHER SPECIES IN OTHER
(t/ha) FOREST
Central Middle Atlas
Boulmane [16] 96 30 Studied area Author Species Total carbon
(forest of Tafchna) stock (t/ha)
Central Middle Atlas
Boulmane [16] 86,4 30 Central Middle
(forest of Regadda) El Mderssa [18] zeen oak 214,75
Atlas (Jaâba)
Central Middle Atlas Makhloufi [25] 20,65 41
CENTRAL atlas cedar 201,3
Eastern Middle Atlas
MIDDLE ATLAS
(experimental terrain Lahmini [26] 16,50 22 El Mderssa [18]
(FOREST OF maritime pine 143,9
of Bab Bou Ider)
JBEL AOUA)
Central Middle Atlas
(experimental terrain Moussaoui [27] 24,30 28 atlas cedar 277,49
Central Middle
of Dayat Aoua) El Mderssa [18]
Atlas (Azrou) zeen oak 303,25
Central plain
(experimental terrain Dahane [28] 40,24 46
Maâmora Oubrahim [17] Holm oak 121
of Boukachmir)
Central Middle Atlas
El Mderssa [19] 42,70 30
(forest of Jbel Aoua)

4
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]
ICIES’22

The comparison of carbon stock values with others [7] M. Aherdan, Landscapes and evolution of the highlands of the central
obtained the Central Middle Atlas region of Morocco [18], Moroccan plateau. Dynamics and development proposals. 1994. Doctoral
thesis. University Panthéon-Sorbonne-Paris I.
showed that the strata of green oak in a pure state of the
studied area has low carbon stock potential, compared to those
[8] H. Zaher, M. Sabir, H. Benjelloun, & H. Paul-Igor, Effect of forest land
of the strata of the forest of Azrou and Jbel Aoua South use change on carbohydrates, physical soil quality and carbon stocks in
namely, respectively, 284,48 and 207,68 t/ha. This can be Moroccan cedar area. Journal of environmental management, 2020, vol. 254,
explained, probably, by the nature of the soils in our studied p. 109544.
area based on shale that stores low values of organic carbon.
[9] B. M. Wilkee, Determination of chemical and physical soil properties. In
Similar studies conducted on other pure species-based : Monitoring and assessing soil bioremediation. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, 2005. p. 47-95.
forest ecosystems (Table VIII) show high carbon stock values
compared to our studied area.
[10] M. El Mderssa, H. Benjelloun, O. Zennouhi, L. Nassiri & J. Ibijbijen,
Pedogenetic characterization and classification of forest soils in the Central
IV. CONCLUSION Middle Atlas (Morocco). Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 2019, vol. 8, no
The study of the green oak plots shows that: 2, p. 152-158.

- The soils in the studied area are slightly acidic to neutral, [11] M. El Mderssa, H. Benjelloun, H. Zaher, L. Nassiri & J. Ibijbijen,
with a loamy texture; Estimating the Sequestration Potential of Organic Carbon in Forest Soils in
the Central Middle Atlas: A Tool to Fight Climate Change. Atlas Journal of
- The carbon stock in the soil under green oak is of an Biology, 2019, p. 603-610.
average value of 40.07 t/ha;
[12] A. Walkley and I. A. BLACK. An examination of the Degtjareff method
- The biomass of green oak in the studied plots has an
for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the
average value of 55.28 t/ha, qualified to be slightly high chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 1934, vol. 37, no 1, p. 29-38.
compared to other green oak forests in the region, especially
that of Boukachmir (40.24 t/ha), and this is due to the [13] Soltner. D, The Basics of Plant Production, Volume 1 The Soil.
favorable ecological conditions and the high density of green Agricultural Sciences and Techniques, 1973, Angers, Sainte-gemmes-sur-
oak trees; Loire, France, p.469.

- The carbon stock in the aerial part of green oak trees is [14] G. J. Bouyoucos, Hydrometer method improved for making particle size
estimated at 31.06 t/ha. analyses of soils 1. Agronomy journal, 1962, vol. 54, no 5, p. 464-465.
- The total carbon stock in the studied plots with pure green
[15] S. Belkacem, , C. Nys, and J. L. Dupouey, Evaluation of carbon stocks
oak is estimated to be 85.42 t/ha. in forest soils. Importance of silviculture and environment on variability,
These results confirm the important role of natural forests INRA/DPE, 1998, no 6-95, p. 329.s
as a carbon storage reservoir in forest biomass and soil, and
[16] M. Boulmane, I. Santa Regina, A. Khia, & H. Oubrahim, "Estimation
thus as a tool to fight against global warming. Nevertheless,
of the organic carbon stock in the iliçaies of the Moroccan Middle Atlas"
the study of this organic carbon storage capacity under other Nature & Technology, 2014, no. 11, p. 6.
forest compositions is worthy of interest, intending to
integrate this aspect into forest management proposals. [17] H. Oubrahim, Estimation and mapping of the carbon stock in the
Quercus suber ecosystem of the western Maâmora (cantons a and b) and
REFERENCES estimation of its nutrient stock. PhD thesis, Faculty of Sciences of Rabat,
[1] W. Mcghee, W. Saigle, E. A. Padonou, and A. M. Lykke, Methods for 2015, p.188.
calculating tree biomass and carbon in West Africa. Annals of Agricultural
Sciences, 2016, vol. 20, p. 79-98. [18] M. EL Mderssa, “Quantitative and qualitative assessment of carbon
storage potential in the components (Forest stands and soils) of forest
[2] M. Robert, J. Antoine, F. Nachtergaele, La séquestration du carbone ecosystems of the Central Middle Atlas in the context of climate
change. PhD thesis in Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Meknes,
dans le sol pour une meilleure gestion de terres, 2002, (96)-FAO. URL
2019, p. 130.
(Déc. 2008): [Link] fao. org/docrep/005/y2779f/y2779f00.
htm# toc, 2002.
[19] M. EL Mderssa, H. Benjelloun, O. Zennouhi, L. Nassiri & J. Ibijbijen,
“Evaluation of the biomass of the green oak (quercus rotundifolia) of the
[3] CHANGE, Intergovernmental Panel On Climate. Climate central middle atlas: case of the south Jbel Aoua Forest (morocco)”, Journal
change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Genebra, Suíça, of Forests, 2018 Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 11-21.
2001.
[20] R. Palm, Methodological contribution to the cubing of trees and the
[4] R. Ruiz-Peinado, G. M. González, & M. Del Rio, Biomass construction of cubing and assortment tables. 1981.
models to estimate carbon stocks for hardwood tree species. Forest
systems, 2012, vol. 21, no 1, p. 42-52. [21] R. Lafond, C. Claude & J.P. Ducruc, Forest pedology. Pédologie
forestière, 1992, Mont-Royal (Québec): Modulo, p. 146.
[5] B. Belghazi, M. Ezzahiri, [Link], & M. Ettobi, Estimation of the biomass
of green oak in the forest massif of Ait Hatem (Oulmes). In: Annales de la [22] C. Akselsson, B. Berg, V. Meentemeyer, & O. Westling, Carbon
recherche forestière au Maroc. Center national de la recherche forestière, sequestration rates in organic layers of boreal and temperate forest soils—
2001. p. 9-16. Sweden as a case study. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2005, vol. 14,
no 1, p. 77-84.
[6] G. Beaudet, Le plateau central marocain et ses bordures, étude
géomorphologique (bordure sud-ouest et sud du plateau central). 1969. [23] [Link], and [Link], Methodology for estimating above ground
Thèse de doctorat. Thèse de Doctorat Lettres, Université Mohammed V, biomass and biomass production in coppice. Acta Ecologica Ecol. Applic.;
Rabat. (France), 1980, vol. 1, no 4.

5
E3S Web of Conferences 351, 01096 (2022) [Link]
ICIES’22

[24] M. Boulmane, Biomass, mineral oil and nutrients returning to the soil
in the Quercus Ilex of the Middle Moroccan Atlas. Morocco: Forest Research
Center, Rabat, 2013.

[25] M. Makhloufi, "Methodological approach to evaluate the phytomass of

green oak thickets in the middle central Atlas," Postgraduate Memory. ENFI,
1992.

[26] A. Lahmini, "Evaluation of the phytomass of green oak coppice

(Quercus Rotundifolia Lam) Middle Eastern Atlas (Case of Chiker Forest),"
Postgraduate Thesis, ENFI, Salé, Morocco, 1993.

[27] A. Moussaoui, "Green Oak of the middle atlas: Production, structures

and increments (case of the experimental device of Bab Bou Ider and Dayet
Aoua)," 3rd Cycle Thesis, ENFI, Salé, Morocco, 1995.

[28] H. Dahane, "Assessment of tree biomass and biodiversity in the Central

Plateau green oak (case of the Boukachmir Experimental Scheme)," 3rd
Cycle Thesis, ENFI, Salé, Morocco, 2001.

[29] K. Mokany, R.J. Raison, et A.S. Prokushkin, Critical analysis of root:

shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global change biology, 2006, vol. 12, no
1, p. 84-96.

[30] H. Zaher, H. Benjelloun & I. Mahamane, Effect of Oak Ecosystems

Degradation on the Carbon Storage in the Southern Mediterranean
Forests. Open Access Journal of Environmental and Soil Sciences, 2019,
p.485-493.