QUESTIONS (ch 1)

1.1 Name several repetitive phenomenon occurring in nature which could serve reasonable times
standards
1.2 Give the drawback to use the period of a pendulum as time standard.
1.3 Why do we find it useful to have two units for the amount of substance kilogram and the mole?
1.4 Three students measured the length of a needle with a scale on which minimum division is 1mm
and recorded as (i) 0.2145m (ii) 0.21m (iii) 0.214m which record is correct any why?
1.5 An old saying is that “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”. What analogous statement
can you make regarding experimental data used in a computation?
1.6 The period of simple pendulum is measured by a stop watch what type or errors are possible in the
time period?
1.7 Does a dimensional analysis give any information on constant of proportionality that may appear in
an algebraic expression? Explain.
1.8 Write the dimensions of (i) Pressure (ii) Density
1.9 The wavelength of a wave depends on the speed v of the wave and its frequency f. Knowing that
[ ] = [ ], [v] = [ T-1] and [f] = [T]-1
Decide which of the followings id correct, f = V or f =
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
1.1 A light year is the distance light travels in one year. How may meters are there one light year:
(speed of light = 3.0 x 108 ms-1).
(Ans: 9.5 x 1015m)
1.2 a) How many seconds are there in 1 year?
b) How many nanoseconds in 1 year?
c) How many years in 1 second?
[Ans. (a) 3.1536 x 107 s, (b) 3.1536 x 1016 ns (c) 3.1 x 10-8 yr]
1.3 the length and width of a rectangular plate are measured to be 15.3 cm and 12.80 cm, respectively.
Find the area of the plate.
(Ans: 196cm2)
1.4 Add the following masses given in kg up to appropriate precision 2.189, 0.089, 11.8 and 5.32.
(Ans: 194.4 Kg)
1.5 Find the value of ‘g’ and its uncertainty using T= 2 from the following measurements made
during an experiment
Length of simple pendulum = 100 cm
Time of r20 vibrations = 40.2 s
Length was measured by a metre scale of accuracy up to 1 mm and time by stop watch of accuracy
up to 0.1s.
(Ans: 9.76 0.06 ms-2)
1.6 What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant G in the formula .

(Ans: [ ], Nm2 Kg-2)

1.7 Show that the expression is dimensionally correct, where is the velocity at t=0, a is
acceleration and is the velocity at time t.
1.8 The speed v of sound waves through a medium may be assumed to depend on (a) the density of the
medium and (b) its modules of elasticity E which is the ratio of stress to strain. Deduce by the
method of dimensions, the formula for the speed of sound.

1.9 Show that the famous “Einstein equation” E= mc2 is dimensionally consistent.
1.10 Suppose, we are told that the acceleration of a particle moving in a circle of radius r with uniform
speed v is proportional to some power of r, say r n, and some power of v, say vm, determine the
powers of r and v?
(Ans: n = -1, m=2)
 QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 2)
2.1 Define the terms (i) unit vector (ii) Position vector and (iii) Components of a vector.
2.2 The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the vectors?
2.3 Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be
negative? For what orientation will its components have opposite signs?
2.4 If one of the components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
2.5 Can a vector have a component greater than the vectors magnitude?
2.6 Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?
2.7 If A+ B =0, what can you say about the components of the two vectors?
2.8 Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?
2.9 Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity? Explain.
2.10 Can you add zero to a null vector?
2.11 Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
2.12 Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also
perpendicular and of the same lenghth.
2.13 How would the two vectors of the same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be combined
to give a resultant equal to a vector of the same magnitude.
2.14 The two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60 N and 35 N. pick the correct answer from those
given below and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
i) 100 N ii) 70 N iii) 20 N
2.15 Suppose he sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged head to tail. What is the sum of these
vectors?
2.16 Identify the correct answer.
i) Two ships X and Y are traveling in different directions at equal speeds. The actual direction of
motion of X is due north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction motion of X is north-
east. The actual direction of motion of Y as observed from the shore will be
(A) East (B) West (C) South-east (D) South-west
ii) A horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass m at rest on a smooth plane inclined at
an angle to the horizontal as shown in Fig. 2.22. The magnitude the resultant force acting up
and along the surface of the plan, on the object is
a)
b)
c)
d)
e) mg tan
2.17 If all the components of the vectors, A1 and A2 were reversed, how would this a A1 x A2?
2.18 Name the three different conditions that could make A1 x A2 = 0.
2.19 Identify true or false statements and explain the reasons.
a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is not moving nor rotating.
b) If coplanar forces acting on a body from a closed polygon, then the boy is said to be in
equilibrium.
2.20 A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the strings
for which the tension in the strings will be minimum.
2.21 Can a body rotate about its centre of gravity under the action of its weight?
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
2.1 Suppose in a rectangular coordinate system, a vector A has its tail at the point a (-2, -3) and its tip at
b (3, 9). Express A in terms of a and b. Is this the same as the vector P (5, 12)? Determine
the distance between these two points.
2.2 A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If an insect is
crawling on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (2, 1), where the units are in metres, what
is distance of the insect from this corner of the room?
2.3 What is the unit vector in the direction of Vector
2.4 Two particles are located at respectively. Find both the magnitude of
the vector and its orientation with respect to x-axis.
2.5 If a Vector B is added to vector A, the result is . If B is subtracted from A, the result is .
What is magnitude of vector A.
2.6 Given that and , find the magnitude and direction of (a) C = A+B and (b) D =
3A – 2B.
2.7 Find the angle between the two vectors, .
2.8 Find the work done when the point of application of the force moves in a straight line from
the point (2, -1) to the point (6, 4).
2.9 Show that the three vector are mutually perpendicular.
2.10 Given that , find the length of the projection of A on B.
2.11 Vectors A, B and C are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe carefully
(a) A x B (b) A x C (c) B x C.
2.12 The torque or turning effect of force about a given point is given by r x F where r is the vector from
the given point to the point of application of F. Consider a force (Newton) acting
on the point . What is the torque in Nm about the origin?
2.13 The line of action of force, , passes through the point whose position vector is .
Find (a) the moment of F abut the origin, (b) the moment of about the point of which the position
vector is .
2.14 The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are and 6 respectively. Find the angle
between the vectors.
2.15 A load of 10.0 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that makes an angle of 15 0
with the horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
2.16 A tractor of weight 15,000 N crosses a single span bridge of weight 8000 N of length 21.0 m. the
bridge span is supported half of metre from either end. The tractor’s front wheels take 1/3 of the total
weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3m behind the front wheels. Calculate the force on the
bridge supports when the rear wheels are at the middle of the bridge span.
2.17 A spherical ball of weight 50N is to be lifted over the step as shown in the Fig. 2.23.
a) Calculate the minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
b) Determine the force acting on the ball at that instant.
2.18 A uniform sphere of weight 10.0 N is held by a string attached to a fictionless wall so that the string
makes an angle of 300 with the wall as shown in Fig. 2.24. Find the tension in the string and the
force exerted on the sphere by the wall.
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 3)
3.1 What is the difference between uniform and variable velocity. From the explanation of variable
velocity, define acceleration. Give SI units of velocity and acceleration.
3.2 An object is thrown vertically upward. Discuss the sign of acceleration due to gravity, relative to
velocity, while the object is in air.
3.3 Can the velocity of an object reverse direction when acceleration is constant? If so, give an example.
3.4 Specify the correct statement:
a. An object can have a constant velocity even its speed is changing.
b. An object can have a constant speed even its velocity is changing,
c. An object can have a zero velocity even its acceleration is not zero.
d. An object subjected to a constant acceleration can reverse its velocity.
3.5 A man standing on the top of a tower throws a ball straight up with initial velocity v, and at the same
time throws a second ball straight downward with the same speed. Which ball will have larger speed
when it strikes the ground? Ignore air friction.
3.6 Explain the circumstances in which the velocity v and acceleration a of a car are
(i) Parallel (ii) Anti-parallel (iii) Perpendicular to one another
(iv) v is zero but a is not (v) a is zero but v is not zero
3.7 Motion with constant velocity is a special case of motion with constant acceleration. Is this statement
true? Discuss.
3.8 Find the change in momentum for an object subjected to a given force for a given time and state law
of motion in terms of momentum.
3.9 Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?
3.10 State the law of conservation of linear momentum, pointing out the importance of isolated system.
Explain, why under certain conditions, the law is useful even though the system is not completely
isolated?
3.11 Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions. Explain how would a bouncing ball
behave in each case? Give plausible reasons for the fact that K.E is not conserved in most cases?
3.12 Explain what is meant by projectile motion. Derive expressions for
a. the time of flight b. the range of projectile.
Show that the range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at an angle of 45 with the
horizontal.
3.13 At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed, its maximum speed?.
3.14 Each of the following questions is followed by four answers, one of which is correct answer. Identify
that answer.
i. What is meant by a ballistic trajectory?
a. The paths followed by an un-powered and unguided projectile.
b. The path followed by the powered and unguided projectile.
c. The path followed by un-powered but guided projectile.
d. The path followed by powered and guided projectile,
ii. What happens when a system of two bodies undergoes an elastic collision?
a. The momentum of the system changes.
b. The momentum of the system does not change.
c. The bodies come to rest after collision.
d. The energy conservation law is violated.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
3.1 A helicopter is ascending vertically at the rate of 19.6ms"1. When it is at a height of
156.8 m above the ground, a stone is dropped. How long does tr stone take to reach the ground?
(Ans: 8 s)
3.2 Using the following data, draw a velocity-time graph for a short journey on straight road of a motorbike.
Velocity (ms-1) 0 10 20 20 20 20 0
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Use the graph to calculate

a) the initial acceleration
b) the final acceleration and
c) the total distance traveled by the motorcyclist.
[Ans: (a)0.33ms"2,(b>0.67ms"2, (c)2.7km]
3.3 A proton moving with speed of 1.0 x 107 ms"1 passes through a 0.02 cm thick sheet of paper and
emerges with a speed of 2.0 x 106 ms"1. Assuming uniform] deceleration, find retardation and time
taken to pass through the paper.
(Ans: 2.4 x 1017 ms-2 3 .33 x 10-11 s)
3.4 Two masses m\ and n?2 are initially at rest with a spring compressed between them. What is the ratio
of their velocities after the spring has been released?
3.5 An amoeba of mass 1.0 x 10-12 kg propels itself through water by blowing a jet of water through a
tiny orifice. The amoeba ejects water with a speed of 1.0 x 10 -4 ms-1 and at a rate of 1.0 x10-13 kgs-1.
Assume that the water is being continuously replenished so that the mass of the amoeba remains the
same.
a) If there were no force on amoeba other than the reaction force caused by the emerging jet,
what would be the acceleration of the amoeba?
b) If amoeba moves with constant velocity through water, what is force of surrounding water
(exclusively of jet) on the amoeba?
[Ans: (a) 1.0x10-5 ms-2 (b) 1.0 x 10-17 N]
3.6 A boy places a fire cracker of negligible mass in an empty can of 40 g mass. He plugs the end with a
wooden block of mass 200 g. After igniting the firecracker, he throws the can straight up. It explodes
at the top of its path. If the block shoots out with a speed of 3 ms"1, how fast will the can be going?
(Ans: 15 ms-1)
-31 7 -1
3.7 An electron (m =9.1 x 10 kg) traveling at 2.0 x 10 ms undergoes a head on collision with a
hydrogen atom (m =1 .67 x 10-27 kg) which is initially at rest. Assuming the collision to be perfectly
elastic and a motion to be along a straight line, find the velocity of hydrogen atom?
(Ans: 2.18 x104ms-1)
-1
3.8 A truck weighing 2500 kg and moving with a velocity of 21 ms collides with stationary car
weighing 1000 kg. The truck and the car move together after the impact. Calculate their common
velocity
(Ans: 15 ms-1)
3.9 Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 0.5 kg are attached at the two ends of a compressed spring. The
elastic potential energy stared in the spring is 10 J. Find the velocities of the blocks if the spring
delivers its energy to the blocks when released.
(Ans: 1.41 ms-1,-5.64ms-1)
3.10 A foot ball is thrown upward with an angle of 30° with respect to the horizontal. To throw a 40 m
pass what must be the initial speed of the ball?
(Ans: 21.3ms-1)
-1
3.11 A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of 10 m with velocity of 21 ms . How far off it hit the
ground and with what velocity?
(Ans: 30 m, 25ms-1)
3.12 A bomber dropped a bomb at a height of 490 m when its velocity along the horizontal was 300 kmh -
1
.
a) At what distance from the point vertically below the bomber at the instant the bomb was
dropped, did it strike the ground?
b) How long was it in air?
(Ans: 833m, 10s)
3.13 Find the angle of projection of a projectile for which its maximum height and
horizontal range are equal.
(Ans: 76°)
3.14 Prove that for angles of projection, which exceed or fall short of 45° by equal amounts, the ranges
are equal.
3.15 A SLBM (submarine launched ballistic missile) is fired from a distance of 3000km. If the Earth were
flat and the angle of launch is 45° with horizontal, find the Time taken by SLBM to hit the target and
the velocity with which the missile is fired.
(Ans: 13 min, 5.42 kms-1)
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 4)
4.1 A person holds a bag of groceries while standing still, talking to a friend. A car is stationery with its
engine running. From the stand point of work, how are these two situations similar?
4.2 Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting a mass of 10 kg (at a steady velocity) through a
vertical height of 10 m.
4.3 A force F acts through a distance L The force is then increased to 3 F, and then acts through a further
distance of 2 L. Draw the work diagram to scale.
4.4 In which case is more work done? When a 50 kg bag of books is lifted through 50 cm, or when a 50
kg crate is pushed through 2m across the floor with a force of 50 N?
4.5 An object has 1 J of potential energy. Explain what does it mean?
4.6 A ball of mass m is held at a height h, above a table. The table top is at a height h 2 above the floor.
One student says that the ball has potential energy mgh 1 but another says that it is mg (h 1 + h2). Who
is correct?
4.7 When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot. Where does this heat
energy come from?
4.8 What sort of energy is in the following:
a) Compressed spring
b) Water in a high dam
c) A moving car
4.9 A girl drops a cup from a certain height, which breaks into pieces. What energy changes are
involved?
4.10 A boy uses a catapult to throw a stone which accidentally smashes a green house window. List the
possible energy changes.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
4.1 A man pushes a lawn mower with a 40 N force directed at an angle of 20° downward from the
horizontal. Find the work done by the man as he cuts a strip of grass 20 m long.
(Ans:7.5x102J)
4.2 A rain drop (m = 3.35 x10"5 kg) falls vertically at a constant speed under the influence of the forces
of gravity and friction. In falling through 100 m, how much work is done by (a) gravity and (b)
friction.
[Ans: (a) 0.0328 J (b) – 0.0328 J]
4.3 Ten bricks, each 6 cm thick and mass 1.5 kg, lie flat on a table. How much works is required to stack
them one on the top of another?
(Ans: 40 J)
4.4 An object of mass 6 kg is travelling at a velocity of 5 ms -1. What is its kinetic energy? What will be
its kinetic energy if its velocity is doubled?
(Ans: 75 J, 3.0 x 102 J)
4.5 An electron strikes the screen of a cathode-ray tube with a velocity of 1.0 x 10 7 ms-1 Calculate its
kinetic energy. The mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10-31 kg.
(Ans: 4.6x10-17 J)
4.6 If 100 m3 of water is pumped from a reservoir into a tank, 10 m higher than the reservoir, in 20
minutes. If density of water is 1000 kg m , find
(a) the increase in P.E
(b) the power delivered by the pump.
[Ans: (a) 9.8 x 106 J (b) 8.21
4.7 A force (thrust) of 400 N is required to overcome road friction and air resistant in propelling an
automobile at 80 kmh-1. What power (kW) must the engine develop?
(Ans: 8.9 kW)
4.8 How large a force is required to accelerate an electron (m = 9.1 x 10 -31 kg) from rest to a speed of 2
x 107 ms"1 through a distance of 5 cm?
(Ans:3.6 x10-15 N)
4.9 A diver weighing 750 N drops from a board 10m above the surface of a pool of water.
Use the conservation of mechanical energy to find his speed at a point 5 m above the
water surface, neglecting air friction.
(Ans: 9.9 ms-1)
4.10 A child starts from rest at the top of a slide of height 4m. (a) What is his speed at the bottom if the
slide is frictionless? (b) if he reaches the bottom, with a speed of 6 ms -1, what percentage of his total
energy at the top of the slide is lost as a result of friction?
[Ans: (a) 8.8 ms-1 (b) 54%]
 QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 5)
5.1 Explain the difference between tangential velocity and the angular velocity. If one of these is given
for a wheel of known radius, how will you find the other?
5.2 Explain what is meant by centripetal force and why it must be furnished to an object if s the object is
to follow a circular path?
5.3 What is meant by moment of inertia? Explain its significance.
5.4 What is meant by angular momentum? Explain the law of conservation of angular momentum.
5.5 Show that orbital angular momentum L0 = mvr.
5.6 Describe what should be the minimum velocity, for a satellite, to orbit close to the Earth around it.
5.7 State the direction of the following vectors in simple situations; angular momentum and angular
velocity.
5.8 Explain why an object, orbiting the Earth, is said to be freely falling. Use your explanation to point
out why objects appear weightless under certain circumstances.
5.9 When mud' flies off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly? Explain.
5.10 A disc and a hoop start moving down from the top of an inclined plan at the same time. Which one
will be moving faster on reaching the bottom?
5.11 Why does a diver change his body positions before diving in the pool?
5.12 A student holds two dumb-bells without stretched arms while sitting on a turn table. He is given a
push until he is rotating at certain angular velocity. The student then pulls the dumbbell towards his
chest (Fig. 5.25). What will be the effect on rate of rotation?
5.13 Explain how many minimum number of geo-stationary satellites are required for global coverage of
T.V transmission.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (CHAPTER 5)
5.1 A tiny laser beam is directed from the Earth to the Moon. If the beam is to have a diameter of 2.50 m
at the Moon, how small must divergence angle be for the beam? The distance of Moon from the
Earth is 3.8 x 108m.
(Ans: 6.6 x10-9 rad)
5.2 A gramophone record turntable accelerate from rest to an angular velocity of 45.0 rev min -1 in
1.60s. What is its average angular acceleration?
(Ans: 2.95 rad s-2)
5.3 A body of moment of inertia I = 0.80 kg m2 about a fixed axis, rotates with a constant angular
velocity of 100 rad s-1. Calculate its angular momentum L and the torque to sustain this motion.
(Ans: 80 Js, 0)
5.4 Consider the rotating cylinder shown in Fig. 5.26.
Suppose that m = 5.0 kg, F = 0.60 N and r= 0.20 m.
Calculate (a) the torque acting on the cylinder, (b) the angular acceleration of the cylinder.
(Moment of inertia of cylinder )
(Ans: 0.12 Mm, 1.2 rad s-2)
5.5 Calculate the angular momentum of a star of mass 2.0 x 10 kg and radius 7.0 x 105 km. If it makes
30

one complete rotation about its axis once in 20 days, what is its kinetic energy?
(Ans: 1.4x1042 Js, 2.5 x 1036 J)
5.6 A 1000 kg car traveling with a speed of 144 km h"1 rounds a curve of radius 100 m. find the
necessary centripetal force.
(Ans:1.60x 104 N)
5.7 What is the least speed at which an aeroplane can execute a vertical loop of 1.0 km radius so that
there will be no tendency for the pilot to fall down at the highest point.
(Ans: 99 ms-1)
5.8 The Moon orbits the Earth so that the same side always faces the Earth. Determine the ratio of its
spin angular momentum (about its own axis) and its orbital angular momentum. (In this case, treat
the Moon as a particle orbiting the Earth). Distance between the Earth and the Moon is 3.85 x 10 8 m.
Radius of the Moon is 1.74 x 106m.
(Ans: 8.2 x 10-6)
5.9 The Earth rotates on its axis once a day. Suppose, by some process the Earth contracts so that its
radius is only half as large as at present. How fast will it be rotating then? (For Sphere I =
2
2/5 MR )
(Ans: The Earth would complete its rotation in 6 hours)
5.10 What should be the orbiting speed to launch a satellite in a circular orbit 900 km above the surface of
the Earth? (Take mass of the Earth as 6.0 x 1 024 and its radius as 6400 km).
(Ans: 7.4 km s-1)
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 6)
6.1 Explain what do you understand by the term viscosity?
7.1 What is meant by drag force? What are the factors upon which drag force acting an upon a small
sphere of radius r, moving down through a liquid, depend?
7.2 Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air?
7.3 Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow
7.4 State Bernoulli's relation for a liquid in motion and describe some of its applications.
7.5 A person is standing near a fast moving train. Is there any danger that he will fall towards it?
7.6 Identify the correct answer. What do you infer from Bernoulli's theorem?
 i) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure will be low.
ii) Where the speed of the fluid is high the pressure is also high,
iii) This theorem is valid only for turbulent flow of the liquid.
7.7 Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each other. Explain.
7.8 Explain, how the swing is produced in a fast moving cricket ball.
7.9 Explain the working of a carburetor of a motorcar using Bernoulli's principle.
7.10 For which position will the maximum blood pressure in the body have the smallest value, (a)
Standing up right (b) Sitting (c) Lying horizontally (d) Standing on one's head?
7.11 In an orbiting space station, would the blood pressure in major arteries in the leg ever be greater than
the blood pressure in major arteries in the neck?

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (CHAPTER 6)

6.1 Certain globular protein particle has a density of 1246 kg m -3. It falls through pure ( =8.0 x 10-4
Nms-2) with a terminal speed of 3.0 cmh-1. Find the radius of the particle.
(Ans: 5.Qx105 m)
-1
6.2 Water flows through a hose, whose internal diameter is 1cm, at a speed of 1ms . What should be the
diameter of the nozzle if the water is to emerge at 21ms-1?
(Ans: 0.2 cm)
6.3 6.3 The pipe near the lower end of a large water storage tank develops a small leak and a stream of
water shoots from it. The top of water in the tank is 15m above the point of leak.
a) With what speed does the water rush from the hole?
b) If the hole has an area of 0.060 cm2, how much water flows out in one second?
(Ans: (a) 17 ms-1, (b) 102 cm3)
6.4 Water is flowing smoothly through a closed pipe system. At one point the speed of water is 3 ms -1,
while at another point 3rn higher, the speed is 4.0 ms -1. If the pressure is 80 kPa at the lower point,
what is pressure at the upper point?
(Ans: 47 kPa)
6.5 An airplane wing is designed so that when the speed of the air across the top of the wing is 450 ms -1,
the speed of air below the wing is 410 ms -1. What is the pressure' difference between the top and
bottom of the wings? (Density of air = 1.29kgm-3)
(Ans: 22 kPa)
6.6 6.6 The radius of the aorta is about 1.0 cm and the blood flowing through it has a speed of about 30
cms-1. Calculate the average speed of the blood in the capillaries using the fact that although each
capillary has a diameter of about 8 x 10 -4 cm, there are literally millions of them so that their total
cross section is about 2000cm2.
(Ans: 5 x 10-4 ms-4)
6.7 How large must a heating duct be if air moving 3.0 ms -1 along it can replenish the air in a room of
300 m3 volume every 15 min? Assume the air's density remains constant.
(Ans: Radius = 19 cm)
6.8 An airplane design calls for a "lift" due to the net force of the moving air on the wing about 1000
Nm"2 of wing area. Assume that air flows past the wing of an aircraft' streamline flow. If the speed
of flow past the lower wing surface is 160ms -1, what is the required speed over the upper surface to
give a "lift" of 1000 Nm-2? The density air is 1.29 kgrn-3 and assume maximum thickness of wing be
one meter.
(Ans: 165 ms-1)
6.9 What gauge pressure is required in the city mains for a stream from a fire connected to the mains to
reach a vertical height of 15m?
(Ans: 1.47x 105 Pa)
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 7)
7.1 Name two characteristics of simple harmonic motion.
7.2 Does frequency depends on amplitude for harmonic oscillators?
7.3 Can we realize and ideal simple pendulum?
7.4 What is the total distance traveled by an object moving with SHM in a time equal to its period, if its
amplitude is A?
7.5 What happens to the period of a simple pendulum if its length is doubled? What happens if the
suspended mass is doubled?
7.6 Does the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator remain constant during its motion? Is the
acceleration ever zero? Explain.
7.7 What is meant by phase angle? Does it define angle between maximum displacement and the driving
force?
7.8 Under what conditions does the addition of two simple harmonic motions produce a resultant, which
is also simple harmonic?
7.9 Show that in SHM the acceleration is zero when the velocity is greatest and the velocity is zero when
the acceleration is greatest?
7.10 7.10 In relation to SHM, explain the equations;
(i)
(ii)
7.11 Explain the relation between total energy, potential energy and kinetic energy for a body oscillating
with SHM.
7.12 Describe some common phenomena in which resonance plays an important role.
7.13 If a mass spring system is hung vertically and set into oscillations, why does the motion eventually
stop?
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS (CHAPTER 7)
7.1 A 100.0 g body hung on a spring elongates the spring by 4.0 cm. When a certain object is hung on
the spring and set vibrating, its period is 0.568 s. What is the mass of the object pulling the spring?
(Ans: 200 g)
7.2 A load of 15.0g elongates a spring by 2.00 cm. If body of mass 294 g is attached to the spring and is
set into vibration with an amplitude of 10.0 cm, what will be its (i) period (ii) spring constant (iii)
maximum speed of its vibration.
[Ans: (i) 1.26s, (ii) 7.35 Mm-1, (iii) 50.0 cm s-1]
7.3 An 8.0 kg body executes SHM with amplitude 30 cm. The restoring force is 60 N when the
displacement is 30 cm. Find
i) Period
ii) Acceleration, speed, kinetic energy and potential energy when the displacement is 12 cm.
[Ans: (i) 1.3 s, (ii) 3.0 ms'2, 1.4 ms'1, 7.6 J, 1.44J]
7.4 A block of mass 4.0 kg is dropped from a height of 0.80 m on to a spring of sp constant k = 1960
Nm"1, Find the maximum distance through which the spring be compressed.
(Ans: 0.18 m)
7.5 A simple pendulum is 50.0 cm long. What will be its frequency of vibration at a place where g = 9.8
ms-2?
(Ans: 0.70 Hz)
7.6 A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached to a spring with spring constant 1000 Nm -1, shown in Fig. 7.14.
The spring is compressed through a distance of 2.0cm and block is released from rest. Calculate the
velocity of the block as it passes through the equilibrium position, x = 0, if the surface is frictionless.
(Ans: 0.50 ms-1)
7.7 A car of mass 1300 kg is constructed using a frame supported by four springs. Each spring has a
spring constant 20,000 Nm"1. If two people riding in the car have a combined mass of 160 kg, find
the frequency of vibration of the car, when it is driven over a pot hole in the road. Assume the
weight is evenly distributed.
(Ans: 1.1 8 Hz)
7.8 Find the amplitude, frequency and period of an object vibrating at the end of a spring, if the equation
for its position, as a function of time, is

What is the displacement of the object after 2.0 s.

(Ans: 0.25 m, 1/16 Hz, 16 s, x = 0.18 m)
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 8)
8.1 What features do longitudinal waves have in common with transverse waves?
8.2 The five possible waveforms obtained, when the output from a microphone is into the Y-input of
cathode ray oscilloscope, with the time base on, are shown Fig.8.23. These waveforms are obtained
under the same adjustment of cathode ray oscilloscope controls. Indicate the waveform
a) which trace represents the loudest note?
b) which trace represents the highest frequency?
8.3 Is it possible for two identical waves travelling in the same direction along a string to give rise to a
stationary wave?
8.4 A wave is produced along a stretched string but some of its particles permanently show zero
displacement. What type of wave is it?
8.5 Explain the terms crest, trough, node and antinode.
8.6 Why does sound travel faster in solids than in gases?
8.7 How are beats useful in tuning musical instruments?
8.8 When two notes of frequencies f1 and f2 are sounded together, beats are formed. If what will be
the frequency of beats?
i) ii)

iii) iv)
8.9 As a result of a distant explosion, an observer senses a ground tremor and then hears the explosion.
Explain the time difference.
8.10 Explain why sound travels faster in warm air than in cold air.
8.11 How should a sound source move with respect to an observer so that the frequency of its sound does
not change?
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ( ch 8 )
8.1 The wavelength of the signals from a radio transmitter is 1500 m and the frequency is 200 kHz.
What is the wavelength for a transmitter operating at 1000 kHz and with what speed the radio waves
travel?
(Ans:300m, 3x108ms-1)
8.2 Two speakers are arranged as shown in Fig. 8.24. The distance between them is 3 m and they emit a
constant tone of 344 Hz. A microphone P is moved along a line parallel to and 4.00 m from the line
connecting the two speakers. It is found that tone of maximum loudness is heard and displayed on
the CRO when microphone is on the centre of the line and directly opposite each speakers. Calculate
the speed of sound.
(Ans: 344ms-1)
8.3 A stationary wave is established in a string which is 120 cm long and fixed at both ends. The string
vibrates in four segments, at a frequency of 120 Hz. Determine its wavelength and the fundamental
frequency?
(Ans: 0.6 m, 30 Hz)
8.4 The frequency of the note emitted by a stretched string is 300 Hz. What will be the frequency of this
note when;
a) the length of the wave is reduced by one-third without changing the tension.
b) the tension is increased by one-third without changing the length of the wire.
(Ans: 450 Hz, 346 Hz)
8.5 An organ pipe has a length of 50 cm. Find the frequency of its fundamental note land the next
harmonic when it is
a) open at both ends,
b) closed at one end.
(Speed of sound = 350 ms-1)
[Ans: (a) 350 Hz, 700 Hz, (b) 175 Hz, 525 Hz]
8.6 A church organ consists of pipes, each open at one end of different lengths. The minimum length is
30 mm and the longest is 4 m. Calculate the frequency range of the fundamental notes.
(Speed of sound = 340 ms-1)
(Ans: 21 Hz to 2833 Hz)
8.7 Two tuning forks exhibit beats at a beat frequency of 3 Hz. The frequency of one fork is 256 Hz. Its
frequency is then lowered slightly by adding a bit of wax to one of its prong. The two forks then
exhibit a beat frequency of 1 Hz. Determine the frequency of the second tuning for k.
(Ans:253 Hz)
8.8 Two cars P and Q are travelling along a motorway in the same direction. The leading car P travels at
a steady speed of 12 ms"1; the other car Q, travelling at a steady speed of 20 ms -1, sound its horn to
emit a steady note which P's driver estimate, has a frequency of 830 Hz. What frequency does Q's
own driver hear?
(Speed of sound = 340 ms"1)
(Ans: 810 Hz)
8.9 A train sounds its horn before it sets off from the station and an observer waiting plateform estimates
its frequency at 1200 Hz. The train then moves accelerates steadily. Fifty seconds after departure, the
driver sounds the he and the plateform observer estimates the frequency at 1140 Hz. Calculate speed
50 s after departure. Howfarfrom the station is the train after 50 s?
(Speed of sound = 340 ms"1)
(Ans: 17.9ms-1, 448m)
8.10 The absorption spectrum of faint galaxy is measured and the wavelength of one of the lines
identified as the Calcium a line is found to be 478 nm. The same line has a wavelength of 397 nm
when measured in a laboratory.
a) Is the galaxy moving towards or away from the Earth?
b) Calculated the speed of the galaxy relative to Earth. (Speed of light = 3.0 x 108 ms-1)
(Speed of light = 3.0 x 108 ms"1)
[Ans: (a) away from the Earth, (b) 6.1 x 107 ms-1)
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 9)
9.1 Under what conditions two or more sources of light behave as coherent sources?.
9.2 How is the distance between interference fringes affected by the separation between the slits of
Young’s experiment? Can fringes disappear?
9.3 Can visible light produce interference fringes? Explain.
9.4 In the Young’s experiment, one of the slits is covered with blue filter and other with red filter. What
would be the pattern of light intensity on the screen?
9.5 Explain whether Young’s experiment is an experiment for studying interference or diffraction effects
of light.
9.6 An oil film spreading over a wet footpath shows colours. Explain how does it happen?
9.7 Could you obtain Newton’s rings with transmitted light? If yes, would the pattern be different from
that obtained with reflected light?
9.8 In the white light spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating, the third order image of a wavelength
coincides with the fourth order image of a second wavelength. Calculate the ratio of the two
wavelengths.
9.9 How would you manage to get more orders of spectra using a diffraction grating?
9.10 Why the Polaroid sunglasses are better than ordinary sunglasses?
9.11 How would you distinguish between un-polraized and plane-polarized lights?
9.12 Fill the blanks
i. According to principle, each point on a wavefront acts as a source of
secondary .
 ii. In Young’s experiment, the distance between two adjacent bright fringes for violet light is
than that for green light.
iii. The distance between bright fringes in the in reference pattern as the wavelength of
light used increases.
iv. A diffraction grating is used to make a diffraction pattern for yellow light and then for red light.
The distances between the red spots will be than that for yellow light.
v. The phenomenon of polarization of light reveals that light waves are waves.
vi. A Polaroid is a commercial .
vii. A Polaroid glass glare of light produced at a road surface.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ( ch 9 )

9.1 Light of wavelength 546 nm is allowed to illuminate the slits of Young's experiment separation
between the slits is 0.10 mm and the distance of the screen from the where interference effects are
observed is 20 cm. At what angle the first minim fall? What will be the linear distance on the screen
between adjacent maxima?
(Ans: 0.160, 1.1 mm)
9.2 2 Calculate the wavelength of light, which illuminates two slits 0.5 mm apart and produces an
interference pattern on a screen placed 200 cm away from the slits. The first bright fringe is observed
at a distance of 2.40 mm from the central bright image.
(Ans: 600 nm)
9.3 In a double slit experiment the second order maximum occurs at 9 = 0.25°. The wavelength is 650
nm. Determine the slit separation.
(Ans: 0.30 mm)
9.4 A monochromatic light of ^ = 588 nm is allowed to fall on the half silvered glass plate gt, in the
Michelson Interferometer. If mirror m! is moved through 0.233 mm, how many fringes will be
observed to shift?
(Ans: 792)
9.5 A second order spectrum is formed at an angle of 38.0° when light falls normally on a diffraction
grating having 5400 lines per centimetre. Determine wavelength of the light used.
(Ans. 570 nm)
9.6 A light is incident normally on a grating which has 2500 lines per centimetre. Compute the
wavelength of a spectral line for which the deviation in second order is/15.0°.
(Ans: 518 nm)
9.7 Sodium light (= 589 nm) is incident normally on a grating having 3000 lines per centimetre. What is
the highest order of the spectrum obtained with this grating?
(Ans: 5th)
9.8 Blue light of wavelength 480 nm illuminates a diffraction grating. The second order image is formed
at an angle of 30° from the central image. How many lines in a centimetre of the grating have been
ruled?
(Ans: 5.2 x 103 lines per cm)
9.9 X-rays of wavelength 0.150 nm are observed to undergo a first order reflection at a Braggangle of
13.3° from a quartz (SiO2) crystal. What is the interplaner spacing of the reflecting planes in the
crystal?
(Ans: 0.326 nm)
9.10 An X-ray beam of wavelength 1 undergoes a first order reflection from a crystal fwhen its angle of
incidence to a crystal face is 2&5 and an X-ray beam of [wavelength 0.097 nm undergoes a third
order reflection when its angle of incidence |to fhat facejs 6CLP5- Assuming that the two beams
reflect from the same family of plane^rcalculatela)the interplarwspacing of the planes and (b)the
wavelength .
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 10)
10.1 What do you understand by linear magnification and angular magnification? Explain how a convex
lens is used as a magnifier?
10.2 Explain the difference between angular magnification and resolving power of an optical instrument.
What limits the magnification of an optical instrument?
10.3 Why would it be advantageous to use blue light with a compound microscope?
10.4 One can buy a cheap microscope for use by the children. The images seen in such a microscope have
coloured edges. Why is this so?
10.5 Describe with the help of diagrams, how (a) a single biconvex lens can be used as a magnifying
glass, (b) biconvex lenses can be arranged to form a microscope.
10.6 If a person were looking through a telescope at the full moon, how would the appearance of the
moon be changed by covering half of the objective lens.
10.7 A magnifying glass gives a five times enlarged image at a distance of 25 cm from the lens. Find, by
ray diagram, the focal length of the lens.
10.8 Identify the correct answer.
i. The resolving power of a compound microscope depends on;
a) The refrective index of the medium in which the object is placed.
b) The diameter of the objective lens.
c) The angle subtended by the objective lens at the object.
 d) The position of an observer's eye with regard to the eye lens.
ii. The resolving power of an astronomical telescope depends on:
a) The focal length of the objective lens.
b) The least distance of distinct vision of the observer.
c) The focal length of the eye lens.
d) The diameter of the objective lens.
10.9 Draw sketches showing the different light paths through a single-mode and a multi mode fibre. Why
is the single-mode fibre preferred in telecommunications?
10.10 How the light signal is transmitted through the optical fibre? 1t.11 How the power is lost in optical
fibre through dispersion? Explain.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS( ch 10 )
10.1 A converging lens of focal length 5.0 cm is used as a magnifying glass. If the near point of the
observer is 25 cm and the lens is held close to the eye, calculate (i) the distance of the object from
the lens (ii) the angular magnification. What is the angular magnification when the final image is
formed at infinity?
[Ans: (i) 4.2 cm (ii) 6.0 ; 5.0]
10.2 A telescope objective has focal length 96 cm and diameter 12 cm. Calculate the focal length and
minimum diameter of a simple eye piece lens for use with the telescope, if the linear magnification
required is 24 times and all the light transmitted by .the objective from a distant point on the
telescope axis is to fall on the eye piece.
(Ans: fe = 4.0 cm, dia = 0.50 cm)

10.3 A telescope is made of an objective of focal length 20 cm and an eye piece of 5.0 cm, both convex
lenses. Find the angular magnification.
(Ans: 4.0)
10.4 A simple astronomical telescope in normal adjustment has an objective of focal length 100 cm and
an eye piece of focal length 5.0 cm. (i) Where is the final image formed (ii) Calculate the angular
magnification.
[Ans: (i) infinity (ii) 20]
10.5 A point object is placed on the axis of and 3.6 cm from a thin convex lens of focal length 3.0 cm . A
second thin convex lens of focal length 16.0 cm is placed coaxial with the first and 26.0 cm from it
on the side away from the object. Find the position of the final image produced by the two lenses.
(Ans: 16 cm from second lens)
10.6 A compound microscope has lenses of focal length 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm. An object is placed 1.2 cm
from the object lens. If a virtual image is formed, 25 cm from the eye, calculate the separation of the
lenses and the magnification of the instrument.
(Ans: 8.7 cm, 47)
10.7 Sodium light of wavelength 589 nm is used to view an object under a microscope. If the aperture of
the objective is 0.90 cm, (i) find the limiting angle of resolution (ii) using visible light of any
wavelength, what is the maximum limit of resolution for this microscope.
[Ans: (i) 8.0x10'5 rad, (ii) 5.4 x 10'5 rad]
10.8 An astronomical telescope having magnifying power of 5 consist of two thin lenses 24 cm apart.
Find the focal lengths of the lenses.
[Ans: 20 cm, 4 cm]
10.9 A glass light pipe in air will totally internally reflect a light ray if its Angle of incidence is at least
39°. What is the minimum angle for total internal reflection if pipe is in water? (Refractive Index of
water = 1.33)
[Ans: 57°]
10.10 The refractive index of the core and cladding of an optical fibre are 1.6 and 1.4 respectively.
Calculate (i) the critical angle for the interface (ii) the maximum angle of incidence in the air of a ray
which enters the fibre and is incident at the critical angle on the interface.
QUESTIONS (CHAPTER 11)

11.1 Why is the average velocity of the molecules in a gas zero but the average of the square of velocities
is not zero?
11.2 Why does the pressure of a gas in a car tyre increase when it is driven through some distance?
11.3 Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than specific heat at constant volume. Why?
11.4 Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system but the
temperature of the system changes.
11.5 Is it possible to convert internal energy into mechanical energy? Explain with an example.
11.6 Is it possible to construct a heat engine that will not expel heat into the atmosphere?
11.7 A thermos flask containing milk as a sytem is shaken rapidly. Does the temperature of milk rise?
11.8 What happens to the temperature of the room, when a air conditioner is left running on a table in the
middle of the room?
11.9 Can the mechanical energy be converted completely into heat energy? If so give an example.
11.10 Does entropy of a system increases or decrease due to friction?
11.11 Give an example of a neutral process that involves an increase in entropy.
11.12 An adiabatic change is the one in which.
 a) No heat is added to or taken out of a system.
b) No change of temperature takes place.
c) Boyle’s law is applicable.
d) Pressure and volume remains constant.
11.13 Which one of the following process is irreversible?
a) Slow compressions of an elastic spring
b) Slow evaporation of asubstance in an isolated vessel
c) Slow compression of a gas.
d) A chemical explosion.
11.14 An ideal reversible heat engine has
a) 100% efficiency
b) Highest efficiency
c) An efficiency which depends on the nature of working substance
d) None of these
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS ( ch 11)
11.1 Estimate the average speed of nitrogen molecules in air under standard conditions of pressure and
temperature.
11.2 Show that ratio of the root mean square speeds of molecules of two different a gases at a certain
temperature is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their masses.
11.3 A sample of a gas is compressed to one half of its initial volume at constant pressure of 1.25 x 10 5
Nm-2. During the compression, 100 J of work is done on the gas. Determine he final volume of the
gas.
11.4 A thermodynamic system undergoes a process in which its internal energy decreases by 300 J. If at
the same time 120 J of work is done on the system, find the heat lost by the system.
11.5 A carnot engine utilises an ideal gas. The source temperature is 227°C and the sink temperature is
127°C. Find the efficiency of the engine. Also find the heat input from the source and heat rejected
to the sink when 10000 J of work is done.
11.6 A reversible engine works between two temperatures whose difference is 100°C. If it absorbs 746 J
of heat from the source and rejects 546 J to the sink, calculate the temperature of the source and the
sink.
11.7 A mechanical engineer develops an engine, working between 327°C and 27°C and claim to have an
efficiency of 52%. Does he claim correctly? Explain.
11.8 A heat engine performs 100 J of work and at the same time rejects 400 J of heat energy to the cold
reservoirs. What is the efficiency of the engine?
11.9 A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7°C has an efficiency of 50%. It is desired to
increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees the temperature of the source be increased?
11.10 A steam engine has a boiler that operates at 450 K. The heat changes water to steam, which drives
the piston. The exhaust temperature of the outside air is about 300 K. What is maximum efficiency
of this steam engine?
11.11 336 J of energy is required to melt 1 g of ice at 0°C. What is the change in entropy of 30 g of water
at 0°C as it is changed to ice at 0°C by a refrigerator?