CORE JAVA NOTES BY HARSHAL

CHAUDHARI

JavaSyllabus- Core Java Programming

● Installing Java
● Installing Eclipse
● Variables
● Data Types
● Operators
● Conditional Statements-
● Loops
● Concept of class file
● What are methods?
○ Method Input Parameters
○ Method Return Type
○ Main Method
● Objects Creations in Java
○ Object and Object References
○ Call by reference and Value
● Constructors
○ Constructor Overloading
● Object-Oriented Programming in Java (OOPs)
§ Access Modifiers –
Public/Private/Default/Protected
 § Importance of Final, Static, this, super
keywords
○ Interface
■ Abstract class and concrete class
○ Inheritance
■ Usage of Inheritance in Selenium
■ Diamond ambiguity
○ Polymorphism
■ Overloading and Overriding Functions
○ Abstraction
■ Abstract class and concrete class
○ Interface
○ Encapsulation
○ Generalisation
● Casting in Java
● String class and functions/methods
● Arrays- for each loop
● Collection-SET, list, maps
● Exception Handling-throw, throws, try, catch,
finally etc.
Java Advantages

1. Beginner friendly
2. Simple & open source
3. Object oriented language
4. Secured language
5. Platform Independent
 6. Most in demand
7. Multi Language support-English, Marathi, Hindi,
Kannada, telugu, Frech, Japanese etc.
ASCII values--->Unicode
128-->64k+
a-z, A-Z, 0-9, all symbols
1. Deep community support-20lac java programer

Language Comparison

Parameter C C++ Java

Security Not Secured Highly
secured Secured
Platform No No Yes
Independen
t
Language Procedural Procedural Procedu
Design oriented oriented/ob ral
j oriented oriented/ob
j oriented
Example OS, Browsers- Antivirus,
compilers,S Chrome, Netflix,
QL,Databas Edge, banking
e Firefox, 3D applns,
games

History of Java
 ● Invented in 1995 - James Gosling- SunMicrosys-
Oracle
● First name given to java language as Oak—>
Java
● Java latest-17.0.1
● High level programming language→ Humans can
read it.
● WORA- Write Once Run Anywhere
_____________________________________________
________________________

Java Applications

1. Web application → websites→ Internet is required

Client- server
2. Standalone application-->Internet not required
Games, VLC, adobe reader, MS office
3. Enterprise Application
ERP, Banking application, CRM
4. Mobile Applications
5. All android & IOS applications

_____________________________________________
_______________________

Java Downloading

Java Versions
Starting Java 1.0 to 1.8, 9,......17

Java 1.8 == Java 8

Most popular versions of java are

1. Java 8 - free support
2. Java 11 - Chargeable support

Java Structure and Analogy with real life

examples

Application- Country-India university

Eclipse
Project State- Institute
Maharashtra
Package Dist- Nagar Branch
Class Tehsil-Akole Class-4th year
Methods AT-Akole Div-A
Society
Datamembers Akash-Home Akash-Roll
No.05

Methods/functions/tasks
 Methods Datamembers
Functions/ Characteristics/
tasks Features
Person Eat, sing, Height, colour,
dance, sleep weight, age
Online Payment () Sender name,
Payment { mobile no,
—-----Code of Account Num,
that method Balance

}
//task-money
transfer
Mathematical Addition() int x=10
Operation { int y=20
int z;
z=x+y;
//z=10+20=30
Print z=30
}

First Program in Java

package com.aspire.java.basics;

// I am trying to write my first java program

// start first program
/* hi
hello
i am writing first program
*/
public class Demo
{ //main method
public static void main(String[] args)
//main(press Ctrl+spacebar)
{
System.out.println("Hello Team"); //
syso(press ctrl+spacebar)
System.out.println("How are you");
System.out.println("Fine");
System.out.println("Close");
System.out.println("Successfully executed
my 1st program");
}
}
Output on console:
Hello Team
How are you
Fine
Close
Successfully executed my 1st program

Data Type
Data types are used to represent the type of
data/information which we want to use in a java
program.
Ex- number, name
- In java programming it is made mandatory to
define/declare datatype before the declaration
of variable
- Ex- int a=10;
int→datatype, a→variable

Types of DataTypes
A. Primitive DataTypes
● Memory size of Primitive data types is
fixed
● All the primitive datatypes are keywords
● There are 8 types of primitive datatypes
are available- byte, short, int, long, float,
double, char, Boolean.
32GB=32*1024MB
1GB=1024MB
1Mb=1024KB
1KB=1024 bytes=1024*8= bits
1 byte= 8 bit
Bit→0 and 1

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
+ Or 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
-

Storage Range= - (2)^(n-1) to (2)^(n-1) -1 n→ bits

For byte, n=8, Storage range= - 128 to 127 = total
numbers=256

1. Integer Primitive DataTypes (Numeric+Non-

decimal)

Sr. Data Size (in bytes) Storage range

No. type
1 byte 1 byte - 128 to 127
 2 short 2 byte=2*8=16 -32768 to
bit (n=16) 32767
3 int 4 byte (n=32) -2,147,483,648
to
2,147,483,647
4 long 8 byte -
(l) 922337203685
4775808 to
922337203685
4775807
And we need
to add symbol
‘l’ after
number

2. Fractional DataTypes

Sr. Data Size (in Storage range Storage

No type bytes) before decimal range
. after
decimal
5 float(f 4 byte -2,147,483,648 to 6 to 7
) 2,147,483,647 decimals
And we need to
add symbol ‘f’
after number
 6 doubl 8 byte - 15
e(d) 922337203685477 decimal
5808 to
922337203685477
5807
And we need to
add symbol ‘d’
after number

3. Character

Sr. No. Data type Size (in Storage

bytes) range
7 char 2 byte -32768 to
32767

UNICODE: (ASCII in older days)

ASCII values
A=65, B=66, C=67,.......
a=97, b=98, c=99,d=100,........
#=35

Char can store-

 Eng. Alphabets (A-Z)= 26,a-z=26, numbers(0-
9=10),Marathi=48;Telugu=56,
min=0, max=65536
4. Boolean Data Type

Sr. No. Data type Size (in Storage

bytes) range
8 Boolean 1 bit true or
false
Boolean x=true;
Boolean y=false;
B. Non-Primitive DataTypes
● Memory size of Non-Primitive data types
is not fixed/defined
● Non-primitive datatypes are not keywords
● Non-primitive data types are Identifiers
● Identifiers always starts with Capital letter
● Examples- String, Class, Arrays, Interface

Variables (Part-I)
 ● Variable are nothing but a piece of memory
used to store some information
Ex- int i=10;
● One variable can store one information at a
single time
● Variable can be used for information
reusability
● Steps to be followed to utilise variable in
program-
1. Variable declaration
2. Variable Initialization
3. Variable Usage
Rules for Variables-
1. Uppercase(A-Z), lowercase(a-z), digits(0-9),
Underscore (_), dollar($)
2. First character must be letter
3. Blank spaces are not allowed
4. No java keywords can be used as variables
5. Variable are case sensitive

Operators in Java
Operator is nothing but a symbol which informs the
compiler to perform specific mathematical operation
or logical operations

Types of Operators
Type of Operator Example Result
Operator symbol (int A=8, B=3,
C=5)
+ A+B 11
- A-B 5
Arithmetic * A*B 24
Operators
/ A/B 2
% A%B 2
Remainder
< A<B false
<= A<=B false
Relational > A>B true
Operators
>= A>=B true
== A==B false
!= A!=B true
Not Equals
&& (A<B) && False
AND (B>C)
Logical T T T
Operators
T F F
F T F
F F F
 || (A==B) || (B! True
OR =C)
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

! ! (A>B) false
NOT
+= A+=B → 11
A=A+B
-= A-=B → 5
Assignment A=A-B
Operator *= A*=B → 24
A=A*B
/= A/=B → 2
A=A/B
%= A%=5 → 3
A=A%5
=a=b Value of b will
be assigned
to a
 Conditional Statements/ Decision Making/
Selection

Type of Syntax Flowchart

stateme
nt
1.If if(condition)
{
Statement(s)-if
condition is
true
}
2.If_el if(condition)
se
{
Statement(s)-if
condition is
true
}
else
 {
Statement(s)-if
condition is
false
}
3.If_el if(condition 1)
se If {
Or Statement(s)-if
condition 1 is
Else
true
-if
}
else if
(condition 2)
{
Statement(s)-if
condition is
true
}
.
.
.
.

else
{
Statement(s)-
 if
condition is
false
}

4.Nest
if(main
ed_if
condition)
{

Statement(s)-
if main
condition is
true
if(sub
condition)
{

Statement(s)-
if condition is
true
}
 else
{

Statement(s)-
if sub-
condition is
false
}
}
else
{

Statement(s)-
if main
condition is
false
}
5.Swit
switch (key) {
ch
case case value1:
break;
case value2:
break;
case value3:
break;
default:
break;

}
Logical Loops
The logical loops in java are essential to
execute a block of code multiple times.
Following loops are present in java-
1.For Loop
2.While Loop
3.Do-While Loop
4.For each Loop
All these types of loops execute a set of
repeated statements as long as a
given/specified condition remains true.
This particular condition is called a loop
control.

Q. Why do we need to use a loop ?

Whenever we want to execute a block of code

several times then the looping concepts are

preferred in Java language.

S Lo Syntax Flow chart
r. op
N
o
1 For

//for( variable
declarartion &
initialization ;
condition ;
increment/decr
ement of value)
{
// body
}

//sequence of
cursor
movement

1. init
2. condition
verify - 5,8
3. for loop block
- 6,9
4. i/d (++/--)
- 7,10
11. (in case of
condition false)
for loop exit
2 Whi
le
3 Do
Whi
le

*to repeat the

statement
block at least
one time then
use do-while
loop

Collection / Arrays
4 For Mostly used
eac for(DataType
h localVariable:datasource)
{

}
Java Keywords:
These are reserved words

Used Keywords-48 Unused

Keywords-2
data 1) byte 1) goto- use is
types-8 2) short ban
3) int 2) const
4) long
5) float
6) double
7) char
8) boolean
flow 1) if Reserved
control-11 2) else Literals-3
(condition 3) switch (as a value)
al 4) case
1) true
statement 5) default
2) false
s& 6) for
3) null
Loops) 7) do
8) while
9) break
10)
continue
11) return
Access 1) public
modifiers 2) private
(Access 3)
specifiers protected
)-11 4) static
5) final
6) abstract
7)
synchroniz
ed
8) native
9) strictfp
10)
transient
11) volatile
exception 1) try
handling- 2) catch
6 3) finally
4) throw
5) throws
6) assert
 Class-6 1) class
2) package
3) import
4) extends
5)
implements
6) interface
Object-4 1) new
2)
instanceof
3) super
4) this

Methods:

● Method is a block of code which only runs

whenever it is called
● Methods are used to perform certain actions or
tasks hence method are called as functions
● We can pass parameters as well as data into
method
● Methods provide advantage of reusability of
code- Write code once and use that same code
repeatedly/many times.
Types of Method:

Main Method

● Main () method is the starting point from for

any Java program, from
where the compiler starts the program
execution.
● Hence, the compiler is required to call the
main () method.
● Main method is required to run any java
program
● Without main method we can't run any java
program.
Public
● public is a keyword in a java language
● whenever the public keyword is preceded by the
main() method then the scope is available
anywhere in the java environment.
● It means the main() method can be executed from
anywhere in the java environment.
● main() method must be accessed by every java
programmer and hence whose access specifier
must be public

Static
● static is a keyword in java
● Whenever static is preceded by any class
properties then for that memory is allocated only
once in the program.
● Static method is executed only once in the
program.
● main() method of java executes only once
throughout the java program execution and
hence it declares must be static.

Void
● void is a special datatype also known as no
return type, whenever it is preceded by main()
method that will be never return any value to the
operating system.
 ● main() method of java is not returning any value
and hence its return type must be void.

String args[ ]
String args[ ] is a String array used to hold command
line arguments in the form of String values.

In case of main() method following changes are

acceptable
1. We can declare String[] in any valid form.

· String[] args

· String args[]

· String []args

2. Instead of String[] we can take the var-arg String

parameter String…

main(String[] args) --> main(String... args)

var-arg method

3. We can change the order of modifiers i.e Instead

of

public static we can take static public

4. Instead of args we can take any valid java identifier.

public static void main(String a[])

Regular Method
a. Static Regular Method
I. Static method call from same class
Method call: methodName();
II. Static method call from different
class
Method call: ClassName.MethodName();
III. Static method call from different
package
Method call:
IMPORT PACKAGE(// import
PackageName.className);
ClassName.methodName();

b.Non-static Regular Method/Instance

Method
I. Non-Static method call from same
class
Method call:
//create an object for the same class
//className objectName = new
className();
objectName.methodName();
 II. Non-Static method call from different
class
Method call:
//create an object for Different Class
//className objectName = new
className();
objectName.methodName();

III. Non-Static method call from different

package
Method call:
IMPORT PACKAGE(// import
PackageName.className);
//create an object for that class from
Diff package
//className objectName = new
className();
objectName.methodName();

Method without parameter(Zero parameter)-All

methods studied earlier belongs to this category
Method with Parameters

package com.aspire.java.Methods;

public class Parameterized_Method

 {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
subtraction(50,20);
subtraction(100,50);
subtraction(5000, 3000);
}
public static void subtraction(int a, int b)
{
int c=a-b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}

Method with Return Type

Constructor
● A constructor in Java is a special member
method which is used to initialise
objects/instance variables/non-static members.
● The constructor is called when an object of a
class is created.

Points to follow during constructor

declaration:
● Constructor name must be same as class
name
 ● Do not declare any return type for the
constructor(like void,int, etc).
● Many number of constructor can be declared
in a java class but constructor name should be
the same as class name, but
arguments/parameters should be different.
Use of Constructor
● To initialise instance data member/variable
● To copy/load non-static members of class
into object --> when we create object of class

Types of Constructor
 1. Default Constructor- we don't write, it is provided
by compiler
2. User defined Constructor--we actually write in
program

1. Default Constructor-only one

conditions apply
● If Constructor is not declared in java class
then at the time of compilation, compiler will
provide Constructor for the class
● If the programmer has declared the
constructor in the class then the compiler will
not provide the default Constructor.
● The Constructor provided by compiler at the
time of compilation is known as Default
Constructor

2. User defined Constructor-one or more in

numbers
● If a programmer is declaring a constructor in
a Java class then it is considered to be a User
defined constructor.
 User defined Constructor are classified into 2 types
1. Without/zero parameter constructor
2. With parameter constructor

Method Constructor

1 Method name can Constructor name must

be any user be same as class name
defined name
2 Method should It should not have any
have return type return type (even void)
3 Method should be It will be called
called explicitly automatically whenever
either with object object is created
reference or class
reference
4 Method is not The java compiler
provided by the provides a default
compiler in any constructor if we do not
case. have any constructor.

OOPs
 Object Oriented Programing

OOPs is the methodology or structure with

which we can design programs by using
classes and objects.

1.Inheritance-The process of
obtaining/acquiring features ( the data
members and methods) from one class
(Parent class/base class/main class) to
 another class (child class/derived/sub
class) is known as inheritance.

2.Abstraction-Abstraction is the concept

of exposing only the required essential
characteristics and behaviour with
respect to a context.

3. Encapsulation-Encapsulation is a
process of wrapping data and methods
in a single unit is called encapsulation.

4.Polymorphism-The process of
representing one Form in multiple
forms is known as Polymorphism

Features or Benefits of OOPs:

● Suitable for large projects

● Better memory management
● It implements real time scenarios
● It is easy and simple to maintain and
modify existing code
 ● Fairly efficient language
● Implementation details are hidden from
other modules

1.Inheritance

● It is one of the Oops principles where

one class acquires properties of
another class with the help of 'extends'
keywords is called Inheritance.
● The class from which properties are
acquiring/inheriting is called super
class/Parent class/base class/main
class
● The class to where properties are
inherited/delivered is called sub
class/Child class/advance
class/derived class
● Inheritance takes place between 2 or
more than 2 classes.
 ● Inheritance is classified into 4 types:
1. Single level
Inheritance
2. Multilevel
Inheritance
3. Multiple
Inheritance
4. Hierarchical
Inheritance
5. Hybrid
1. Single level Inheritance:

● It is an operation where inheritance takes

place between 2 classes.
● To perform single level inheritance only 2
classes are mandatory.

2. Multilevel Inheritance:
● Multilevel Inheritance takes place between
3 or more than 3 classes.

● In Multilevel Inheritance 1 sub class

acquires properties of another super class
& that class acquires properties of its
 another super class & phenomenon
continuous.

3. Multiple Inheritance:

● One sub class acquiring properties of 2

super classes at the same time is known
as Multiple Inheritance.

● Java doesn't support Multiple Inheritance

using class because of the diamond
ambiguity problem.

Note: object class is the super most class in

java

By using interfaces we can achieve

Multiple Inheritance.
4. Hierarchical Inheritance:
● Multiple sub classes can acquire
properties of 1 super class is known as
hierarchical Inheritance.

5. Hybrid

Combination of above types

 Variables- Part II:
Types of Variables-
1. Local Variable
2. Global Variable
3. Static Variable
4. Instance Variable/ Non-static
Variable

1. local variable
● Creating variable inside method/block is
known as local variable.
● Scope of local variable remains only within
the method & they are temporary.
2. global variable
● Creating variable outside method/block is
known as global variable.
● Scope of global variable remains throughout
the class & they are permanent.

3. class/static variable
● Declaring the variable using a static
keyword is known as class/static variable
because to access a static variable class
name is used.
● To access static variable from diff class we
need to make use of below statement:
● Syntax:- classname.variablename;

4. Instance/non-static variable
● To access non-static variable we need to
make use of below statement:
-Create object of class.
Syntax:- objectname.variablename;
 Static data Non static data
member- member-Global
Global
Static Yes No
block/method
Non static Yes Yes
Block/method

this and super keywords

this—> it is a keyword used to access global

variable from same class

super—--> it is a keyword used to access

global variable from super class/different
class

Static Instance Static in Instanc

 case of e in
inherita case of
nce inherita
nce
Global directly Create this this
variable object & keyword keyword
of same call by
class Object
reference
Global Class Create super super
variable referenc object of keyword keyword
of e that
differen class& call
t class by Object
reference
Global Import Import
variable package package &
of and call by
differen Class Object
t referenc reference
packag e
e
 Access specifiers/modifier:
Access specifiers are used to represent
scope of members of the class.
Access specifiers in Java are classified into
4 types as below-

1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public

1. private:
● If you declare any member of class as private
then scope of that member remains only
within the class
● It can't be accessed from other classes.

2. default:
● If you declare any member of class as
default then scope of that member remains
only within the package
● It can't be accessed from other packages.
● There is no keyword to represent the default
access specifier.

3. protected:
 ● If you declare any member of class as
protected then scope of that member
remains only within the package that class
which is present outside the package can
access it by one condition ie. inheritance
operation (child class ref)

4. public:
● If you declare any member of class as public
then scope of that member remains
throughout the project.

In same package In diff package

In In In son In In son class
same diff class diff
class cla clas
With With With With
ss s
pare child parent child
nt class class class
clas objec object object
 s t ref. ref. ref.
obje
ct
ref.
Privat Yes No No No NO NO No
e
defaul Yes Ye Yes Yes NO NO NO
t s
protec Yes Ye Yes Yes NO NO Yes
ted s
public Yes Ye Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
s

Polymorphism
● It is one of the OOPs principle where one
object shows different behaviours at different
stages of the life cycle.
● Polymorphism is a Latin word where poly
stands for many & morphism stands for forms.
● In java Polymorphism is classified into 2
types:
1. Compile time Polymorphism
 2. Runtime Polymorphism

1. Compile Time Polymorphism: early

polymorhism/static polymorphism
● In Compile Time Polymorphism method
declaration is going to get binded to its
definition at compilation time, based on an
argument known as compile time
Polymorphism.
● As binding takes during compilation time
only, so it is also known as early binding.
● Once binding is done, again rebinding can't
be done, so it is called static binding.
 Method overloading is an example of
compile time Polymorphism.
2. Runtime Polymorphism: Late
polymorphism/dynamic polymorphism
● In Runtime Polymorphism method
declaration is going to get binded to its
definition at Runtime, based on object
creation is known as runtime
Polymorphism.
● As binding takes during Runtime time, so it
is also known as late binding.
● Once binding is done, again rebinding can
be done, so it is called dynamic binding.
Method overriding is an example of
Runtime Polymorphism.
Method overloading:
Declaring multiple method with same method
name but with different argument in a same
class is called method overloading
Creating multiple methods with same name but
with different parameters or count of
parameters or data type of parameters or
different sequence/order of parameters
Minimum java class = 1 & incase inheritance
multiple classes are allowed

Q. How to Overload a method?

By changing number of arguments or
parameter
By changing the data type

1. Method name should be same

2. Parameters must be different
3. Count parameters must be different
4. Order of parameters is different
5. Minimum 1 class is sufficient

Q. Can we overload the main() method ?

Ans- Yes, We can overload the main()
method.
Method overriding:
● Acquiring super class method into sub class
with the help of extends keyword & changing
implementation/definition according to
subclass specification is called method
overriding
● Whenever the same method name is existing
in both base class and derived class with
same types of parameters or same order of
parameters is known as method Overriding.
● Without Inheritance method overriding is
not possible.
● Method Overriding is used to provide specific
implementation of a method that is already
provided by its super class.

Method Overriding is used for Runtime

Polymorphism
● Minimum 2 classes with inheritance having
methods with the same name, same return type,
and same type of argument can be overridden.
● The private, static and final methods
can't be overridden as they are local to
the class.

Q. Can we override the main() method ?

ANs- No because the main() is static
method and we can not override static
methods
 Method overloading Method
overriding
Alternate Compile Runtime/late/
name time/early/static dynamic
polymorphism polymorphism
Methods Multiple with same Parent class to
name child class
Method name
should be same
Argument Different (parameter May override
or count or same
sequence )
Where Same class Min.2 classes
(Minimum 1 class) parent & child
Keywords —--- extends
Syntax M1() Class A extends
{……} B
M1(int a, int b)
{…....}
How to stop We can not stop Declare
(Make unique methods final or
method names is static or private
only way to stop
method
overloading)
For Overloadding of Overridding of
constructor constructor is constructor is
possible not possible
Main method Yes No because it is
static
##constructor name = class name
In each package a class is always unique

Abstraction
Abstraction is one of the oops principles in java.
Abstraction means hiding the implementation code and
providing only functionality to the end user is called
abstraction.
the concept of exposing only the required essential
characteristics and behaviour with respect to a context.

The scenario of Abstraction is "if customer is visiting

or making use of any application then he should
utilize functionality only & he should not feel any
backend code processing"
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java
· Abstract class (0 to 100%)

· Interface (Achieve 100% abstraction)

1.Abstract class—-0% to 100%
2.Interface—------100%

Abstract Class:
● Abstract class is defined as a class which
is declared with an "abstract" keyword.
Ex- abstract public class A

● An Abstract class is also called as an

incomplete class in which programmers can
declare complete as well as incomplete
methods.
● Programmers can declare incomplete methods
as abstract methods, by declaring a keyword
called "abstract" in front of the method.
● Abstract methods are also called Incomplete
methods or undefined methods.
 ● object of abstract class can not be created, we
need to make use of concrete class to create
objects of abstract class

Abstract class- We can create with 0-100%

abstract methods
Abstract class has its own constructor.
Abstract methods don't have any
block(definition).

Concrete class:
It is defined as a class which provides definitions
for all the abstract/ incomplete/undefined methods
which are present in abstract class with the help of
extends keyword(inheritance).

Interface
It is one of the oops principles.
It is used to achieve 100% abstraction.
Interface is used to declare only incomplete
methods in it.
Features of Interface:
1. Methods declared inside an Interface are by
default public & abstract.
2. Variables or data members declared in
Interface are by default static and final.
3. Interface don’t have Constructor inside it.
4. We can not create object of Interface directly.
5. To create object of Interface programmers
need to make use of the Implementation class.
6. Interfaces support multiple inheritance.

Implementation class:
It is defined as a class which provides definitions
for all the abstract or incomplete methods those
are present in interface with the help of
implements keyword.
 Benefits of using Interface
· We can achieve fully abstraction(100%).

· We can achieve multiple inheritance in java

with interfaces

Similarity between interface and class

Whenever we compile any Interface program it
generate .class file. That means the bytecode of
an interface appears in a .class file.

Difference between Interface compare to

Class:
● All methods in an interface are abstract.
● Interfaces can not contain instance fields.
● Interface only contains public static final
variables.
● We can not instantiate an interface means
can not create object
● Interface does not contain any constructors.
● Interfaces can not be extended by a class; it
is implemented by a class
● Interfaces can extend multiple interfaces. It
means interface support multiple inheritance
Rules for implementation of an interface
● A class can implement more than one
interface at a time.
● A class can extend only one class, but
implement many interfaces.
● An interface can extend another interface,
similarly to the way that a class can extend
another class.

Parent
1 More 1 More
Parent parent parent parent
class class interfac interfac
e es
Child 1 child extend X implem implem
class s ents ents
More extend X implem Implem
child s ents ents
class
1 child X X extend extend
interfac s s
e
More X X extend extend
child s s
 interfac
e

Comparison between Abstract class and

Interface

Parameters/ Abstract class Interface

points
Constructor Yes No
Presence
Methods Complete or All Abstract
abstract methods
Definitions to In concrete In
abstract class Implementation
methods class
methods
Where Min 2 classes Minimum 1
abstract Interface & 1
class(parent) & class(implemen
concrete class tation class)
(child)
Keywords extends & implements &
abstract interface
Syntax abstract Parent Interface I
Child extends Class A
Parent implements I

Generalization:
● Generalization is the process of extracting
shared characteristics from two or more
classes and combining them into a
generalized superclass.
● Generalization files can be normal java
class or abstract class or Interface, but
only Interface is recommended.
____________________________________
____________________

Encapsulation
● Encapsulation is a process of wrapping data
and methods in a single unit.
● Encapsulation is achieved in java language
by class concept.
 ● Encapsulation can be achieved using class
keyword, state represents declaration of
variables on attributes and behaviour
represents operations in terms of method.

● To secure the data from other methods, when

we make a data private then these data are
only used within the same class, but these
data are not accessible outside the class.

Benefits of encapsulation
● Provides abstraction between an object and
its clients.
● Protects an object from unwanted access by
clients.
● Example: A bank application forbids (restrict)
a client to change an Account's balance

Casting:
Converting one type of information into another
type is called casting
In java casting is classified into 2 types:
1. Primitive casting-deals with primitive
data type
2. Non-primitive casting-
1. Primitive casting:
● Converting one data type of information
into another data type is called casting
● Primitive casting is classified into 3
types:
1. implicit casting
2. explicit casting
3. boolean casting
i. Implicit casting:
● Converting lower data type info into
higher data type info is called implicit
casting.
 ● Implicit casting is also called widening
casting, where memory size goes on
increasing,
Eg. byte a =10;
short b;
int c;
long d;
float e;
double f;
b=(short)a; // typecast a into
short
b=a;
c=a; // c=(int) a; // typecast a into
int
d=a;
e=a;
f=a;
c=b;
e=c;

ii. Explicit casting:

 ● Converting higher data type info into lower
data type info is called explicit casting.
● Explicit casting is also called narrowing
casting, where memory size goes on
decreasing
● In explicit casting data loss may takes place
Eg.
int p=10; //130
byte q;
q=(byte)p; //typecasting p
into byte
float r=21.756f;
int s;
s=(int)r; //typecasting r
into int
iii. Boolean casting:
● Boolean casting is considered to be
incompatible casting type, because
Boolean data type is a unique type of data
type where information is already pre-
declared inside it.
● true/false
2. Non-primitive
 ● Converting one type of class into another
type of class is called non-primitive.
● Non-primitive is classified into 2
types:
i. Up-casting
ii. Down-casting

i. Up casting:
● Assigning subclass/child class property into
superclass/parent class is called up-casting.
● Up-casting can be performed only after
performing an inheritance operation
● After performing inheritance, the property
which are present inside superclass/parent
class comes into subclass/child class
● In the subclass programmer can declare new
properties.
● At the time of up-casting the properties which
are inherited from superclass are only eligible
for the up-casting operation.
● The new properties which were declared
inside subclass are not eligible for up-casting
operation.
 methods Global
Variables
Child Child class
c=new methods
Child();
Parent p Parent class
=new methods
Parent();
Parent Child class
object=n methods
ew which are
Child(); inherited from
parent class

How to read: creating the object of child

class with reference to Parent class
Eg. webDriver driver = new
chromeDriver()
ii. Down casting:
● Assigning superclass property into
subclass is called down-casting.
● Down-casting can be performed only
after performing up-casting first.
 Array
● Array is a collection of similar type of data
int [] a= { 10,20,30,40,50};
String [] b={ “Aspire”, “Institute”, “Pune”};
● It is fixed in size
● It is a collection of homogeneous data elements
- eg. all integers, or all strings
● It stores the value on the basis of the index
value.
Advantage

● One variable can store multiple value

● Code Optimization
● Random access to any value in any index
position
Disadvantage → These disadvantages overcome in
Collection

● Fix Size Limit

● Homogeneous data

Types of Arrays
1.Single Dimensional Array

1. int[] a;
2. int a[];
3. int []a;

2.Multidimensional Array
1. int[][] a;
2. int a[][];
3. int [][]a;
4. int[] a[];
5. int[] []a;
6. int []a[];

To specify the array size the allowed data types

are byte, short, int, char.
The maximum allowed size of array in Java is
2,14,74,83,647
Array length/size = highest index of array+1
OR
Highest array index=array size/length - 1

j=0 1 2 3 4 5
i=0 a[0] a[0] 1 14
[0]=11 [1]=12 3
1 a[1] a[1] 1 18
[1]=15 [1]=16 7
2 19 20 2 22
1
3
4 a[4]
[5]

Array creation
1. String ar[] = new String[5]
ar[0]=
 ar[1]=
ar[2]=
ar[3]=
ar[4]=
2. int ar []= {30,40,50,20,10};
3. ar.length --> Length/size of Array
4. Array index --> ar[i][j]
5. Arrays.sort(ar)

String
1. String is a non-primitive data type, memory
size is not fixed.
2. String is used to store collection of characters
3. String is a class present inside the "java.lang"
package.
4. String class is the final class that can't be
inherited to other classes.
5. At the time of String declaration, initialization,
object creation takes place.
6.String objects are immutable in nature/can’t be
changed.
7. Object creation of String can be done in 2 ways:
 1. without using new keyword
2. Using new keyword
8. String objects are going to get stored inside the
String pool area which is present inside the heap
area.

String pool area:

It is used to store String objects.
It is classified into 2 areas:

1. Constant pool area 2. Non-constant pool area

1.During object creation 1.During object creation time
time if we don't make use of if you make use of new
new keyword then Object keyword then Object
creation takes place inside creation takes place inside
constant pool area. non-constant pool area.
 2. Duplicate objects are
2.Duplicate objects are not
allowed inside non-constant
allowed inside constant
pool area.
pool area.

Methods/functions of String:
1. toUpperCase();-
2. toLowerCase();
3. length()
4. contains()
5. equalsIgnoreCase()
6. equals(s1)
7. isEmpty()
8. charAt(3)
9. endsWith("")
10. startsWith("Institute")
11. substring(4)
12. substring(4, 7)
13. concat(s1)
 14. indexOf('')
15. lastIndexOf('')
16. replace("", "")
17. String ar[] = s4.split("")

Case Relation / Content Operations

(Lower/U Comparis
pper) on
equalsIgnor length() substring(4)
toUpperCas eCase()
e()
toLowerCa equals(s1) contains() substring(4, 7)
se()
isEmpty() concat(s1)
charAt(3) replace("", "")
endsWith("") String ar[] =
s4.split("")
startsWith("Ins
titute")
indexOf('')
lastIndexOf('')
 Collection Framework
It is a collection of collection classes in the java
API. It can be used to handle the data structure in
java language or collection classes in java API
used to manage the data very efficiently like
inserting, deleting, updating, retrieving, sorting
the data etc.

1. List(I)
2. set(I)
3. queue(I)

1. List(I)
1. Duplicate are allowed in list
 2. Allows any number of null
values
3. Order of insertion - maintain
Types of List:
1. Arraylist (IC)
2. Vector (IC)------Legacy class
3. LinkedList (IC)

2. Set(I)
1. Doesn't allow duplicate
2. allow only 1 null value (except
treeset)
3. order of insertion - random
insertion (except linkedHashset)
Types of Sets:
1. Hashset (IC)
2. LinkedHashset (IC)
3. Treeset (IC)

3. queue(I)
1. priority Queue (IC)a

# Cursor
1.Iterator-- all the collection object --universal
cursor
 2.List Iterator -- only for list interface type
implementation classes --not universal cursor
3.enumeration -- Legacy class(vector) --not
universal cursor

1.Iterator-- All the collection object --> Universal

cursor
1)Enumeration and iterator only forward direction
cursor not a backward.-- single directional cursor
2)In an iterator we can perform only read and
remove operations, we can not perform replace
and addition of new objects.

2. list Iterator -- only for list interface type impl

classes --not universal cursor
1. using list iterator we can traverse a List in
forward direction and backward direction-->
bidirectional cursor
2. we can perform read , remove , replace and
addition of new objects.

4.enumeration
 1)Only applicable for legacy classes and hence it
is not a universal cursor.
2)By using enumeration we can get only read
access.
3)Enumeration and iterator only forward direction
cursor not backward.--single directional cursor

1. List (I):
Types of List:
1. Arraylist (IC)
2. Vector (IC)------Legacy class
3. LinkedList (IC)
1. Arraylist(IC)
1. duplicate are allowed in Arraylist
2. allows any no of null values
3. order of insertion-maintain
4. Default capacity for Arraylist is 10
5. data structure: Resizable
6. Incremental capacity= (current capacity*3/2)+1
7. best choice: retrieval operation (random access
interface is implemented in Arraylist & vector)
8. worst choice: manipulation operation i.e.
insertion in between Arraylist or delete ()
9. storage type: index

2. Vector
1. duplicate are allowed in vector
2. allows any no of null values
3. order of insertion-maintain
4. Default capacity for Vector is 10
5. data structure: doubly
6. Incremental capacity= current capacity*2
7. best choice: retrieval operation (random access
interface is implemented in Arraylist & vector)
8. worst choice: manipulation operation i.e.
insertion in between Vector or delete ()
9. Vector is a legacy class.
10. storage type: index
3. LinkList
1. duplicate are allowed in Arraylist
2. allows any no of null values
3. order of insertion-maintain
4. no Default capacity in linkedlist
5. data structure: linear
7. best choice: manipulation operation i.e.
insertion in between linkedlist or delete()
8. worst choice: retrieval operation
9. storage type: index

2. Set(I)
1. doesn't allow duplicate
2. allow only 1 null value(except treeset)
3. order of insertion-random insertion
Types of sets:
1. Hashset(IC)
2. LinkedHashset(IC)
3. Treeset(IC)
1.Hashset:
1. Doesn't allow duplicate values
2. Allow only 1 null value.
3. order of insertion-random insertion
4. no default capacity
5. DS: Hashtable
6. storage type: hashtable
7. best choice: To remove duplicate elements
when order of insertion is not
Mandatory.

2. LinkedHasSet:
 1. Doesn't allow duplicate values
2. Allow only 1 null value.
*3. order of insertion-maintained
4. no default capacity
*5. DS: Hybrid (liner+ hashtable)
6. storage type: hashtable
7.best choice: To remove duplicate elements
when order of insertion is
Mandatory

3. TreeSet:
1. doesn't allow duplicate
2. null values: not allowed/ no null value
*3. order of insertion- Ascending order.
4. no default capacity.
5. DS: Balanced tree
6. storage type: hashtable
7.best choice: To remove duplicate elements
when order of insertion
Ascending order.
Note: we can store only homogeneous data
in TreeSet
Common program to compare all Set & List
Classes of Collection

Map/HashMap

● Key-Unique
● Values-May be unique or duplicate
● Data type of key and value- May be same or
different.
● Data storage- Ascending order as per key