2.

(1 + 𝑥) −1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯, |𝑥| < 1

Module -IV
3. (1 − 𝑥) −2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯, |𝑥| < 1
𝒁-TRANSFORMS
Definition 4. (1 + 𝑥) −2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯, |𝑥| < 1
𝒁-transform 5. 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑥2 𝑥3
If the function 𝑓(𝑛) is defined for 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …and𝑓(𝑛) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0; then 6. 𝑒 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + +⋯
2! 3!
𝑓(0) , 𝑓(1), 𝑓(2) , … is a sequence, denoted by {𝑓(𝑛)}. The 𝑍-transform of the sequence 7. 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) …3.2.1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0! = 1
{𝑓(𝑛)} is defined as 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
∞ 2 3 4

𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 , if the series converges. 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4

9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑥) = −𝑥 − − − −⋯
2 3 4
𝑛=0

Where 𝑧 is a complex number. This 𝑍-transform is called one-sided or unilater al 𝑍- 10. In the Geometric Progression 1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛−1
1 − 𝑟𝑛
transform. 𝑆𝑛 = (
); 𝑟 < 1
1−𝑟
Definition
𝑟𝑛 − 1
=( );𝑟 > 1 (Or)
If the function 𝑓(𝑛) is defined for 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, …, then 𝑍-transform of the sequenc e 𝑟−1
{𝑓(𝑛)} is defined as In the Geometric Progression 1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛
∞
1 − 𝑟 𝑛+1
𝐹 (𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
. 𝑆𝑛+1 = ( ); 𝑟 < 1
1− 𝑟
𝑛=−∞
𝑟 𝑛+1 − 1 𝑡2
This 𝑍-transform is called two-sided or bilateral Z-transform. =( ) ; 𝑟 > 1 where 𝑟 =
𝑟−1 𝑡1
Definition
Linearity Property of 𝒁-transform:
If the continuous function 𝑓(𝑡) is defined for the sampled values 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇, 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …,
The 𝑍-transform is a linear transformation.
then the 𝑍-transform of {𝑓(𝑡)} is defined as
∞
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑍[ 𝑎𝑓(𝑛) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑛)] = 𝑎𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] + 𝑏𝑍[ 𝑔(𝑛)] Where 𝑎, 𝑏 are any constants.
𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛𝑡)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛𝑇)𝑧 −𝑛 𝒁-Transform of Elementary Functions:
𝑛=0 𝑘𝑧
1. 𝑍[ 𝑘] = , 𝑘 is a constant, |𝑧| > 1
𝑧−1
Region of Convergence
Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑘
The value of 𝑧 for which 𝑍-Transform converges is called region of convergence. ∞
Results: 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛
1. (1 − 𝑥) −1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯, |𝑥| < 1 𝑛=0

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 1
 ∞ ∞ 𝑧
−𝑛
1 (i ) If 𝑎 = 1 then 𝑍[(1)𝑛] =
𝑍[ 𝑘] = ∑ 𝑘 𝑧 = 𝑘∑ 𝑧−1
𝑧𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑧
(ii ) If 𝑎 = −1 then 𝑍[ (−1) 𝑛] =
1 1 1 𝑧+1
= 𝑘 [1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ ] 𝑧
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 (iii ) 𝑍[ 𝑒 𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑍[ (𝑒 𝑎) 𝑛] =
𝑧 − 𝑒𝑎

1 −1 1 1
= 𝑘 [1 − ] 𝑖𝑓 |𝑧| > 1 ⟹ <1⟹ | |<1 3. 𝑍[ 𝑛] = (
𝑧
𝑧 |𝑧| 𝑧 𝑧−1)2

𝑧 − 1 −1 𝑧 Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑛
= 𝑘[ ] =𝑘[ ]
𝑧 𝑧−1 ∞
𝑘𝑧 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛
∴ 𝑍[ 𝑘] =
𝑧−1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞
Note:
−𝑛
1 1 𝑛
𝑍[ 𝑛] = ∑ 𝑛 𝑧 = ∑𝑛 𝑛 = ∑𝑛 ( )
𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
(i ) 𝑍[ 1] = (ii) 𝑍[ 2] = 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑧−1 𝑧−1 2
1 1 1 3
= [0 + 1. ( ) + 2. ( ) + 3. ( ) + ⋯ ]
𝑧
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
2. 𝑍[ 𝑎 𝑛] = , |𝑧| > |𝑎|
𝑧−𝑎 1 1 1 2
𝑛 = [1 + 2. ( ) + 3. ( ) + ⋯ ]
Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑎 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
∞
1 1 −2 1 𝑧 − 1 −2 1 𝑧 2 1 𝑧 2
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 = [1 − ] = [ ] = [ ] =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑧
1 𝑎 𝑛 ∴ 𝑍[ 𝑛] =
𝑍[ 𝑎𝑛 ] = ∑ 𝑎 𝑛𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑎 𝑛 = ∑( ) (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧 1 𝑧
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 4. 𝑍 [ ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ), 𝑛 > 0
𝑛 𝑧−1
𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 1
= [1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ ] Given 𝑓 (𝑛) =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑛
𝑎 −1 1 1 𝑎 ∞
= [1 − ] 𝑖𝑓 |𝑧| > |𝑎| ⟹ < ⟹| |<1 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑧 |𝑧| |𝑎| 𝑧
𝑧 − 𝑎 −1 𝑛=0
=[ ] ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑧 1 1 1 1 1 1 𝑛
𝑧 𝑍 [ ] = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛 = ∑ ( )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛𝑧 𝑛 𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑎𝑛 ] = 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1
𝑧−𝑎 𝑛
∞ 1
( )
=∑ 𝑧
Note: 𝑛
𝑛=1

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 2
 1 2 1 3 ∞ 𝑎
𝑛
1 ∞
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 𝑎 𝑛
= 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯ =∑ ( ) =∑ 𝑧
1 2 3 𝑛! 𝑧 𝑛!
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 − 1 −1 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − ) = −𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯
1 𝑧 1! 2! 3!
∴ 𝑍 [ ] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑎𝑛 𝑎
𝑛 𝑧−1 𝑍[ ] = 𝑒𝑧
𝑛!
1 1 Table of 𝒁-Transforms:
5. 𝑍 [ ] = 𝑒 𝑧
𝑛! Sl.
1 𝒇(𝒏) 𝒁{𝒇(𝒏)} = 𝑭(𝒛)
Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = No.
𝑛!
𝑘𝑧
∞ 1. 𝑘, 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑧−1
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑧
𝑛=0 2. 𝑎𝑛
∞ ∞ 𝑧−𝑎
1 1 1 1
𝑍 [ ] = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑧
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧 𝑛 3. (−1) 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑧+1
∞ 1 𝑛 ∞ 𝑧
1 1 ( )
𝑛
=∑ ( ) =∑ 𝑧 4. 𝑛 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑛! 𝑧 𝑛!
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑧2 + 𝑧
1 1 2 1 3 5. 𝑛2
( ) ( ) ( ) (𝑧 − 1) 3
= 1+ 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯
1! 2! 3! 𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧
6. 𝑛3
1 1 (𝑧 − 1) 4
𝑍 [ ] = 𝑒𝑧
𝑛! 𝑎𝑧
7. 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 2
𝑎𝑛 𝑎
1 𝑧
6. 𝑍 [ ] = 𝑒 𝑧 8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
𝑛!
𝑛 𝑧−1
𝑎𝑛
Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 1 𝑧
𝑛!
9. 𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
∞ 𝑛+1 𝑧−1
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎
𝑛=0
10. 𝑒𝑧
𝑛!
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 1 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑍 [ ] = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 11. 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧 𝑛 𝑧2 − 2𝑧𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑧𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
12. 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜃
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 3
 𝑛𝜋 𝑧2 Given, 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = 𝐹(𝑧)
13. 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑧2 +1 ∞

𝑛𝜋 𝑧 We know that, 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛

14. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛=0
2 𝑧2 + 1

Multiplication by 𝒏 (or) Differentiation in the 𝒁-domain

∞
𝑑
If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧), then 𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)} = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘) 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧
𝑛=0
Proof:
∞
Put 𝑚 = 𝑛 − 𝑘
𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 Hence, 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑘
𝑛=0 If 𝑛 → 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 → −𝑘
Differentiate w. r. to 𝑧,
If 𝑛 → ∞ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑚 → ∞
∞ ∞
𝑑 ∞
𝐹 (𝑧) = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑛)(−𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛−1 = − ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑛𝑧 −𝑛𝑧 −1 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)} = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑚)𝑧 − (𝑚+𝑘)
𝑑𝑧
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑚=−𝑘
∞
∞
= −𝑧 −1 ∑{𝑛𝑓 (𝑛)}𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 𝑓 (𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚 𝑧 −𝑘
𝑛=0
𝑚=−𝑘
∞
1 ∞
= − ∑{𝑛𝑓(𝑛)}𝑧 −𝑛 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)} = 𝑧 −𝑘
∑ 𝑓(𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚
𝑧
𝑛=0
𝑚=−𝑘
𝑑 1
𝐹 (𝑧) = − 𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] But 𝑓(𝑚) = 0 when 𝑚 < 0, since we are considering one sided 𝑍 − Transform
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 ∞
𝑑 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)} = 𝑧 −𝑘 ∑ 𝑓(𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚
𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = −𝑧 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧 𝑚=0
Note: =𝑧 −𝑘
𝑍{𝑓(𝑚)}
𝑑𝑝 −𝑘
In general , 𝑍[ 𝑛 𝑝𝑓(𝑛)] = (−𝑧) 𝑝 𝑝 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)} = 𝑧 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑑𝑧
Shifting to the Left (Second Shifting Theorem)

Time Shifting Property If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) , then

Shifting to the Right (First Shifting Theorem) 𝑓(1) 𝑓(2) 𝑓(𝑘 − 1)

𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑘)} = 𝑧 𝑘 [𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − − 2 − ⋯− ],𝑘 > 0
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑘−1
Proof:
If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛) ] = 𝐹(𝑧), then 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 − 𝑘)] = 𝑧 −𝑘 𝐹(𝑧)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 > 0
Given, 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = 𝐹(𝑧)
Proof:

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 4
 ∞
If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧), then 𝑍[ 𝑎 −𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑎𝑧) = {𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)]}𝑧→𝑎𝑧 = {𝐹 (𝑧)}𝑧→𝑎𝑧
We know that, 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 𝑧
𝑛=0 If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧), then 𝑍[ 𝑎 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹 ( ) = {𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)]}𝑧→𝑧 = {𝐹(𝑧)}𝑧→ 𝑧
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∞

𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑘)} = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑘) 𝑧 −𝑛

𝑛=0 Note:
Put 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 𝑘 𝑢 𝑣𝑢′−𝑢𝑣′
In the differentiation, 𝑑 (𝑢. 𝑣) = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑣𝑢 ′ and 𝑑 ( ) =
𝑣 𝑣2
Hence, 𝑛 = 𝑚 − 𝑘
If 𝑛 → 0 then 𝑚 → 𝑘
Illustrative Examples:
If 𝑛 → ∞ then 𝑚 → ∞
∞ ∞ Example 1: Find the 𝑍-Transform of 𝑛 2
𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑘)} = ∑ 𝑓(𝑚)𝑧 − (𝑚−𝑘) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑚+𝑘 Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑛 2
𝑚=𝑘 𝑚=𝑘
∞ 𝑑
We know that 𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = −𝑧 [ 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)}]
= ∑ 𝑓(𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚 𝑘
𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑚=𝑘 𝑍[ 𝑛 2] = 𝑍[ 𝑛. 𝑛]
𝑘−1 ∞ 𝑘−1 𝑑
= 𝑧 𝑘 {∑ 𝑓(𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑚 + ∑ 𝑓(𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑚 − ∑ 𝑓 (𝑚)𝑧 −𝑚 } = −𝑧 [ 𝑍(𝑛)]
𝑑𝑧
𝑚=0 𝑚=𝑘 𝑚=0
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
∞ 𝑘−1 = −𝑧 [ ] ∵ 𝑍(𝑛) = [ ]
𝑓 (𝑚) 𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 2
= 𝑧 𝑘 {∑ 𝑓(𝑚) 𝑧 −𝑚 − ∑ }
𝑧𝑚 (𝑧 − 1) 2. 1 − 𝑧. 2. (𝑧 − 1)
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 = −𝑧 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 4
𝑓(1) 𝑓(2) 𝑓(𝑘 − 1)
= 𝑧 𝑘 {𝑍 {𝑓(𝑛)} − [𝑓(0) + + 2 + ⋯+ ]} (𝑧 − 1){𝑧 − 1 − 2𝑧}
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑘−1
= −𝑧 [ ]
𝑓 (1) 𝑓 (2) 𝑓(𝑘 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 4
𝑍{𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑘)} = 𝑧 𝑘 [𝐹 (𝑧) − 𝑓 (0) − − 2 −⋯− ] (−𝑧 − 1)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑘−1
= −𝑧 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧2 + 𝑧
Note: In the above result, 𝑍[ 𝑛 2] =
(𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧 [ 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0)]
𝑓(1)
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 2)] = 𝑧 2 [𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − ]
𝑧
𝑓(1) 𝑓(2) Example 2: Find the 𝑍-Transform of 𝑛 3
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 3)] = 𝑧 3 [𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − − 2 ]
𝑧 𝑧 Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑛 3
These will be used in solving difference equations. 𝑑
We know that 𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = −𝑧 [ 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)}]
𝑑𝑧
Change of Scale Property or Damping Rule

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 5
𝑍(𝑛 3 ) = 𝑍[ 𝑛. 𝑛 2 ] Solution:
𝑑 2
𝑧 +𝑧 𝑧
= −𝑧 [ 𝑍(𝑛 2 )] Since,𝑍( 𝑛 2 ) = We know that 𝑍[ 𝑎 𝑛] =
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 3 𝑧−𝑎
𝑑 𝑧2 + 𝑧 Taking 𝑎 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= −𝑧 [ ]
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 3 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 )
𝑛
(𝑧 − 1) 3. (2𝑧 + 1) − (𝑧 2 + 𝑧). 3. (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃] = 𝑍[(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃) ]
= −𝑧 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 6 𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 {𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 }] =
(𝑧 − 1) 2[(𝑧 − 1)(2𝑧 + 1) − 3. ( 𝑧 2 + 𝑧)] 𝑧 − 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
= −𝑧 [ ] 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1) 6 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] =
𝑧 − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )
(
(𝑧 − 1)(2𝑧 + 1) − 3. ( 𝑧 2 + 𝑧)
= −𝑧 [ ] 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1) 4 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 ] + 𝑖𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] =
𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 − 1−3. 𝑧 2 − 3. 𝑧 −𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 − 1 𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= −𝑧 [ ] = −𝑧 [ ] = ×
(𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) − 𝑖 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑍(𝑛 3 ) = =
(𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 − 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
Example 3: Find the 𝑍-Transform of 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 𝑧2− 2𝑧 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 =
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 2
𝑑 𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
We know that 𝑍[ 𝑛𝑓(𝑛)] = −𝑧 [ 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)}]
𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 ] + 𝑖𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] = 2 +𝑖 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 2
𝑑
𝑍[ 𝑛𝑎 𝑛] = −𝑧 [ 𝑍{𝑎 𝑛}] Equating Real and Imaginary parts on both sides,
𝑑𝑧
𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] =
= −𝑧 [ ] ∵ 𝑍{𝑎 𝑛 } = 𝑧2
− 2𝑧 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
(𝑧 − 𝑎). 1 − 𝑧. 1 𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧−𝑎−𝑧 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃] = 2
= −𝑧 [ ] = −𝑧 [ ] 𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 2
(𝑧 − 𝑎) 2 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 2
𝑧𝑎
𝑍[ 𝑛𝑎 𝑛] = 𝑛𝜋
(𝑧 − 𝑎) 2 Example 5: Find the 𝑍- transform of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃. Also find 𝑍- transform of 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . (Or) Find 𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ]and 𝑍[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃] . Also find 𝑍[𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] and 𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
2 2 2
Example 4: Find the 𝑍- transform of 𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 and 𝑟 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: We know that 𝑍[ 𝑎𝑛] =
(Or) 𝑧−𝑎
Find 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] and 𝑍[ 𝑟 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ]

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 6
 𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧(1)
𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]= 2 = 2
Taking 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 2 𝜋
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧(0) + 1
2
𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 𝑛𝜋 𝑧
𝑛 𝑍 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] = 2
𝑍[ 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜃 ] = 𝑍[(𝑒 𝑖𝜃) ] 2 𝑧 +1
𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] =
𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 Example 6: Find 𝑍[2. 3𝑛 + 5(−2) 𝑛]
𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] + 𝑖𝑍[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] = Solution:
𝑧 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
𝑧 𝑍[ 2. 3𝑛 + 5( −2)𝑛 ] = 2𝑍{3𝑛 } + 5𝑍{(−2)𝑛 }
= 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 2. +5
𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧−3 𝑧+2
= ×
(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ) − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Example 7: Find the 𝑍-Transform of (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
=
(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ) 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝑓(𝑛) = (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 2 = 𝑛 2 + 3𝑛 + 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑘𝑧
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + 𝑖 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 We know that 𝑍(𝑛 2) = ; 𝑍(𝑛) = ; 𝑍(𝑘) =
= (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧−1
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1
𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑍[(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)] = 𝑍[ 𝑛 2 + 3𝑛 + 2] = 𝑍(𝑛 2 ) + 𝑍(3𝑛) + 𝑍(2)
𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] + 𝑖𝑍[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 ] = 2 +𝑖 2 𝑧2 + 𝑧 3𝑧 2𝑧
𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 = + +
Equating Real and Imaginary parts on both sides, (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 − 1

𝑧(𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 3𝑧(𝑧 − 1) + 2𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 2

𝑍[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜃 ] = − − − − − −(1) =
2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2𝑧(𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1)
𝑍[ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃] = 2 − − − − − −(2) =
𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 1 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝜋 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 3𝑧 2 − 3𝑧 + 2𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑧
Put 𝜃 = in (1)&(2)we get =
2 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑧 (𝑧 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑧(𝑧 − 0) 2𝑧 3
𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] = 2 = 2
𝜋 𝑍[(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)] =
2 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧(0) + 1 (𝑧 − 1) 3
2
Example 8: Find 𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)]

𝑛𝜋 𝑧2 Solution:Given 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) = 𝑛( 𝑛 2 − 3𝑛 + 2)

𝑍 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] = 2
2 𝑧 +1 = 𝑛 3 − 3𝑛 2 + 2𝑛
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑍[ 𝑛 3 − 3𝑛 2 + 2𝑛]

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 7
 𝜋 3𝜋
3 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛
= { 4 }− { 4 }
= 𝑍(𝑛 3 ) − 3𝑍(𝑛 2 ) + 2𝑍(𝑛) 4 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋 + 1 4 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜋 + 1
4 4
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧
We know that, 𝑍(𝑛 2 ) = ; 𝑍 (𝑛) = ; 𝑍 (𝑛 3)
= 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 4 ( )
3 √2 1 √2
Now,𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)] = 𝑍(𝑛 3 ) − 3𝑍(𝑛 2 ) + 2𝑍(𝑛) = { }− { }
4 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 ( 1 ) + 1 4 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 ( −1) + 1
𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 √2 √2
= −3 +2 3 𝑧 1 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1) 4 (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2
= { }− { }
𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 3(𝑧 2 + 𝑧)(𝑧 − 1) + 2𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 2 4√2 𝑧 2 − √2𝑧 + 1 4√2 𝑧 2 + √2𝑧 + 1
=
(𝑧 − 1) 4 (ii)We know that, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
3 2 3 2 2
𝑧 + 4𝑧 + 𝑧 − 3(𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧) + 2𝑧(𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 1) 2 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠( + ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
(𝑧 − 1) 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛𝜋 1
𝑧 3 + 4𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 3𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 + 2𝑧 3 − 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 𝑍 {𝑐𝑜𝑠( + )} = 𝑍 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )} − 𝑍 {𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )}
= 2 4 2 √2 2 √2
(𝑧 − 1) 4
6𝑧 1 𝑧2 𝑧 1 𝑧2 − 𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)] = = [ 2 − 2 ]= [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 4 √2 𝑧 + 1 𝑧 + 1 √2 𝑧 2 + 1
Note: 1 𝑧(𝑧 − 1)
= [ ]
3 1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 √2 𝑧 2 + 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = Example 10: Find the 𝑍-Transform of
1
4 4 2 𝑛+1
3 1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝐴 = Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) =
4 4 2 𝑛+1
∞
3𝜋 1 3𝜋 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛
4 √2 4 √2
𝑛=0
∞
1 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑍[ ]=∑ 𝑧 −𝑛
Example 9: Find the 𝑍-transform of (𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( + ) 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
4 2 4 𝑛=0
∞ ∞
Solution: 1 1 1 1 𝑛
=∑ = ∑ ( )
𝑛𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 1 3𝑛𝜋 𝑛 + 1 𝑧𝑛 𝑛 +1 𝑧
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
4 4 4 4 4
1 𝑛
∞
( )
=∑ 𝑧
𝑛+1
𝑛=0

𝑛𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 1 3𝑛𝜋
𝑍 {𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 } = 𝑍 { 𝑠𝑖𝑛 } − 𝑍{𝑠𝑖𝑛 }
4 4 4 4 4 1 1 2 1 3
1 (𝑧 ) ( 𝑧 ) ( )
= + + + 𝑧 +⋯
1 2 3 4
Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 8
 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 𝑧
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) We know that 𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − − − − − (3)
= 𝑧 [ + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯] (𝑛 + 1) 𝑧−1
1
( ) 1 2 3 4
1 1
∞
1 1
∞
𝑧
𝑍[ ]=∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑
1 1 2 1 3 1 4 (𝑛 + 2) 𝑛+ 2 𝑛 + 2 𝑧𝑛
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1
= [ 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯] ∞ 1 𝑛 ∞
1
( ) 1 2 3 4 ( ) 𝑛
1 1
𝑧 =∑ ( ) =∑ 𝑧
𝑛+ 2 𝑧 𝑛 +2
1 𝑧 −1 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
= 𝑧 [− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − )] = −𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 1 1 2 1 3
𝑧 𝑧
1 (𝑧 ) ( 𝑧 ) ( )
1 𝑧 = + + + 𝑧 +⋯
𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 2 3 4 5
𝑛+ 1 𝑧 −1
1 2 1 1 2 1 3
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( )
= 𝑧 2 [ + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯]
Example 11: Find 𝑍 [(
1
] 1 2 3 4 5
𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) (𝑧 )
1
Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = ( 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= [{ 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯} − 𝑧 ]
1 𝐴 𝐵 1 2 1 2 3 4 1
Let = + − − − −(1) (𝑧 )
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2)
1 1 1
Multiply by (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) on both sides = [{−𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − )} − ]
1 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝐴 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝐵 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) ( 2)
𝑧
Let = +
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1 1 𝑧 1
= 𝑧 2 [− 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) − ] = 𝑧 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )− ]
1 = 𝐴(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐵 (𝑛 + 1) 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −2 1 𝑧
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −1 𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) − 𝑧 … … …… … (4)
(𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1
1 = 𝐵 (−2 + 1)
1 = 𝐴(−1 + 2) Sub. (3) & (4) in (2),
⇒ 𝐵 = −1
⇒𝐴 =1 1 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − [𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) − 𝑧]
1 1 1 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1 𝑧 −1
(1) becomes, = − 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )+𝑧
𝑧−1 𝑧−1
1 1 1
𝑍[ ] = 𝑍[ − ] 1 𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) 𝑍[ ] = (𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )+𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1

1 1
= 𝑍[ ]− 𝑍[ ] − − − − − −(2) 2𝑛+3
(𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) Example 12: Find 𝑍 [( ]
𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

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 2𝑛+3
Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑛) = (
𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

2𝑛 + 3 𝐴 𝐵 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
( ) ( )
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
Let = + − − − −(1) = [{ 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯} − 𝑧 ]
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2)
1 2 1 2 3 4 1
(𝑧 )
Multiply by (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) on both sides,
1 1 1
2𝑛 + 3 𝐴(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝐵 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = [{− 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − )} − ]
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) = + 1 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) ( 2)
𝑧
2𝑛 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐵 (𝑛 + 1) 𝑧−1 1 𝑧 1
= 𝑧 2 [−𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) − ] = 𝑧 2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )− ]
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −1 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑛 = −2
−2 + 3 = 𝐴( −1 + 2) + 𝐵 (−1 + 1) 1 𝑧
−4 + 3 = 𝐴( −2 + 2) + 𝐵 (−2 + 1) 𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) − 𝑧 …… … …… (4)
(𝑛 + 2) 𝑧 −1
⇒ 𝐴=1
⇒𝐵=1 Sub. (3) & (4) in (2),
2𝑛 + 3 1 1 2𝑛 + 3 𝑧 𝑧
(1) becomes, = + 𝑍[ ] = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) + [𝑧 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) − 𝑧]
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1 𝑧 −1
2𝑛 + 3 1 1 𝑧
𝑍[ ] = 𝑍[ + ] = (𝑧 + 𝑧 2 ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )−𝑧
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) (𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) 𝑧−1
1 1
= 𝑍[ ] +𝑍[ ] …… … …… (2)
(𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2) Problems for Practice:
1 𝑧 (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2) 𝑧3
We know that, 𝑍 [ ] = 𝑧 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) …… …… … (3) 1. Find 𝑍 { } Answer: (
(𝑛 + 1) 𝑧−1 2 𝑧−1)3

∞ ∞ 𝑧2 (𝑧+1)
1 1 1 1 2. Find 𝑍-transform of (𝑛 + 1) 2 Answer: (
𝑧−1) 3
𝑍[ ]=∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑
(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛+2 𝑛 + 2 𝑧𝑛 1 𝑧−1 𝑧−1
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 3. Find 𝑍 { } Answer: ( ) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 𝑧 𝑧
∞ 1 ∞
1 1 𝑛 ( )
=∑ ( ) =∑ 𝑧
𝑛+2 𝑧 𝑛+2 Unit Impulse Function (Or) Unit Sample Sequence
𝑛=0 𝑛=0

1 1 2 1 3 The unit impulse function 𝛿(𝑛) is defined as the sequence with values,
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
= + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯ 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 0
2 3 4 5 𝛿(𝑛) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 ≠ 0
1 2 1 1 2 1 3
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 𝒁-transform of Unit Impulse Function
= 𝑧 2[ + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 +⋯]
1 2 3 4 5 ∞
(𝑧)
𝑍{𝛿(𝑛)} = ∑ 𝛿(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯
𝑛=0

𝑍{𝛿(𝑛)} = 1

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Unit Step Sequence Initial and Final Value Theorem
The unit step sequence 𝑢(𝑛) is defined as the sequence with values, Initial Value Theorem:
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 0,1,2, … If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(z) then f(0) = lim F(z)
𝑢 (𝑛) = { z→∞
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 < 0
Proof:
𝒁-transform of Unit Step Sequence
∞ ∞ Given 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)]
−𝑛
1 ∞ ∞
𝑍{𝑢(𝑛)} = ∑ 𝑢(𝑛) 𝑧 = ∑(1) 𝑛 1
𝑧 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛
= ∑ 𝑓(𝑛)
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑧𝑛
∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1 𝑛 1 1 1 ∞
= ∑( ) = 1 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯ 𝑓(𝑛)
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 =∑
𝑛=0
𝑧𝑛
𝑛=0
1 −1 𝑧 − 1 −1
= (1 − ) = ( ) 𝑓 (1) 𝑓 (2) 𝑓 (3)
𝑧 𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑓 (0) + + 2 + 3 +⋯
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍{𝑢(𝑛)} = Taking 𝑙𝑖𝑚 on both sides,
𝑧−1 𝑧→∞

𝑓 (1) 𝑓 (2) 𝑓 (3)

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [𝑓 (0) + + 2 + 3 +⋯]
Illustrative Example: Find 𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢 (𝑛)] 𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Solution: The unit step sequence 𝑢(𝑛) is defined as , 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑓 (0) + 0 + 0 + ⋯ {Since 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0}
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞ 𝑧
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 0,1,2, …
𝑢 (𝑛) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 < 0 Hence, 𝑓(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑧→∞
Given 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)𝑢(𝑛) = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) . 1 Note:
= 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 = 0,1,2… 𝑓(1) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧{𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0)}
𝑧→∞
2 2)
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑍[ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)] = 𝑍[ 𝑛 − 𝑛] = 𝑍(𝑛 − 𝑍(𝑛)
𝑓(2) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧 2 {𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − 𝑓(1)𝑧 −1}
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧→∞
We know that, 𝑍(𝑛 2 ) = ; 𝑍(𝑛) = 𝑓(3) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧 3 {𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) − 𝑓(1) 𝑧 −1 − 𝑓(2)𝑧 −2 }
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧→∞
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝑍(𝑛 2 ) − 𝑍(𝑛)
𝑧2 + 𝑧 𝑧 Final Value Theorem:
= −
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 2
If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) then 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚[ (𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧) ]
( 𝑧 2 + 𝑧) − 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
= = Proof:
(𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 3
2𝑧 We know that 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧[ 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0)]
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] =
(𝑧 − 1) 3 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] = 𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓 (0)

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 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] − 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑧𝐹(𝑧) − 𝐹 (𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓(0) 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + } = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + }
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 1)] − 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = (𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓 (0) 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑧→∞ 1 1
𝑧 (1 − ) 𝑧 (𝑧 + )
𝑧 𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)] = (𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓 (0)
∞ 1 1
By definition, 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + } = 1+0
𝑧→∞ 1 1
1− 𝑧+
𝑛=0 𝑧 𝑧
∞
𝑓 (0) = 1
∑ {𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)}𝑧 −𝑛 = (𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓 (0) 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛=0 We know that, 𝑓(1) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧 { + − 𝑓(0) }
∞
𝑧 − 1 𝑧2 + 1
𝑧→∞
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑧 − 1)𝐹 (𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓(0) = ∑{𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)}𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧{ + 2 − 1} = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧 { −1+ 2 }
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 +1 𝑧→∞ 𝑧− 1 𝑧 +1
𝑛=0
𝑧−𝑧 +1 𝑧 1 𝑧
Taking 𝑙𝑖𝑚 on both sides, = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧{ + 2 } = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑧{ + 2 }
𝑧→1 𝑧→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 +1 𝑧→∞ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 +1
∞

𝑙𝑖𝑚{(𝑧 − 1) 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑧𝑓(0)} = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∑{𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)}𝑧 −𝑛 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧2

𝑧→1 𝑧→1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + 2 } = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + }
𝑧→∞ 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 +1 𝑧→∞ 1 1
𝑛=0 𝑧 (1 − ) 𝑧 2 (1 + 2 )
∞ 𝑧 𝑧
𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 1) 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) = ∑{𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)} 1 1
𝑧→1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 { + }= 1+1
𝑛=0 𝑧→∞ 1 1
1− 1+
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [{𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(𝑛)} + {𝑓 (𝑛) − 𝑓(𝑛 − 1)} 𝑧 𝑧2
𝑛→∞
𝑓 (1) = 2
+ {𝑓(𝑛 − 1) − 𝑓(𝑛 − 2)} + ⋯ + {𝑓(1) − 𝑓(0)}]
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 {𝑓(𝑛 + 1) − 𝑓(0)}
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛+ 1
Example 2: Verify initial value theorem for 𝑓(𝑛) =
= 𝑓(∞) − 𝑓(0) 𝑛!

𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 1) 𝐹(𝑧) − 𝑓(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑛) − 𝑓(0) Solution:

𝑧→1 𝑛→∞
By Initial Value Theorem, 𝑓(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧)
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 1) 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧→∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
2𝑛+1
Given 𝑓(𝑛) =
𝑛!
Illustrative Examples: 𝑓(0) = 2 − − − −(1)
𝑧 𝑧
Example 1: If 𝐹 (𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} find 𝑓(0)and 𝑓(1), where 𝐹 (𝑧) = + 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)}
𝑧−1 𝑧2 +1
𝑧 𝑧 2𝑛+1 2.2𝑛
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given 𝐹(𝑧) = + = 𝑍{ }= 𝑍{ }
𝑧 − 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑛! 𝑛!
By Initial Value Theorem, 𝑓(0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) 2𝑛 2 𝑎𝑛 𝑎
𝑧→∞
= 2 𝑍{ } = 2𝑒 𝑧 {By result, 𝑍 { } = 𝑒 𝑧 }
𝑛! 𝑛!
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 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2𝑒 𝑧 = 2𝑒 0 INVERSE 𝒁- TRANSFORMS
𝑧→∞ 𝑧→∞
Definition
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) = 2 − − − −(2)
𝑧→∞
If 𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹 (𝑧) , then 𝐹(𝑧) is unique and the inverse 𝑍-transform of 𝐹(𝑧)
From (1)&(2),
is 𝑍 −1 {𝐹(𝑧) } = 𝑓(𝑛).
𝑓 (0) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝐹(𝑧) = 2
𝑧→∞

Hence, initial value theorem is verified.

Table of Inverse 𝒁-Transforms
Sl.
𝑛𝜋 𝒇 (𝒏) 𝒁{𝒇(𝒏)} = 𝑭(𝒛) 𝒁−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒛)] 𝒇(𝒏)
Example 3: Verify final value theorem for 𝑓(𝑛) = 2−𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 No.
2
𝑧 𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: By Final Value Theorem, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑧 − 1) 𝐹(𝑧)] 1. 𝑎𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑛𝜋 1 𝑧
Given 𝑓(𝑛) = 2−𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2. 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑎 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ≥ 1
2
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑛𝜋
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2−𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 3. 𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑛
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 2
1 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑧
𝑛→∞ 2 2 4. 𝑛𝑎 𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑎𝑧
(𝑧 − 𝑎) 2 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 2
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑛 = 0 − − − − − −(1)
( )
𝑛→∞ 𝑧 𝑧
𝜋 1 5. 𝑛𝑎 𝑛−1 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑛𝑎 𝑛−1
𝐹 (𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} (𝑧 − 𝑎) 2 (𝑧 − 𝑎) 2
Put 𝜃 = and 𝑟 = in the result
𝑛𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑍 {2−𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 } 𝑛
𝑧𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6. 𝑎 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑍 −1 [ 2 ] 𝑎 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 [ ]
𝑍 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 = 2 weget, 2 𝑧 + 𝑎2 2
𝑧 − 2𝑧 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 𝑧2 + 𝑎2
1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝑍 {( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 } 1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑧 𝑛𝜋
2 2 𝑍 [( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] = 2 2 7. 𝑎 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝑎 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2 1 𝜋 1 2 2 𝑧 + 𝑎2
2 𝑧2 + 𝑎2 2
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 ( 2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 + (2)
= 2 = 2 𝑧
1 4𝑧 2 + 1
2
𝑧 + = 2 Convolution of Two Sequences
4 4 1
𝑧2 + The convolution of two sequences {𝑓(𝑛)} and {𝑔(𝑛)} is defined as
2𝑧 4
𝐹 (𝑧) = 2 𝑛
4𝑧 + 1
2𝑧 𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) = ∑𝑓 (𝑘) 𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧)] = 𝑙𝑖𝑚(𝑧 − 1) 𝑘=0
𝑧→1 𝑧→1 4𝑧 2 +1
𝑙𝑖𝑚[(𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧)] = 0 − − − −(2)
𝑧→1
Note: 𝑓 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑔(𝑛) ∗ 𝑓(𝑛)
From (1)&(2) , 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚[ (𝑧 − 1)𝐹(𝑧)] = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑧→1

Hence, final value theorem is verified.

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 13
Convolution Theorem: Illustrative Examples:
If 𝐹(𝑧) and 𝐺(𝑧) are the 𝑍-transforms of 𝑓(𝑛) and 𝑔(𝑛) respectively, then 𝑧2
Example 1: Using convolution theorem, evaluate 𝑍 −1 [( ].
𝑧−𝑎 )(𝑧−𝑏)
𝑍{𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛)} = 𝐹(𝑍) 𝐺(𝑍) . Where 𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) is the convolution of 𝑓(𝑛)and 𝑔(𝑛).
Solution:
Also, 𝑍 −1{𝐹(𝑍)𝐺(𝑍)} = 𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) 𝑧 𝑧
We know that 𝑍(𝑎 𝑛) = ⇒ 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑎𝑛
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
Proof: By definition of 𝑍-transforms, 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ]
∞ (𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝑧− 𝑎𝑧 − 𝑏
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = 𝐹(𝑧) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ]
𝑛=0 𝑧− 𝑎 𝑧−𝑏
∞
= 𝑎𝑛 ∗ 𝑏 𝑛
and 𝑍[ 𝑔(𝑛)] = 𝐺 (𝑧) = ∑ 𝑔(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0
= ∑ 𝑎 𝑘 . 𝑏 𝑛−𝑘 [∵ 𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑓(𝑘) 𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘)]
∞ ∞
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
We have 𝐹(𝑧)𝐺 (𝑧) = [∑ 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛][∑ 𝑔(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛] 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
= ∑ 𝑎 𝑘 𝑏𝑛 𝑏 −𝑘 = 𝑏 𝑛 ∑ 𝑎 𝑘 𝑏 −𝑘
= [𝑓(0) + 𝑓 (1)𝑧 −1 + 𝑓(2) 𝑧 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 + ⋯ ][𝑔(0) 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑛 𝑛
+ 𝑔(1) 𝑧 −1 + 𝑔(2) 𝑧 −2 + ⋯ + 𝑔(𝑛) 𝑧 −𝑛 + ⋯ ] 1 𝑎 𝑘
= 𝑏 𝑛 ∑ 𝑎𝑘 ( 𝑘) = 𝑏 𝑛 ∑ ( )
Multiplying and Collecting the co-efficient of 𝑧 −𝑛 we get, 𝑏 𝑏
𝑘=0 𝑘=0
∞
𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑛
𝐹(𝑧) 𝐺(𝑧) = ∑[𝑓(0)𝑔(𝑛) + 𝑓(1) 𝑔(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑓(2) 𝑔(𝑛 − 2) + ⋯ + 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑔(0)] 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑛 [1 + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) ]
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑛=0
𝑎 𝑛+1
By definition, ( ) −1 𝑟 𝑛+1 − 1 𝑎
= 𝑏𝑛[ 𝑏 𝑎 ][∵ Sum of G. P. = ( ) , where 𝑟 =
𝐹(𝑧) 𝐺(𝑧) = 𝑍[ 𝑓(0)𝑔(𝑛) + 𝑓(1) 𝑔(𝑛 − 1) + 𝑓(2) 𝑔(𝑛 − 2) + ⋯ + 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑔(0)] −1 𝑟−1 𝑏
𝑏
𝑛
𝑎 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛+1
𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧) = ∑{𝑓(𝑘) 𝑔(𝑛 − 𝑘)}𝑧 −𝑛 − 1 ( )
𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑛+1
= 𝑏 𝑛 [𝑏 𝑎 ] = 𝑏𝑛[ ]
𝑘=0
−1 𝑎−𝑏
𝑏 ( )
𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛)} 𝑏
Hence, 𝑓 (𝑛) ∗ 𝑔(𝑛) = 𝑍 −1 {𝐹(𝑧)𝐺(𝑧)} 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑏
= 𝑏𝑛[ ]
𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎−𝑏
𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+1 −𝑏𝑛+1
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝑍−1 [𝐹(𝑧)𝐺 (𝑧)] = 𝑍 −1 [𝑓(𝑧)] ∗ 𝑍 −1[𝑔(𝑧) ] = 𝑏 𝑛+1 [ ] = [ ]
𝑏 𝑛+1(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎 −𝑏
𝑧2 𝑎 𝑛+1 − 𝑏 𝑛+1
Hence, 𝑍 −1 [ ]=
(𝑧 − 𝑎)(𝑧 − 𝑏) 𝑎 −𝑏

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 14
 𝑧2
Example 2: Using convolution theorem, find 𝑍 −1 [( ] 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧−1)(𝑧−3) = 𝑍 −1 [ . ]
1 1
Solution: (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − )
2 4
𝑧
We know that, 𝑍(𝑎 𝑛 ) = 𝑧 𝑧
𝑧−𝑎 = 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ]
1 1
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧 (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − )
𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ] 2 4
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) 𝑧− 1𝑧 − 3 1 𝑛 1 𝑛
𝑧 𝑧 =( ) ∗( )
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ] 2 4
𝑧− 1 𝑧−3 𝑛
1 𝑘 1 𝑛−𝑘
= 1𝑛 ∗ 3𝑛 = ∑( ) ( )
𝑛 𝑛
4 2
𝑘=0
= ∑ 1𝑘 3𝑛−𝑘 = ∑ 3𝑛−𝑘 𝑛
1 𝑘 1 𝑛 1 −𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 = ∑( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2
𝑘=0
= 3𝑛 + 3𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 3 + 30
𝑛
= 1 + 3 + 32 + ⋯ + 3𝑛 1 𝑛 1 𝑘 1 −𝑘
= ( ) ∑( ) ( )
2 4 2
3𝑛+1 − 1 𝑟 𝑛+1 − 1 𝑘=0
= For Sum of G. P. = ( ), 𝑟 > 1 𝑛 𝑛
3− 1 𝑟−1 1 1 𝑘 1 −𝑘
= ( ) ∑ ( ) 2𝑘 [∵ ( ) = 2𝑘 ]
1 2 4 2
= (3𝑛+1 − 1) 𝑘=0
2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑘 𝑛
2 1 1 1 𝑛 1 𝑘
𝑧 1 = ( ) ∑ ( . 2) = ( ) ∑ ( )
𝑍 −1 [ ] = [ 3𝑛+1 − 1] 2 4 2 2
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 3) 2 𝑘=0 𝑘=0

1 𝑛 1 1 2 1 𝑛
= ( ) {1 + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯+ ( ) }
8𝑧2 2 2 2 2
Example 3: Find 𝑍 −1 [( ], using convolution theorem
2𝑧−1)(4𝑧−1) 1 𝑛+1
Solution: 1 𝑛 1 − (2) 1 − 𝑟 𝑛+1
=( ) [ ]For Sum of G. P. = ( ), 𝑟 < 1
2 1 1−𝑟
1−
8𝑧 2 8𝑧 2 2
𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ]
(2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 − 1) 1 1 1 𝑛+1
2 (𝑧 − ) . 4 (𝑧 − ) 1 𝑛 1 − (2) 1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛+1
2 4 =( ) [ ]=( ) [1 − ( ) ]
2 1 2 2
8𝑧 2 𝑧2 2
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ]
1 1 1 1
8 (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − ) 8𝑧 2 1 𝑛−1 1 2𝑛
2 4 2 4 𝑍 −1 [ ]=( ) −( )
(2𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 − 1) 2 2

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 15
Example 4: Using convolution theorem to find the inverse 𝑍-transform(
12 4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1
3−𝑧−1 )(4−𝑧−1) 1 𝑛[ 3𝑛+1
]
= ( )
Solution: 4 4−3
[ ]
3
𝑛+1
12 12 4 − 3𝑛+1
𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ] 1 𝑛(
3 𝑛+1 ) 1 4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1
(3 − 𝑧 −1 )(4 − 𝑧 −1 ) 1 1
(3 − ) (4 − ) = ( ) = 𝑛( )3
𝑧 𝑧 4 1 4 3𝑛 . 3
( )
3
12 12
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ ] 1 4𝑛+1 − 3𝑛+1
3𝑧 − 1 4𝑧 − 1 (3𝑧 − 1)(4𝑧 − 1) = 𝑛( )
( )( ) 4 3𝑛
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2

1 4𝑛 . 4 3𝑛 . 3
12𝑧 2 = [ 4 𝑛
. 4 − 3 𝑛 ]
. 3 = −
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] 12𝑛 12𝑛 12𝑛
1 1 𝑛 𝑛
3 (𝑧 − ) 4 (𝑧 − ) 12 1 1
3 4 𝑍 −1 [ ]= 4( ) −3( )
(3 − 𝑧 −1)(4 − 𝑧 −1 ) 3 4
𝑧2
= 𝑍 −1 [ ]
1 1
(𝑧 − ) (𝑧 − ) 𝑧2
3 4 Example 5: Find 𝑍 −1 [( ] , using convolution theorem.
𝑧+𝑎) 2
𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ] Solution:
1 1
𝑧− 𝑧− 𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
3 4
𝑛 𝑛 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑍 −1 [ . ]
1 1 (𝑧 + 𝑎) 2 𝑧+𝑎 𝑧+ 𝑎
= ( ) ∗( )
3 4 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛 = 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ]
1 𝑘 1 𝑛−𝑘 𝑧+𝑎 𝑧+𝑎
= ∑( ) ( ) = (−𝑎) 𝑛 ∗ ( −𝑎) 𝑛
3 4
𝑘=0 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑘 −𝑘 𝑛
1 1 1 = ∑(−𝑎 )𝑘( −𝑎) 𝑛−𝑘 = ∑(−𝑎) 𝑘 (−𝑎) 𝑛(−𝑎)−𝑘
= ∑( ) ( ) ( )
3 4 4 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑘=0 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑘 1 𝑛 1 𝑛 4 𝑘 = (−𝑎) 𝑛 ∑(−𝑎) 𝑘 (−𝑎)−𝑘
= ∑ ( ) (4) 𝑘 ( ) = ( ) ∑ ( )
3 4 4 3 𝑘=0
𝑘=0 𝑘=0 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑛 4 4 2 4 𝑛 = (−𝑎) 𝑛 ∑(−𝑎) 𝑘−𝑘 = ( −𝑎) 𝑛 ∑(−𝑎) 0
= ( ) [1 + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) ]
4 3 3 3 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛
4 4
1 𝑛 (3) −1 1 𝑛 3𝑛+1 − 1 = (−𝑎) 𝑛 ∑(1) = ( −𝑎) 𝑛 ∑(1)
=( ) [ ]=( ) [ ]
4 4 4 4 𝑘=0 𝑘=0
− 1 − 1
3 3 = (−𝑎 )𝑛 { 1+ 1 + ⋯ + 1 (𝑛 + 1) 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠}

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 16
 = (−𝑎) 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) Inverse 𝒁-Transform by Method of Partial Fraction
2
𝑧 When 𝐹(𝑧) is a rational function in which the denominator can be factor ised, 𝐹 (𝑧) i s
𝑍 −1 [ ] = (𝑛 + 1)(−𝑎) 𝑛
(𝑧 + 𝑎) 2
resolved into partial fractions and then 𝑍 −1{𝐹(𝑧)} is derived as the sum of the inver s e
𝑍-transforms of the partial fractions.
𝑧 3
−1
Example 6: Find 𝑍 [( ) ] , using convolution theorem.
𝑧−1

Solution: Illustrative Examples:

2𝑧2 +3𝑧
−1
𝑧 3 𝑧 𝑧 2 Example 1: Find the inverse 𝑍-transform of (
𝑍 [( ) ] = 𝑍 −1 [( )( ) ] 𝑧+2)(𝑧−4)
𝑧−1 𝑧 −1 𝑧 −1
2𝑧 2 + 3𝑧
𝑧 𝑧2 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Let 𝐹(𝑧) =
= 𝑍 −1 [( ) ] (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧(2𝑧 + 3)
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧2 𝐹(𝑧) =
= 𝑍 −1 [ ] ∗ 𝑍 −1 [ ] Since, 𝑍 −1 [ ] = (𝑛 + 1)(1) 𝑛 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
𝑧−1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝐹(𝑧) 2𝑧 + 3
= (1) 𝑛 ∗ (𝑛 + 1)(1) 𝑛 = − − − − − − − (1)
𝑧 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
= (𝑛 + 1)(1) 𝑛 ∗ (1) 𝑛 2𝑧 + 3 𝐴 𝐵
= + − − − − − −(2)
𝑛 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 − 4
= ∑(𝑘 + 1)(1) 𝑘 (1)𝑛−𝑘
Multiply by (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
𝑘=0
𝑛 2𝑧 + 3 𝐴 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝐵 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) = +
= ∑(𝑘 + 1) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧+2 𝑧−4
𝑘=0 2𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴 (𝑧 − 4) + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 2)
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1) Since, 1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 4 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2
2
𝑧 3 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 2(4) + 3 = 𝐵 (4 + 2) −4 + 3 = 𝐴 (−2 − 4)
−1
𝑍 [( ) ]= 11 1
𝑧−1 2 6𝐵 = 11 ⇒ 𝐵 = −6𝐴 = −1 ⇒ 𝐴 =
6 6
1 11
Problems for Practice 2𝑧 + 3
(2)becomes, = 6 + 6
8𝑧 2 2 1 𝑛 1 1 (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 − 4
1.Using convolution theorem, find 𝑍 −1 [( ] Ans: ( ) + (− ) 𝑛
2𝑧−1)(4𝑧+1) 3 2 3 4
𝐹(𝑧) 1 11
𝑧 2 = + Using (1)
2. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse 𝑍-transform of ( ) Ans: (𝑛 + 1)𝑎 𝑛 𝑧 6(𝑧 + 2) 6(𝑧 − 4)
𝑧−𝑎
𝑧 11 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = +
(
6 𝑧+2 ) 6 𝑧 − 4)
(

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 17
 1 𝑧 11 𝑧 𝑧(𝑧2 −𝑧+2)
𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = { }+ { } Example 3: Find 𝑍 −1 [( ]by method of partial fractions.
𝑧+1)(𝑧−1) 2
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧− 4
1 𝑧 11 𝑧 𝑧 (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2)
𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍 −1 { } 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Let 𝐹(𝑧) =
6 𝑧+2 6 𝑧− 4 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
2𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 1 11 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 2
𝑍 −1 [ ] = ( −2)𝑛 + (4) 𝑛 = − − − − − (1)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 − 4) 6 6 𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧2 − 𝑧 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + − − − − − (2)
10𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 + 1 𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
Example 2: Find the inverse of 𝑍 -transform of
𝑧2 −3𝑧+2
Multiply by (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
10𝑧 10𝑧
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Let 𝐹(𝑧) = 2 = {𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2}(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧 − 3𝑧 + 2 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2)
(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
𝐹(𝑧) 10
= − − − − − −(1) 𝐴(𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 𝐵 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 𝐶 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) = + +
𝑧+1 𝑧−1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
10 𝐴 𝐵
= + − − − − − − − (2) 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1) 2 + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 + 1)
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 − 2
Multiply by (𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧=1 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −1
10 = 𝐴 (𝑧 − 2) + 𝐵 (𝑧 − 1) 1 − 1 + 2 = 2𝐶 (−1 + 1 + 2 = 𝐴(−2) 2
)2

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1, 10 = 𝐴(−1) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 2, 10 = 𝐵 (1) 2 = 2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 4 = 𝐴(4) ⇒ 𝐴 = 1

𝐴 = −10 𝐵 = 10 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑧 2 + 1 − 2𝑧) + 𝐵 (𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑧 + 1)

10 −10 10 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 2 ,1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
(2) becomes, = +
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 − 2) 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 − 2 𝐵 = 1−𝐴 = 1−1
𝐹(𝑧) −10 10 𝐵=0
= + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)
𝑧 𝑧−1 𝑧− 2 2
𝑧 −𝑧+2 1 0 1
−10𝑧 10𝑧 (2) becomes, = + +
𝐹(𝑧) = + (𝑧 + 1)(𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 + 1 𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧− 1 𝑧 − 2
𝑧 𝑧 𝐹(𝑧) 1 1
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = −10( ) + 10 ( ) = +0+ Using (1)
𝑧 𝑧+1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧 −1 𝑧−2
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = −10𝑍−1 [ ] + 10𝑍 −1 [ ] 𝐹(𝑧) = +
𝑧−1 𝑧−2 𝑧 + 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧 𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = −10(1𝑛 ) + 10(2𝑛 ) 𝑍[𝑓(𝑛)] = +
𝑧+1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑓(𝑛) = −10 + 10(2𝑛 )
𝑧 𝑧
10𝑧 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍 −1 { }
𝑍 −1 [ ] = 10(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑧+ 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧2 − 3𝑧 + 2
𝑓(𝑛) = (−1) 𝑛 + 𝑛
Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 18
 𝑧2
Example 4: Find 𝑍 −1 [( ] by the method of partial fraction.
𝑧+2)(𝑧2 +4)
−1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
Solution: 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = [ ]+ [ 2 ]+ [ 2 ]
4 𝑧+2 4 𝑧 +4 2 𝑧 +4
𝑧2
Let 𝐹(𝑧) = −1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
(𝑧 + 2)( 𝑧 2 + 4) 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑍 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ 2 ] + 𝑍 −1 [ 2 ]
4 𝑧+2 4 𝑧 +4 2 𝑧 +4
𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧
= − − − − − (1) −1 −1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 2𝑧
𝑧 (𝑧 + 2)( 𝑧 2 + 4) = 𝑍 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ 2 2
] + 𝑧 −1 [ 2 ]
4 𝑧+2 4 𝑧 +2 4 𝑧 + 22
𝑧 𝐴 𝐵𝑧 + 𝐶
= + − − − − − (2) −1 1 𝑛𝜋 1 𝑛 𝑛𝜋
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 + 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 2 + 4 𝑓(𝑛) = ( −2)𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 4 2 4 2
Multiply by (𝑧 + 2)( 𝑧 2 + 4),
𝑧 2
𝐴(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 + 4) (𝐵𝑧 + 𝐶 )(𝑧 + 2)( 𝑧 2 + 4)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 4) = + 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑧 𝑛𝜋
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 + 4) 𝑧+2 𝑧2 + 4 [Since, 𝑍 −1 [ ] = (−𝑎) 𝑛, 𝑍 −1 [ 2 ] = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 , 𝑍 −1 [ 2 ] = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧 +𝑎 2 2 𝑧 +𝑎 2 2
𝑧 = 𝐴 (𝑧 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑧 + 𝐶 )(𝑧 + 2)

𝑧3 +3𝑧
Example 5: Find 𝑍 −1 [( ] by method of partial fraction.
𝑧−1)2(𝑧2+1)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 0
Solution:
−2 = 𝐴{( −2)2 + 4} + 0 0 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐶
𝑧 3 + 3𝑧
−2 = 8𝐴 2𝐶 = −4𝐴 Let 𝐹(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1)
−1 −1 1
𝐴= 𝐶 = −2 ( ) ⇒ 𝐶 = 𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧2 + 3
4 4 2 = − − − − − −(1)
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1)
𝑧 = 𝐴𝑧 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑧 2 + 𝐶𝑧 + 2𝐵𝑧 + 2𝐶
𝑧2 + 3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 2 , 0 = 𝐴+𝐵 = + + − − − − − −(2)
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 2 + 1
𝐵 = −𝐴 Multiply by (𝑧 − 1) 2(𝑧 2 + 1),
1 1 [ 𝑧 2 + 3](𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1) 𝐴(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1) 𝐵 (𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1)
𝐵 = − (− ) = = +
4 4 (𝑧 − 1) 2(𝑧 2 + 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2
[ 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷](𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 2 + 1)
−1 1 1 +
𝑧 𝑧+ 𝑧2 + 1
(2) becomes, = 4 + 4 2
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 2 + 4) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 2 + 4 𝑧 2 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 − 1)( 𝑧 2 + 1) + 𝐵 (𝑧 2 + 1) + [ 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷](𝑧 − 1) 2
𝐹(𝑧) −1 1 1 𝑧 1 1
= [ ]+ [ 2 ]+ [ 2 ] 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)
𝑧 4 𝑧+2 4 𝑧 +4 2 𝑧 +4
−1 𝑧 1 𝑧2 1 𝑧
𝐹(𝑧) = [ ]+ [ 2 ]+ [ 2 ]
4 𝑧+2 4 𝑧 +4 2 𝑧 +4
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 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 1 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = 0, 3 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 𝑧−4
𝐹(𝑧) = − − − − − (1)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3)
4 = 2𝐵 −𝐴 + 𝐷 = 3 − 𝐵
𝑧−4 𝐴 𝐵
𝐵 = 2 −𝐴 + 𝐷 = 3 − 2 = + − − − − − (2)
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 + 3
−𝐴 + 𝐷 = 1 − − − (3)
Multiply by,(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3)
𝑧 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 1) + [ 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷](𝑧 2 + 1 + 2𝑧)
2 3 2 2
𝑧−4 𝐴(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3) 𝐵(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3)
𝑧 2 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑧 3 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2 − 1) + 𝐵 (𝑧 2 + 1) + (𝐶𝑧 3 + 𝐶𝑧 + 2𝐶𝑧 2 ) + 𝐷(𝑧 2 + 1 + 2𝑧) (𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3) = +
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3) 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 3 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑧 𝑧 − 4 = 𝐴 (𝑧 + 3) + 𝐵 (𝑧 + 2)
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 − − − − − (4) 𝐴 + 𝐶 + 2𝐷 = 0 − − − −(5) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −3 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑧 = −2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (4)𝑖𝑛 (5), 2𝐷 = 0 −7 = 𝐵 (−3 + 2) −6 = 𝐴 (−2 + 3)
𝐷=0 −7 = −𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 7 −6 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −6
𝑆𝑢𝑏. 𝐷 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (3) 𝑆𝑢𝑏. 𝐴 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (4)
−𝐴 = 1 −1 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑧−4 −6 7
(2) becomes, = +
(𝑧 + 2)(𝑧 + 3) 𝑧 + 2 𝑧 + 3
𝐴 = −1 𝐶=1
−6 7
𝐹(𝑧) = + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)
𝑧+ 2 𝑧+3
𝐹(𝑧) −1 2 𝑧+0 −6 7
(2) becomes, = + + 𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 2 + 1 𝑧+ 2 𝑧+3
𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧2 1 1
𝐹(𝑧) = − + + 𝑓 (𝑛) = −6𝑍 −1 ( ) + 7𝑍 −1 ( )
𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 2 + 1 𝑧+2 𝑧+3
𝑧 2𝑧 𝑧2 𝑓 (𝑛) = −6(−2) 𝑛−1 + 7( −3)𝑛−1
𝑍{𝑓(𝑛)} = − + + 2
𝑧 − 1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧 +1
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧( 𝑧+1)
𝑓(𝑛) = −𝑍 −1 [ ] + 2𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1
[ ] Example 7: Find the inverse 𝑍-transform of (
𝑧−1)3
𝑧−1 (𝑧 − 1) 2 𝑧2 + 1
𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 𝑛𝜋 𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)
𝑍 −1 [ ] = −1 + 2𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Let 𝐹(𝑧) =
(𝑧 − 1) 2(𝑧 2 + 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝐹(𝑧) 𝑧+1 𝑧 − 1+ 2
= = [ ∴ 1 = 2 − 1]
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧−4 𝑧−4
Example 6: Find 𝑍 −1 [ ] (Or)𝑍 −1 [ ]by method of partial fraction. (𝑧 − 1) 2
𝑧2 +5𝑧+6 (𝑧+2)(𝑧+3)
= +
𝑧−4 (𝑧 − 1) 3 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Let 𝐹(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 + 5𝑧 + 6 𝐹(𝑧) 1 2
= +
𝑧 (𝑧 −1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 3

Dr.A.Manickam, Assistant Professor of Mathematics ,School of Advanced Sciences and Languages,VIT BHOPAL UNIVERSITY Kottrikalan-466 114,Madhya Pradesh Page 20
 𝑧 2𝑧
𝐹 (𝑧) = +
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑍[ 𝑓(𝑛)] = +
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓 (𝑛) = 𝑍 −1 [ ] + 𝑍 −1 [ ]
(𝑧 − 1) 2 (𝑧 − 1) 3
𝑧 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛 + 𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) [Since, 𝑍−1 [ ] = 𝑛; 𝑍 −1 [ ] = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)]
(𝑧−1)2 (𝑧−1)3

= 𝑛 + 𝑛2 − 1
𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛

Problems for Practise

𝑧 1 1
1. Evaluate 𝑍 −1 [ ]by method of partial fraction. Ans: (−2) 𝑛 − (−5) 𝑛
𝑧2 +7𝑧+10 3 3
𝑧 −1 1 1
2. Find 𝑍 −1 [( ]by method of partial fraction. Ans: (1) 𝑛 + (𝑛) + (−1) 𝑛
𝑧+1)(𝑧−1)2 4 2 4
𝑧2 +3𝑧 −1 1 2
3. Find 𝑍 −1 [( ] by method of partial fraction. Ans: (−2) 𝑛 − 1𝑛 + 5𝑛
𝑧+2)(𝑧−1)(𝑧−5) 2! 3 7

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