Final Year Project On Megech River

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
MEGECH EMBANKMENT DAM PROJECT

+
2015
FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Student’s Name ID NO
1) MESFIN RETA ……………………………..ENG/R/1353/03
2) NEBIYAT MULUGETA …………………..ENG/R/1509/03
3) NEGESE SHIMELIS……………………….ENG/R/1519/03 Submitted date:
4) SELAM ADENEW………………………….ENG/R/1640/03 8/24/2015
5) SOLOMON
B A H I R KEBEDE………………………ENG/R/1751/03
DAR UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page
6) NIGATU FENTAW………………………...ENG/R/2505/03
FINAL YEAR PROJECT
MEGECH EMBANKMENT DAM PROJECT FOR

GONDER CITY
WATER SUPPLY DEMAND
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DECLARATION
Approval of the adviser
I approve that this project has been done by the students whose name is mentioned below and
all of the sources and materials used for the report have been acknowledged.
Adviser Name Signature
Mr. Elias Sime (M.Sc.) ……………………
Student‟s Name Signature

1) MESFIN RETA ……………………………………………..
2) NEBIYAT MULUGETA …………………..……………....
3) NEGESE SHIMELIS……………………………………….
4) SELAM ADENEW…………………………………………
5) SOLOMON KEBEDE……………………………………..
6) NIGATU FENTAW……………………………………….
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Acknowledgment
First of all we would like to thanks our creator for supporting and protecting us in many ways
in our work. Then we would like to give deepest thanks to our advisor Mrs. Elias Sime for
his great commitment to support us and for his valuable comments as well as suggestions
during our project preparation.
Secondly, we would like to thanks Mrs. Abera Aschalew a deputy director of water resource
engineering especially its willingness to help and for giving us advices to complete our final
year project.
Lastly, we want to thanks those of 5th year HWRE students for their team work together and
our grateful thanks goes to Bahir Dar institute of technology Faculty of civil and water
resource engineering for the theoretical knowledge give us and also for all faculty staff
teachers their supports.
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Executive summary
Ethiopia is gifted with a huge amount of water resources that can be utilized for different
water resources related development projects.
The project consists of eight chapters and each chapter has its own content to deal with.
Chapter One-deals about the introduction, Project area, Background, Location, Topography,
Climate and objective.
Chapter Two - deals about the demand analysis and population forecast which is essential
for project.
Chapter Three - deals about hydrology, risk analysis, flood frequency estimation and
analysis.
Chapter Four - it deals about reservoir planning including of types of reservoir, site
selection of reservoir, reservoir area and capacity by mass curve method, consideration of
sediment load analysis, evaporation loss and maximum reservoir level is determined.
Chapter Five - deals about dam design including classification of dams, site and dam type
selection, preliminary dam section design, and at last about stability analysis.
Chapter Six – deals about spillway design including of design and types of spillway,
hydrography analysis and flood routing.
Chapter Seven- deals about Environmental impact assessment, positive impact and negative
impact that the project cause on the environment and the way to monitor.
Chapter Eight: deals about or just to give direction how to prepare bill of quantities for
equipment and for construction.
The Last Chapter –deals about the conclusion and recommendations of the project.
Finally the overall conclusion is given to the executed activities under this project and
recommendations were given for further detail analysis of the project to implement on the
future.
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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................... III
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ IV
LIST OF FIGURE ..................................................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF TABLE....................................................................................................................................... VIII
ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Area ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Location .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Topography ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.5 Soil Type ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Specific Objective ........................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 5
2. DEMANED ANALISIS & POPULATION FORCASTING ......................................................... 5
2.2 Design period ................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Population Forecasting .................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 METHODS OF FORECASTING POPULATION ................................................................ 7
2.3.2 POPULATION FORCASTING USING DIFFERENT METHOD ....................................... 9
CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................. 13
3. HYDROLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Availability of Data..................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Computation of hydrological data ............................................................................................... 13
3.4 Determination of Return Period ............................................................................................ 14
3.5 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.6 Design Flood ............................................................................................................................... 15
3.6.1 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD ................................................................................. 16
3.6.2 FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 16
3.6.3 COMPUTATION OF GOODNESS TEST USING D-INDEX ........................................... 19
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CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................. 20
4. RESERVOIR PLANNING ............................................................................................................... 20
4.1 General ............................................................................................................................................ 20
4.2 Types of reservoir ....................................................................................................................... 21
4.3 Site Selection for Reservoir .................................................................................................. 21
4.4 Reservoir Area and Storage Capacity ................................................................................... 23
4.4.1 RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITY DETERMINATION ............................................. 23
4.5 Reservoir Capacity ...................................................................................................................... 25
4.5.1 MASS CURVE BY GRAPHICAL METHOD .................................................................... 25
4.5.2 MASS CURVE BY ANALYTICAL METHOD ................................................................. 28
4.6 Evaporation loss .......................................................................................................................... 28
4.7 Reservoir sediment load analysis ................................................................................................ 29
4.7.1 USEFUL LIFE OF RESERVOIR ........................................................................................ 29
4.7.2 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION CONTROL .................................................................. 32
4.8 Capacity volume & Maximum reservoir level ............................................................................ 33
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................. 34
5. DESIGN OF DAM ............................................................................................................................ 34
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................ 34
5.1.1 Classification of Dams ......................................................................................................... 34
5.2. Selection of site for dam............................................................................................................ 35
5.3 Selection of Type of the Dam..................................................................................................... 36
5.3.1 Embankment Dam................................................................................................................ 38
5.3.2 Zoned rock fill embankment dam ........................................................................................ 38
5.4 Criteria for safe design of Earth Dam ....................................................................................... 38
5.5 Preliminary dam section design .................................................................................................. 39
5.6 Seepage Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 47
5.6.1 Analytical Method................................................................................................................ 48
5.6.2 Seepage control .................................................................................................................... 49
5.6.3 Measures to reduce seepage ................................................................................................. 49
U/s impervious horizontal blanket ................................................................................................ 49
5.7 Stability Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 50
5.7.1 The Worst condition for which stability is analyzed ........................................................... 52
5.8 Surface protection ....................................................................................................................... 55
5.8.1 Protection of upstream slope ................................................................................................ 55
5.8.2 Protection of D/S slope ........................................................................................................ 55
CHAPTER SIX ..................................................................................................................................... 57
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6. DESIGN OF SPILLWAY ............................................................................................................. 57

6.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 57
6.2 Design and type of spillway ........................................................................................................ 57
6.2.1 THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPILLWAY..................................................... 57
6.2.2 SPILLWAY CAPACITY .................................................................................................... 57
6.2.3 LOCATION AND TYPE OF SPILLWAY ......................................................................... 58
6.3 Hydrograph Analysis .................................................................................................................. 59
6.3.1 Inflow hydrograph by synthetic unit hydrograph method .................................................... 60
6.3 Flood Routing ............................................................................................................................. 61
6.4 DESIGN OF OGEE SPILL WAY ....................................................................................................... 64
CHAPTER SEVEN .............................................................................................................................. 70
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ......................................................................... 70
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 70
7.2 Description of Potential Impact .................................................................................................. 70
7.2.1 Positive Impact Of The Project On The Environment ......................................................... 70
7.2.2 Negative Impacts Of Project On The Environment ............................................................. 71
7.3 Mitigation of Negative Impact .................................................................................................... 71
7.4 Monitoring .................................................................................................................................. 72
CHAPTER EIGHT ............................................................................................................................... 73
8. Bill of Quantity ............................................................................................................................. 73
CHAPTER NINE .................................................................................................................................. 75
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................... 75
9.1 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 75
9.2 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................... 76
REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................ 77
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................... 78
APPENDIX I: MASS CURVE BOTH GRAPHICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHOD ............... 78
APPENDIX II: AREA ELEVATION CAPACITY RESULTS ....................................................... 80
APPENDIX III: LIFE OF RESERVOIR RESULTS ........................................................................ 81
APPENDIX IV: FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS..................................................................... 82
APPENDIX VI: DATAS USED DURING PROJECT ANAYSIS ..................................................... 89
APPENDIX VII: DAM AND SPILLWAY CROSS SECTION DRAWN BY GROUP MEMBERS
USING AUTOCAD SOFTWARE ....................................................................................................... 90
APPENDIX VIII: 3D PICTURES DRAWN BY GROUP MEMBERS USING ARCHI CAD
SOFTWARE ......................................................................................................................................... 93
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LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF MEGECH RIVER ........................................................................................................... 2
FIGURE 2: AMHARA WATER RESOURCE OFFICE GUIDELINES ............................................................................. 7
FIGURE 3: DAM AXIS OF MEGECH RIVER.......................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 4: AREA ELEVATION CAPACITY CURVE ................................................................................................ 25
FIGURE 5: MASS CURVE FIGURE FROM GARG ................................................................................................... 25
FIGURE 6: MASS CURVE DIAGRAM ....................................................................................................................... 27
FIGURE 7: DAM CROSS SECTION WITH AL PARAMETERS .................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 8: DAM CROSS SECTION UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ....................................................................... 46
FIGURE 9: TYPES OF CUT-OFF ............................................................................................................................. 47
FIGURE 10: STABILITY ANALYSIS IN EARTH QUAKES FORCES .......................................................................... 54
FIGURE 11: ETHIOPIAN ZOONING OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY ................................................................................... 55
FIGURE 12: MAIN DAM CROSS SECTION FROM ARCHI CAD .............................................................................. 56
FIGURE 13: COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH AND SEPARATION ......................................................................... 59
FIGURE 14: INFLOW UNIT HYDROGRAPH ........................................................................................................... 61
FIGURE 15: INFLOW OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH ................................................................................................... 63
FIGURE 16: SPILLWAY DESIGN FROM ARCHI CAD ............................................................................................ 68
FIGURE 17: STILLING BASIN 3D FROM ARCHI CAD ........................................................................................... 69
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 1: POPULATION DATA ................................................................................................................................ 9
TABLE 2: ARITHMETIC POPULATION FORECAST RESULT .................................................................................. 10
TABLE 3: GEOMETRIC POPULATION FORECAST RESULT ................................................................................... 11
TABLE 4: DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY FROM AUTOCAD .......................................................... 24
TABLE 5: MASS CURVE RESULT........................................................................................................................... 26
TABLE 6: MASS CURVE ANALYTICAL METHOD ................................................................................................... 28
TABLE 7: EVAPORATION LOSS IN A DEPTH PER YEAR ....................................................................................... 28
TABLE 8: RELATIONS BETWEEN TRAP EFFICIENCY AND CAPACITY INFLOW RATIO....................................... 30
TABLE 9: USEFUL LIFE OF RESERVOIR............................................................................................................... 32
TABLE 10: THE SUM OF DEAD STORAGE AND CUMULATIVE DEFICIENCY .......................................................... 33
TABLE 11: MAXIMUM RESERVOIR LEVEL .......................................................................................................... 33
TABLE 12: SEEPAGE PARABOLA COORDINATES .................................................................................................. 48
TABLE 13: EQUATION USED FOR CALCULATION................................................................................................. 60
TABLE 14: INFLOW HYDROGRAPH RESULT ......................................................................................................... 61
TABLE 15: INFLOW AND OUTFLOW RESULT ........................................................................................................ 63
TABLE 16: DOWN STEAM PROFILE COORDINATE ............................................................................................... 67
TABLE 17: UPSTREAM PROFILE COORDINATE .................................................................................................... 67
TABLE 18: GENERAL BILL OF QUANTITIES FORMAT ........................................................................................... 73
TABLE 19: PROJECT WORK BILL OF QUANTITIES ............................................................................................... 73
TABLE 20: EQUIPMENT BILL OF QUANTITIES ...................................................................................................... 74
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ACRONYMS
HWRE= Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering
BIT = Bahir Dar Institute of Technology
FDRE= Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
MWL= Maximum Water Level
D/S = Downstream
U/S =Upstream
FRL = Full Reservoir Level
HFL = High Flood Level
KM = Kilometer
NFL = Normal Full Level
NPL= Normal Pool Level
RBL = River Bed Level
TRL = Tail water level
UN= United Nation
GW= Ground Water
T= Return Period
H=Horizontal
V=Vertical
USBR = United States Bureau of Reclamation
EIA= Environmental Impact Assessment
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CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1.1 General
Ethiopia is gifted with a huge amount of water resource that can be utilized for any water
resource development. Since the country has abundante river flow and also the topography is
suitable to construct dam. Dam is a hydraulic structures which controlling the flow of a river
by completely blocking the valley of a given river or drainage system and The primary
purpose of a dam may be defined as to provide for the safe Retention and storage of water.
As a corollary to this every dam must represent a design solution specific to its site
circumstances. The design there fore Also represents an optimum balance of local technical
and economic Considerations at the time of construction. Reservoirs are readily classified in
accordance with their primary Purpose, e.g. irrigation, water supply, hydroelectric power
generation, River regulation, flood control, etc. Dams are of numerous types, and type
Classification is sometimes less clearly defined. In the Lake Tana Basin the available land
and water resources are not utilized effectively to improve the livelihood and socioeconomic
conditions of the inhabitants. The existing land and water resources system of the area is
adversely affected by the rapid growth of population, deforestation, surface erosion and
sediment transport. There is a need for hydrological research of the Lake Tana Basin that can
support improved catchment management programs that can better safeguard the alarmingly
degradation of soil and water resources in Ethiopian highlands. The lack of decision support
tools and limitation of data concerning weather, hydrological, topographic, soil and land use
are factors that significantly hinder research and development in the area.
(Source: http://ssl.tamu.edu/media/11421/49tohydj%5B1%5D.pdf)
An initial broad classification into two generic groups can be made in terms of the principal
construction material employed in most developing countries especially sub-Sahara African
countries (including Ethiopia) have suffered from shortage of rainfall and uneven distribution
rainfall pattern. In most city in our country including Addis Ababa there is shortage of pure
water supply due to rate migration increase so much than predict rate. That‟s why Megech
Multi- purpose dam construction started to serve as both water supply demand and
modernized irrigation method.
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The increased demand of water for agriculture, industries, domestic, and power generation in
Lake Tana sub-basin requires proper planning and management of water resources in the
basin. The basin has more than 40 rivers inflow into Lake Tana and about 93% of the inflow
is coming from the four major rivers Gilgel Abbay, Gummera, Rib and Megech.
(Source: www.ijaiem.org/Volume2Issue3/IJAIEM-2013-03-20-050.pdf)
1.2 Project Area
1.2.1 Background
Traditional agricultural activities, both livestock‟s and crop production, are practiced in the
project area. Crop production is mainly depending on the availability of the adequate rainfall,
however, due to insufficient and fluctuating rainfall, the production is unreliable.
In water supply the rural area use a Megech river water to serve their daily water demand and
Gondar town community use water supply even if there is shortage for their daily demand.
1.2.2 Location
The project area is located in Amhara region, North Gondar, Denbia Woreda between
latitude 11o36”N and longitude 37o23” E.
Figure 1: location of Megech River
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(Sourcewww.mowr.gov.etattachmentfilesDownloadsRIDP_ESIA_vol1.pdf)
1.2.3 Topography
The project area is characterized by broad and flat flood plains with slope less than 2 %, old
bench farming terrace and low to high relief basaltic hills with steep to moderately steep
slope.
1.2.4 Climate
The climate of Megech dam project is marked by rainy season from May to October, with
monthly rainfall varying 0 mm in October to 10.4mm in July. Rainfall in the project area is
mono-modal. Temperature variations throughout the year are minor. Maximum temperature
varies from 13.8oc in July to 29.1oc in March, whereas minimum temperature ranges
from11oc in January to 15.6oc in April and May. Humidity varies from 39% in March and
79% in August. Wind speed is low, thus minimizing potential evapo-transpiration values
between 101mm /month in July and 149 mm/month in March. Sunshine duration is reduced
to 4.2-4.9 hours during July and June respectively.
(Source://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/assessment-of-the-impact-of-climate-change-on
hydrological-drought-in-lake-tana-catchment-blue-nile-basin-ethiopia)
1.2.5 Soil Type

The dominant soils on the project area are vertisols and medium textured soil. Medium
textured soil feels very soft when dry with low infiltration rate. It can be easily be pressed
when wet and then silky and consists of about 65% black, 12% red, 20% brown and 3% gray
soil.
(source:http://www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites/agriskmanagementforum.org/files/Doc
uments/NIDP_Edited%20last_13012010.pdf)
1.3 Objective
1.3.1 General Objective

The main general objectives of the project are:
 The main objective of our project is to design dam with its other part that going to
serve current Gondar city water demand as well future demand within design period.

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1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To forecast future population of Gondar by different methods.
 To design reservoir that fulfill water supply for Gondar community
 To predict future flood that may happen in design period within return period.
 To estimate expect sediment load and other dead loads in embankment dam.
 To estimate useful life of reservoir.
 To design spillway that spill ultimate flood.

 To design an earth fill dam.

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CHAPTER TWO
2. DEMANED ANALISIS & POPULATION FORCASTING

2.1 Introduction
Gondar is the third largest city of the country and the first leading populous city of the region.
According to the data obtained from the municipality of the city, the current population is
112600. The main aim and objectives of this work is to come across the issue of water in
Gondar town and specifically to examine the affordability of water to get connected, the
customers‟ ability to pay for the government or private water supplies, accessibility of the
lines to customers to get connected, availability of water even after connection, and the
seasonal effect on water availability. To realize the above objectives both primary and
secondary data have been employed from questionnaires administered and documents from
pertinent sectors to the issues. Gondar city people consumptions have included bathing,
cleaning and other water need is included in household demand use. People life is highly
unhygienic as well people suffers serious health problem due to water problem. Gondar city
have relation with water, poverty and health. There is affordability issue; many households
do not have the financial capacity to have their own private taps, because the minimum
charge for installation of water tap is USD-80 which is beyond capacity of poor people. The
water scarcity seriously prevails in Gondar city.
Modern water supply system was introduced in 1930‟s during the Italian invasion. The first
modern water supply was constructed from Korebreb River in 1938 Ethiopian Calendar (EC)
without any treatment plant. Therefore, water quality was very poor. Because of its age, the
„‟ Korebreb system‟‟ has contributed to high rate of water loss as well. After two decades, the
so-called Yugoslavia system was contribution its share to improve the service.
The government, from 1967 to 1986 E.C constructed a total of eleven deep wells. The
continued effort has contributed to the increased water supply coverage of the city. All except
the two deep wells constructed in 1986 E.C, were interconnected with the old korebreb
system. The average discharge rate of each water source except Angereb reservoir was 6.6
litters per second.
Population had been increased and there was shortfall in water supply. The Government of
Ethiopia conducted feasibility study of different alternatives to improve the water supply of
Gondar city in 1974 EC. Different options were identified during study

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So Megech dam construction project is aimed to fulfil Gondar town pure water demand and
in addition to ensure a community in their irrigation need. But, our focus on this project
mainly to fulfil water demand of Gondar City by constructing dam on Megech river.
2.2 Design period

A water supply scheme shall, almost without exception, cater for a requirement which is
continuously increasing with the coming years. Hence a new water supply scheme is
normally made large enough to meet the needs of growing communities for an economically
justifiable number of years in future. Huge and costly construction works like dams,
reservoirs, treatment works and distribution pipelines are required for a complete water
supply scheme. These works cannot be replaced easily and conveniently for future expansion.
Hence these works should be designed for sufficient capacity to meet the future demand of
the town for an established length of time. This length of time or the number of years for
which the design of the water supply works has done is known as design period.
The design period should neither be too long that the financial burden is thrown on the future
generation nor should be too small that the whole financial burden is thrown on the present
generation and the design of water work becomes uneconomical. The design period is not
only limited by general economic consideration but also the following factors.
 Funds available for the completion of the project if more funds are available
design period may be more, but if small funds are available the design
period shall be less.
 As far as possible the design period should be nearly equal to the materials
used in the water supply work.
 Rate if interest on the loans taken to complete the project. If rate of interest
is less, it will be good to keep design period more. But if the interest rate is
very high, the design should be small.
For design of water supply schemes for large towns, a design period of 20 years is considered
appropriate depending on Amhara Water Resource office guidelines. For Gondar town water
supply project by considering the above factors we adopt a design period of 20 years. This
period is divided in to two phases. The first phase covers the time up to 2025 and the second
up to 2035. Phase describes the duration as expressed below:

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Figure 2: Amhara Water Resource office guidelines
2.3 Population Forecasting

In the design of a water supply scheme, after deciding the design period the next step is to
determine population in various times. Several methods are present, but it should be point out
that judgment must be exercised by the engineer as to which method is most applicable. The
methods of forecasting future population are discussed below so that the most appropriate
method can be used on the basis of the available past population data.
2.3.1 METHODS OF FORECASTING POPULATION

a) Arithmetic increase method
b) Geometric increase method
c) Incremental increase method
d) Decreasing rate method
e) Simple graphical method
f) Ratio and correlation
g) Master plan method
h) The logistic curve method
a. Arithmetic increase Method
This method is based on the assumption that the population is increasing at a constant rate.
The rate of change of population with time is constant i.e. dp/dt=k (a=constant)
Integrating ∫pnpodp=k∫0ndt
Pn=Po +kn, where Pn=population at n decades or years
n= decades
k=Arithmetic increase
This method is generally applicable to large and old cities.

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b. Geometric increase method
This method is based on the assumption that the percent increase in population from decade
to decade remains constant. In this method the average percentage of growth of last few
decades is determined; the population forecasting is done on the basis that percentage
increase per decade will be the same. The method is expressed as follow
Pn=Po (1+k) n, where Po= initial population

Pn=population at nth decade or year
n= number of decades
k=percentage (geometric) increase
This method is generally applicable for growing cities.
c. Incremental increase method
This method is an improvement over the above two methods. The average increase in the
population is determined by the arithmetic method and to this is added the average of the net
incremental increase once for each future decade.
d. Decrease Rate of Growth Method

It has been seen that all life grows within limited space. If the complete growth of a very old
city is plotted, it will be seen that the curve has s-shape, which indicates that early growth
takes place at an increasing rate, later growth is at a decreasing rate which indicates that
saturation limit is reached. In this method, the average decrease in the percentage increase is
worked out and is then subtracted from the latest percentage increase for each successive
decade. This method is applicable where the rate of growth of population showed a down
ward trend.
e. simple graphical method

In this method the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted to a suitable scale on
the graph with respect to decade. The curve is smoothly extended to forecast the future
population. The graph on present city is plotters‟ from the beginning and it will show the
growth curve.

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f. Ratio and Correlation method

In this method, the rate of population growth of a town is related to the rate of population
growth of state or nation. Hence it‟s possible to estimate the population of a town under
consideration by considering the rate of population growth of state or nation.
g. The Master Plan Method

The development of towns and cities is not allowed in haphazard way. For the development
of the towns and cities, their master plans are prepared. The city is divided in to various zones
such as commercial centres, industrial areas and residential areas, the schools, colleges, parks
etc. The future expansion of the cities is strictly regulated by various laws of corporations and
other local bodies according to the master plan.
The master plans are prepared for the development of the cities for 25-30 years. The
population densities for various zones of the towns to be developed are also fixed. It is very
easy to design the water supply scheme for the particular zones. The future development of
the various stages of the water works is also designed on the basis of the master plan.
h. Logistic Curve Method
When the growth rate of population due to birth death and migration takes place under
normal situation and it is not subjected to extraordinary changes to unusual situations like
war, epidemic, earthquake, exodus of refugees etc. The population would probably follow the
growth curve characteristics of living things within limited space and economic opportunity.
This curve has s-shape and is known as logistic curve.
2.3.2 POPULATION FORCASTING USING DIFFERENT METHOD
1. Arithmetic increase method
Table 1: Population Data
Year population
2002 21694
2014 112600
Pn=Po+kn
From the above population data lets estimate
k=P2004-P1994 /n
=112600-21694 /12
K=7575.5

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Let P0= P2014=112600

P2015= P2014+ K*n
=112600+7575.5*1
=120175.5
 Using similar fashion for 2020
P2020=? Let Po =P2015=120175.5
P2020= P2015+ K*n=

P2020= P2015+ K*n=120175.5+7575.5*5
P2020=158053
 Population forecast for 2025
P2025=? Let Po =P2020=158053
P2025= P2020+ K*n=

P2025= P2020+ K*n=158053+7575.5*5
P2025=195930.5
P2030=? Let Po =P2025=195930.5
P2030= P2025+ K*n=

P2030= P2025+ K*n=195930.5+7575.5*5
P2030=233808
P2035=? Let Po =P2030=233808
P2035= P2030+ K*n=

P2035= P2030+ K*n=233808+7575.5*5
P2035=271685.8
Summary
Table 2: Arithmetic population forecast result
Year Population stage
2002 21694
2014 112600

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2015 120175.5
2020 158053
2025 195930.5 Stage 1
2030 233808
2035 271685.5 Stage 2

2. Geometric increase method
Pn=PO (1+K) n
P0=P2002 (1+K) n
P0=P2002 =21694
Pn=P2014 =112600, n=12
Pn=PO (1+K) n
112600=21694(1+k) 12
K=0.1471
P2015=112600(1+0.1471)1 =129163.46
P2020=129163.46 (1+0.1471)5 =256534.67
P2025=256534.67 (1+0.1471)5 =509509.71
P2030=509509.71 (1+0.1471)5 =1011949.56
P2035=1011949.56 (1+0.1471)5 =2009857.49
Summary
Table 3: Geometric population forecast result
Year Population stage
2002 21694
2014 112600
2015 129163.46
2020 256534.67
2025 509509.71 Stage 1
2030 1011949.56
2035 2009857.49 Stage 2

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As far as population forecasted is concerned calculated result we get by arithmetic method of

population forecasting is best fitted with central statics agency result. So we select arithmetic
method result rather than geometric method of population forecasting.

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CHAPTER THREE
3. HYDROLOGY
3.1 General
The hydrological study focuses on analysing the climate, lake level gauge reading and
tributaries to satisfy the condition of establishing pump centre at the average design level
which neither flood nor shortage happens in the system. Further it is important to elaborate
the climate data and hydro-metrological lake level readings of the gauge to obtain references
for design and operation of Megech dam project.
The main purposes of the hydrological analysis on the Lake Tana related to Megech dam
project are:
 To limit the pump house design so that it is not fixed above minimum water
level of the Lake and to take optimum level of suction pipe.
 To avoid flooding of the pump houses by fixing at optimum maximum design

level.
 Climate study, especially rainfall data analysis, for estimation of irrigation water
requirement and design of drainage system of the project.
3.2 Availability of Data

The stream flow of 47 years of Megech River is available for our analysis and design of
Gondar city water supply project.
3.3 Computation of hydrological data

Planning and designing of hydraulic structures require adequate hydrological information of
the specific area or the site in particular. In Ethiopia many sites do not have adequate number
of gauging station or those are recently established on there may not be gauging stations in
the catchment at all.
In such cases, transferring of required information (runoff data) from gauged site to UN
gauged site become very essential. For this project, the stream flow of Megech River is
provided by our Adviser at dam site so no need to do check data consistency.

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3.4 Determination of Return Period

Return period (T) is the average interval in years between events which are equalled or
exceeded a given magnitude. It may, however, be clearly understood that the concept of
return period doesn‟t imply that the event of any given magnitude will occurred at constant or
even approximately constant interval of n years. It only indicates frequency of an event over a
long period of years.
Selecting higher return period means the corresponding flood magnitude is high. Such a very
high flood may not occur during the lifetime of the structure. On the other hand if a very low
discharge corresponding to lower return period is chosen for the design and if it is exceeded it
will result in the failure of the structure causing more damage than would have been caused
by in the absence of the structure.
The general guidelines for selecting the return period for a given design flood is as shown
below:
Table 3.2: Structures with their recommended design flood
Structure Recommended design flood
Spill way for major and medium projects with Return period (T)=1000yrs
storage more than 60Mm3
Permanent barrage and minor dams with Return period (T)=100yrs

capacity less than 60Mm3
Weirs and other small structures Return period of 100 or 50 yrs. depending on the
importance of the project.
Source: Engineering hydrology, SUBARAMANYA (1994)

For minor dams with capacity less than 60Mm3 a 50 or 100 years return period can be
adopted depending on the importance of the structure. For Gondar water supply project a
return period of 100 years is considered.
3.5 Risk Analysis

Water-control design involves consideration of risks. A water-control structure might fail if
the magnitude for the design return period T is exceeded within the expected life of the
structure.
Three approaches are commonly used to determine a hydrologic design value: an empirical
approach, risk analysis, and hydro economic analysis.
 Empirical approach

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 Risk analysis
 Hydro Economic Analysis.
By hydro economic analysis a dam of the expected life is 50 year we will take the risk is 10%
the return period will not exceed 100year
So R=1-(1-1/T) n
0.1=1-(1-1/T) 50
=1-1/T=0.91/50
1-1/T=0.9978  T=475
R=1-(1-1/475)100
R=0.19
R=19%
So there is 19 % risk of flood in 100 year of return.
3.6 Design Flood

Design flood is a flood adopted for a design of hydraulic structure. It is selected based on
types of hydraulic structure and the magnitude of loss life and property damage or the
downstream of the structure.
Whenever an important structure is to be constructed on a river or in the vicinity of a river, it
must be properly designed keeping in view the damage to which it is susceptible and the
catastrophe which it is going to create in the event of its failure. Hence fixing the flood value
for a given return period for which structures is safe throughout the design period is very
important.
A flood accepted for the design of a structure is based on:
a. Importance of the structure
b. Economy
c. Probable effect at its downstream due to its sudden damage,
d. Life expectance of the structure
e. In convenience it can cause to traffic
f. Population density of the downstream area
g. Submergence of mineral and other strategic areas and

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h. Economic condition of the people of the affected area, damages due to small
structures like minor irrigation projects, small causeways of bridges create temporary
distribution of the area. Loss to life and property from such damages is small.
3.6.1 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD
For planning and designing of water resource development project the important parameter
are river discharges and related questions on the frequency and duration of normal flow and
extreme flows.
There are various methods generally used for determining the magnitude of peak flood. Some
of the methods are;
1. Determination by means of empirical formula

2. Determination by rational formula
3. Unit hydrograph technique
4. Flood frequency analyses
Flood frequency analyses are used to predict design floods for sites along a river. The
technique involves using observed annual peak flow discharge data to calculate statistical
information such as mean values, standard deviations, skewness, and recurrence intervals.
These statistical data are then used to construct frequency distributions, which are graphs and
tables that tell the likelihood of various discharges as a function of recurrence interval or
exceedance probability.
3.6.2 FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
Frequency analysis is a method which involves study and analysis of past records of
hydrologic events to predict the future probability of occurrence. Water resource projects
must be planned for future events for which there is no exact time of occurrence can be
forecasted. Hence, probability that stream flow will be equalled or exceeded a specified value
must be estimated accurately. (For all frequency analysis calculations the source is Ven Te
Chow (page 386 – 397)
Some of the commonly used frequency distribution methods are:-
1. Gamble‟s extreme value distribution.
2. Log-Person type III distribution.
3. Normal distribution.
4. Log-normal distribution.

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1. Gamble’s Extreme Value Distribution Method

This method is widely used for extreme value analysis of hydrologic data (e.g. flood). Vent
Chow (1951) proposed the general equation for hydrologic frequency analysis as:-
X  X  K
T T
Where XT -is the event at return period of T years
X –the mean of the data
σ –the standard deviation
K –the frequency factor
Gamble‟s used the following expression to calculate the frequency factor (K).
6   T  
KT   0.57721 ln ln  
    T  1  
Where, T-is the return period.
T=100years and K100= 3.14
X  X  K = 10367.33m3/s
T T
2. Normal distribution
The frequency factor for normal distribution can be expressed from;-
XT  X
KT 

This is the same as the standard normal variable Z. The value of Z corresponding to an
accidence probability of P (P=1/T) can be calculated by finding the value of an intermediate
variable W.
1
  1  2 1
P
W  ln  ,
2  T
  P 
P = 0.01, For T =100 years Then intermediate variable

W =3.03

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0<P<0.5
And for P>0.5, (1-P) can be substituted, and then calculate Z using the following formula
which is developed by Abramowitz & Stegum.
2.515517 0.802853* 3.03  0.010328* 3.032

Z  3.03 
1  1.432788* 3.03  0.189269* 3.032  0.001308* 3.033
=1.84
The frequency factor KT for the normal distribution is equal to Z. Then
X  X  K
T T
For T = 100, P = 0.01
W = 3.03, K100 = 2.33 &
X 100  X  K
103
X
100 = 9296.6m3/S
3. Log -Pearson type Ш distribution.

For this distribution the first step is to take the logarithms of the hydrologic data(Y = log Y)
the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of Skewness‟ CS are calculated for the logarithm
of the data. The frequency factor depends on the return period of T and the coefficient of
skewness CS when, KT is approximated by Kite equation as;-
 
KT  Z  Z 2  1 K  
1 3
3
   1
Z  6 Z K 2  Z 2  1 K 3  ZK 4  K 5
3
Where K=CS/6 and the value of Z is expressed in the normal distribution.
K = CS/6 = 0.020 Z = 2.41and KT= 2.33
X100 = 11310.3m3/S
4. Log-normal distribution.
For this method the same procedure is applied as normal distribution used except that it is
applied to the logarithms of the variables, their mean and standard deviation are used in the
following equation.

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Y  Y  K
T Y T
K100 = -0.111 (from normal distribution.)
Y100 = 3.968 Then XT = 10YT X100 = 103.968
X100 =286.26m3/S
3.6.3 COMPUTATION OF GOODNESS TEST USING D-INDEX

The D-Index test is supposed to be the better goodness to select the best distribution for the
given data. Hence, in this study it was used to determine the best statistical distribution to
estimate the peak flood. The D-index for the comparison of the fit of various distributions is
given by:
D-index = [ ]*∑ ( )
Where; Xm = mean of the rainfall data

XI = ranked values from metrological data
XI‟= calculated values for each XI
Therefore, the value having minimum D-index will be the best fit to the distribution. Thus,
the design flood with minimum D-index value is that we get from Gamble‟s extreme value
distribution which is = 46.93 and the design discharge for our project = 10367.33 m3/S and
the full D-index is done in our Appendix.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESERVOIR PLANNING
4.1 General
A reservoir is a large, artificial lake created by constructing a dam across a river. The term
reservoir in water resources engineering is used in a restricted sense for a comparatively large
body of water stored in the upstream of a dam constructed for this purpose (ARORA 2002).
The purpose of storage reservoir is to smooth out the variations in natural stream flow in
order to retain water that would otherwise run to waste or cause flood damage.
Certain Dam projects were designed to meet the day to day fluctuations in water supply
demand, for such fluctuations sufficient amount of storage reservoir is required. Such storage
is called poundage whereas storage is the quantity of water stored by creating a reservoir to
meet the water supply deficiency in its design life.
In reality no reservoir can provide absolute control of all river flows some spill occur,
evaporation and leakage losses will exist, storage volume will be reduced by sedimentation
and if we wait long enough at some time the available water will fail to meet the demand.
Thus the problem of reservoir design in its widest sense is to provide a combination of
storage volume and operating policy that will reduce the likelihood of water shortages (other
failures) to meet specified objectives to some acceptably small level over the expected life of
the project.
A reservoir can be classified into two based on the purpose. These are:
 Single purpose reservoir and
 Multipurpose reservoir.
A single purpose reservoir is not economically feasible.
The various purposes served by multipurpose reservoir include:
 Irrigation
 Municipal and industrial water supply
 Flood control
 Hydropower
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Development of fish and wild life
 Soil conservation

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4.2 Types of reservoir

Depending up on the purpose served, the reservoirs may be broadly classified into five types:
1. Storage or conservation reservoirs: - They are used to conserve water. Storage
reservoirs are constructed to store the water in the rainy season and to release it later
when the river flow is low.
2. Flood control reservoirs: - A flood control reservoir protects the areas lying on its
downstream side from the damage due to flood.
3. Multipurpose reservoirs: - A multipurpose reservoir is designed and constructed to
serve two or more purposes.
4. Distribution reservoirs: - A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir to tied
over the peak demand of water for municipal water supply or irrigation.
5. Balancing reservoirs: - A balancing reservoir is a small reservoir constructed
downstream of the main reservoir for holding water released from the main reservoir.
The demand of water is increasing continuously to meat crop water demand. To meet the
demand of water at these locations arising out of the variability of the resources, storage
reservoirs provide the only alternative. That was the reason tanks were built during ancient
civilization at various parts of the world even before the concept of water cycle was known to
them.
The discharge in river generally varies considerably during different periods of a year. This
phenomenon has got its own influence in reservoir planning in the project area.
4.3 Site Selection for Reservoir

While selecting the site for reservoir, the following characteristics points should be taken into
account;
1. Geological factors
2. Topographical factors
3. Land acquisition factors
4. Economic considerations
1. Geological Factors
A) Geology of the catchment area
The soil characteristic of the whole catchment areas which contribute water to the reservoir
should be studied so that the losses over the catchments should be a minimum and the silt
deposition will be reduced.

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B) Geology of the dam site

The whole length of the dam should be founded on a sound water tight rock foundation so
that the percolation below the dam is minimized.
2. Topographic factors
A) The reservoir basin should have narrow opening in the valley. It will reduce the
length of the dam to be constructed and consequently the cost of the project will be
reduced.
B) The side slope should be steep through the basin .It will reduce the surface area per
unit volume so that undesirable shallow water depth and surface evaporation may be
reduced.
3. Land acquisition factor

Since the reservoir basin may cover large area, it is very essential to see that the land going to
be submerged is not valuable.
4. Economic consideration
A) The dam to be constructed should not be of great height. If the height of the dam is
more, the cost of the project will increase.
B) The materials for the construction of the dam should be locally available.

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Figure 3: Dam Axis of Megech River
4.4 Reservoir Area and Storage Capacity

The most important physical characteristics of a reservoir are nothing but its storage capacity.
The capacity of reservoir on dam site is determined from the contour map of the area. In fact
the general practice adopted for capacity computation is to actually survey the site contour at
vertical distance. The storage characteristic of the reservoir has been determined below using
the topographical map. For the sake of simplicity we will assume that the water level in the
reservoir is perfectly horizontal and then the area of surface of the reservoir corresponding to
a given contour at interval of 5m is measured on the map.
4.4.1 RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITY DETERMINATION

The reservoir live storage determined by using Reservoir sizing (Area-Elevation-Capacity
Curve) method as follow. The ultimate goal of this curve is to obtain the capacity of the
reservoir at different elevations with respect to respective submergence area. This curve
utilizes input data from topographic survey on natural sites for its construction. From the
contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is determined by

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measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding contour and also the storage capacity of the
reservoir at any elevation is determined from the water spread area at various elevations.
 Area-Elevation curve: - From the contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir
at elevation is determined by measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding
contour. Then an elevation-area curve is drawn between the surface area and the
elevation.
 Elevation-capacity curve: - The storage capacity of the reservoir at any elevation is
determined from the water spread area at various elevations.
Both of them are the function of the topography of site and the height of the dam.
Table 4: determination of reservoir capacity from AutoCAD
Elevation Height area(m2) Cumulative area volume(m3) Cumulative

(m) (m) (m2) volume (m3)
1880 5 20234.7 20234.7 101173.5 101173.5
1885 5 130217.3 150452 651086.5 752260
1890 5 239558.51 390010.51 1197792.55 1950052.55
1895 5 229522.59 619533.1 1147612.95 3097665.5
1900 5 298651.4 918184.5 1493257 4590922.5
1905 5 306967.7 1225152.2 1534838.5 6125761
1910 5 371524.32 1596676.52 1857621.6 7983382.6
1915 5 406980.68 2003657.2 2034903.4 10018286
1920 5 370342.7 2373999.9 1851713.5 11869999.5
1925 5 991029.2 3365029.1 4955146 16825145.5
1930 5 1013693.1 4378722.2 5068465.5 21893611
1935 5 24138.71 4402860.91 120693.55 22014304.55
1940 5 6460099.6 10862960.6 32300498.4 54314803
1945 5 997675.7 11860636.3 4988378.5 59303181.5
1950 5 1129469.1 12990105.4 5647345.5 64950527
1955 5 1365639.1 14355744.5 6828195.5 71778722.5
1960 5 1542923.3 15898667.8 7714616.5 79493339
1965 5 89658.89 15988326.69 448294.45 79941633.45

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Area_Elevation_capacity curve
90 0
80 2000
Elevation-Volume
70 4000
Elevation_Area
Volume (M m3)
60 6000
Area (m2)
50 8000
40 10000
30 12000
20 14000
10 16000
0 18000
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Elevation (m amsl)
Figure 4: Area Elevation Capacity curve
4.5 Reservoir Capacity

4.5.1 MASS CURVE BY GRAPHICAL METHOD
The mass curve is a plot of cumulative flow as ordinate against time as abscissa throughout
the record. It is used to estimate storage requirement. The slope of the curve at any point
shows the rate of inflow at that particular time. As shown on the graph, the slope at any point
shows the rate of inflow at a particular time.
Figure 5: Mass Curve figure from Garg

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Mass Curve analysis result for mass curve graphical method

Table 5: Mass curve result
Time Cum. Q inflow Cum. Q demand

JAN 1303.66 45863.96
FEB 2082.60 92252.64
MAR 2768.39 138734.47
APR 3583.04 185087.44
MAY 5114.01 230724.10
JUN 11524.06 271481.67
JUL 67556.01 262617.34
AUG 174353.92 202987.05
SEP 226048.19 198460.41
OCT 238622.60 233053.62
NOV 244355.83 274488.01
DEC 248571.97 317439.49

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Mass curve diagram

350000.00
300000.00
250000.00
200000.00
Cum. INFLOWactual
150000.00
Cum. Qdemand
100000.00
50000.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Figure 6: mass curve diagram

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4.5.2 MASS CURVE BY ANALYTICAL METHOD

The analytic method involves tabular computations and the procedure is as follows:-
 Calculate the net inflow from the given hydrological data
 Calculate the deficiency (demand – net inflow)
 Compute the cumulative deficiency. If the cumulative deficiency is negative, take the
cumulative deficiency as zero
 Determine the required reservoir capacity as the maximum cumulative deficiency
Table 6: mass curve analytical method
time Net inflow Demand Deficiency Cum. deficiency Cum. Inflow

(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
JAN 1303.65 47167.62 45863.96 45863.96 1303.66

FEB 778.942 47167.62 46388.67 92252.64 2082.60
MAR 685.79 47167.62 46481.82 138734.47 2768.39
APR 814.65 47167.62 46352.97 185087.44 3583.04
MAY 1530.97 47167.62 45636.65 230724.10 5114.01
JUN 6410.05 47167.62 40757.57 271481.67 11524.06
JUL 56031.95 47167.62 -8864.33 262617.34 67556.01
AUG 106797.91 47167.62 -59630.28 202987.05 174353.92
SEP 51694.26 47167.62 -4526.64 198460.41 226048.19
OCT 12574.41 47167.62 34593.21 233053.62 238622.60
NOV 5733.23 47167.62 41434.38 274488.01 244355.83
DEC 4216.13 47167.62 42951.48 317439.49 248571.97
4.6 Evaporation loss

Some quantity of water stored in a reservoir is always lost and it is necessary to account some in
planning operation of the reservoir, the loss of water from a reservoir may be due to evaporation,
absorption and percolation. The evaporation loss may be depending on the water surface area of the
reservoir. From all losses the most significant one is the evaporation loss. It is expressed in terms of
the depth of water measured in m, cm or mm which thus represents the volume of water loss per unit
area of the surface of the reservoir.
Table 7: Evaporation Loss in a Depth per year
US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY METHOD

E=(4.5T+43.3)/12
Mean T Evaporation loss

Month (m/month)
JAN 19.3 0.110
FEB 20.5 0.114

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MAR 22 0.120
APR 22.4 0.121
MAY 21.8 0.119
JUN 17.9 0.104
JUL 18 0.105
AUG 17.9 0.104
SEP 17.8 0.104
OCT 19.3 0.110
NOV 19.4 0.110
DEC 19.3 0.110
Total Evaporation Depth m/yr. 1.330
4.7 Reservoir sediment load analysis

The dead storage zone of reservoir is kept to absorb the effect of sedimentation. That is due the
sediment load are continuously coming into reservoir. The annual deposition of silt depend on the
annual sediment load carried by the stream and trap efficiency of reservoir. Trap efficiency of
reservoir is the fraction of outgoing sediment to the total inflow sediment. Dead storage is a portion
of the storage capacity from which water is not normally withdrawn, in accordance with operating
agreements. It is the storage that lies below the invert of the lowest outlet and thus cannot be
evacuated by gravity.
Khosla’s Equation for sediment load prediction (Garg Pg. 972)
Qs= 0.323* 461-0.28

Qs=0.057956583Mm3/100Km2/yr.
Qs= 576.566m3/yr.
Sediment Yield = 267,759.41 m3/yr.
Bed load of 20%= 53,551.88 m3/yr.
Dead Storage = 321,311.29 m3/yr.
4.7.1 USEFUL LIFE OF RESERVOIR

As the concentration of sediment deposition in a reservoir increases the life of the reservoir becomes
short. The rate of sedimentation depends on the trap efficiency. The annual deposition of silt depend
on the annual sediment load carried by the stream and trap efficiency of reservoir. Trap efficiency of

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reservoir is the fraction of outgoing sediment to the total inflow sediment. Trap efficiency is a
function of the reservoir capacity to the total inflow.
The amount of salt interning the reservoir depends up on various features of the catchments e.g. its
size, geology, topography, vegetation; rain fall etc. The rate of silting depends on the nature and rate
of the sediment movement in the river trap efficiency of the reservoir and method of reservoir
operation. In designing a storage project it is essential to provide adequate storage space to take care
of the silt deposition by all locating a space for dead storage .It is usual practice to take 100years life
of the reservoir.
Trap efficiency is defined as the percentage of sediment deposited in the reservoir even in spite of
taking precautions and measures to control its deposition. Assume that 10% of capacity is filled in
the first interval of the below table.
 capacity 
Trap efficiency    f  
 inf low 
The relation between trap efficiency and capacity inflow ratio is shown in the table below according
to (U.P.S.C, civil services 1987)
Data required for computation of life of reservoir:
 Annual flood in flow

 Initial reservoir capacity
 Relation sheep between trap efficiency and capacity in flow ration
 Specific weight of the sediment
 Average annual sediment in flow ( specific yield )
Table 8: Relations between Trap Efficiency and Capacity Inflow Ratio
Capacity/inflow 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Trap efficiency 43 60 74 80 84 87 93 95 95.5 96 97 97 97 97.5

(ή)%

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Computation of Life of Reservoir
The following are known data;
 Storage capacity =6.39Mm3

 Average Annual yield (Inflow) = 459.038Mm3
 Average annual sediment flow =Vs = 0.038Mm3/y
Average annual sediment deposition, VT = Vs*Te
Sample calculation
Assume10% of capacity is filled in the first interval,
C/I =
=0.0139
Trap efficiency from the Brune curve for C/I value of 0.0139 is 43 %.
At the end of interval
= 0.01252 and Te =42.5%
Average trap efficiency = =42.75%
Volumes of sediment deposited annually fill the 10% of capacity,
=0.425*0.038=0.016
Number of years during which 10% of the capacity shall be filled up
=40 years.

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The rest calculation is done in the table shown below.

Table 9: Useful Life of Reservoir
%capacity capacity capacityMm^3 inflow(Mm^3 C/I TRAP Average volume time to fill
interval EFFICENCY trap of
efficiency sediment
100 0.66 6.39 459.04 0.013 43
90 0.66 5.73 459.04 0.012 43 43 0.016 40.39167
80 0.66 5.07 459.04 0.011 43 43 0.016 40.39167
70 0.66 4.41 459.04 0.009 43 43 0.016 40.39167
60 0.66 3.75 459.04 0.008 40 41.5 0.016 41.85161
50 0.66 3.09 459.04 0.006 38 39 0.015 44.53441
40 0.66 2.43 459.04 0.005 37 37.5 0.014 46.31578
30 0.66 1.77 459.04 0.003 35 36 0.014 48.24561
20 0.66 1.11 459.04 0.002 32 33.5 0.013 51.84603
10 0.66 0.45 459.04 0.001 29 30.5 0.012 56.94564
0 0 459.04 0.000 0 14.5 0.006 119.7822
Therefore, the reservoir will be filled or come out of use after 119.78 years, so our reservoir life (100
years) is safe.
4.7.2 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION CONTROL

Sediment deposition in reservoirs cannot be actually prevented but it can be retarded by adopting
some of the following measures:
(I) Reservoir sites which are prolific sources of sediment should be avoided.
(II) By adopting soil conservation measures in the catchment area, as the silt originates
in the watershed.
(III) Agronomic soil conservation practices like cover cropping, strip cropping, contour
farming, suitable crop rotations, application of green manure (mulching), proper control over
graze lands, terracing and benching on steep hill slopes, etc. retard overland flow, increase
infiltration and reduce erosion.

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4.8 Capacity volume & Maximum reservoir level

Our reservoir capacity is the summation of cumulative deficit volume, dead load volume and free
board.
Full Reservoir Level (FSL):- is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise during
normal operating condition.
Maximum Water Level (MWL):- is the maximum level to which the water surface will rise.
Minimum Pool Level (MPL):- is the lowest level up to which the water is withdrawn from the
reservoir under ordinary condition.
Dead Storage (DS):- is the part of the stored water in the reservoir which is left for sedimentation
and not available for use. It is usually taken as 15% of the total storage.
Total Storage (TS):- is the part of water that can be stored in the reservoir to bring the water level
up to full reservoir level.
TS=LS+DS
Live Storage (LS):- is the volume of water stored between the full reservoir level and minimum
pool level. LS=FRL - MPL
Table 10: The sum of dead storage and cumulative deficiency
Cumulative deficiency (m3) 317439.493 m3

DEAD STORAGE IN m3 321,311.29 m3
SUM OF VOLUME 638750.787 m3
Table 11: Maximum Reservoir level
MAXIMUM RESERVOIR LEVEL

By using interpolation reservoir level is fixed
Elevation Volume
1890 2803486.03
X 638750.787
1895 5901151.55
From interpolation X =1884.13 m
Total Reservoir Elevation is the sum of freeboard, evaporation loss and Max reservoir level
=1888m

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CHAPTER FIVE
5. DESIGN OF DAM
5.1 General
Dam is a hydraulic structure which is used to controlling the flow of a river by completely blocking
the valley of a given river or drainage system. Through the blockage storage is formed this can be
utilized for various water resources development or water control purposes. Thus, retained body of
water is reservoir, the retaining structure whether earth, rock or concrete is the dam.
5.1.1 Classification of Dams
Dam may be classified into different categories, depending up on water spread, on the purpose or
basis of the classification,
Classification according to use:
 Based on use dams are classified as follows:

I. Storage dam
II. Diversion dam
III. Detention dam
IV. Debris dams
V. Coffer dams
Storage Dam: - This is the most common type of dam normally constructed. Storage dam is
constructed to impound water to its upstream side during the periods of excess supply in the river i.e.
during rainy season and is used in periods of deficit supply. Such a dam may be constructed for
various purposes such as irrigation, water power generation or for water supply for public health
purposes, or it may be for multipurpose project. A storage dam may be constructed of wide variety
of materials, such as stone, concrete and rock fill etc.
Diversion dam: It is a dam of smaller height constructed to raise water level of the river and and not
for storage or equalization of flow.
Detention dam: ‐ It is constructed to store water during floods and release it gradually at a safe rate
when the flood recedes.
Debris dams:‐ is constructed to retain debris such as sand, gravel and floating woods and the water
that passes over the dam is relatively clear and to protect the major dam.

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Coffer dams: ‐ it is constructed to divert the water during period of construction. It is temporary
dams constructed for facilitating construction. It is constructed mainly on upstream but also on
downstream depending the slope of the river at the site.
 Classification Based on Hydraulic Design:
Overflow Dams This type of dams will not be eroded by discharges over d/s surface .E.g. concrete,
masonry etc… They are designed to pass the surplus water over their crest. They must be made of
materials
Non-Overflow Dams
They are those which are not designed to be overtopped. This type of design extends the choice of
materials to include earth fill and rock fill dams. Many times the types are combined together to
form a composite structure
5.2. Selection of site for dam

A dam is huge structure required a lot of funds. Extreme care shall be taken while selecting the site
of a dam. A wrong decision may lead to excessive cost and difficulties in construction &
maintenance.
The following factors shall be considered when selecting the site of a dam:
1) Topography:‐ As far as possible, the dam should be located where the river has narrow
gorge which opens out upstream to create a large reservoir. In that case, the length of the dam
would be small and the capacity of the reservoir on its upstream would be large.
2) Suitable foundation: ‐ Suitable foundation is necessary for dam site. If not available but can
be improved by adopting various measures, the site may be considered for selection. For
gravity dams of great height, sound rock is essential. Earth dams can be constructed on
almost any type of foundation, provided suitable measures are adopted.
I. Rock foundation: ‐ any type dam can be constructed on good rock foundation.
Such foundations have high bearing capacity and resistant to erosion and
percolation and are ideal for all types of dams.
II. Gravel and coarse sand foundation: ‐ such foundations have low bearing
capacity and earth and rock fill dams are selected. As there may be high
seepage, cut‐off may be provided.
III. Fine sand and silt foundations: ‐ it is suitable only for earth and low height
concrete dams. As there is settlement, piping, seepage erosion at the d/s toe and
liquefaction failure, measures should be done.
IV. Clay foundation: ‐ it is not suitable for construction of dam. These foundations
have very low bearing capacity, the settlement is quite large, and hence it needs
foundation treatment before dam construction.

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3) Spillway site: ‐ a good site for spillway should exist at or near the dam site.
4) Availability of construction materials: ‐ dam requires large amount of construction
materials and hence, there should be sufficient amount of construction material at nearby to
reduce transportation cost. The quantity, quality, and distribution of construction material are
an important economic factor in locating the dam site and determining the type of dam to be
constructed.
5) Water tightness of reservoir: ‐ the bed and side should be water tight to reduce seepage
loss.
6) Accessibility: ‐ the site should be easily accessed for transportation of construction material.
If there was no road to the site, access roads should be constructed prior the construction.
7) Environmental consideration: ‐ the area should be free from mosquito and others.
8) Sediment rate: ‐ the incoming water should be relatively free from sediment in order to
increase the life span of the reservoir.
9) Minimum overall cost: ‐ it should be relatively minimum cost including maintenance and
operation.
10) Availability of construction materials: ‐ dam requires large amount of construction materials
and hence, there should be sufficient amount of construction material at nearby to reduce
transportation cost. The quantity, quality, and distribution of construction material are an
important economic factor in locating the dam site and determining the type of dam to be
constructed.
Generally, as our adviser give as data dam axis is already located in simple English site selection is
made the dam length is 321m.
5.3 Selection of Type of the Dam

The selection of a type of dam at a given site depends up on many physical factors such as
topography, geological and foundation conditions, available materials, suitable site for spillway, data
about earth quake etc. Before selecting the best type of dam at a particular site, one must consider
the characteristics of each type of dam, as related to the physical features of the site and the adaption
to the purposes the dam is supposed to serve, as well as economy, safety and other partinent
limitations. Some of the physical factors governing the selection of type of dam are discussed
below.
 Topography: - The first choice of dam is usually governed by the topography for the site.
Low rolling plains country suggests an earth dam with separate spillway. A low narrow V-
shape valley suggests an arch dam, provided the top width of valley is less than one-fourth
it‟s height and separate site for spillway is not available. A narrow stream flowing between
high rocky walls (given rise to a u- shape) would suggest a concrete over flow dam.

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 Geology and foundation consideration: - The next important factor is geology and
foundation condition. If the foundation consists of sound rock, with no fault or fissures, any
type of dam can be constructed on it. Rocks like granite, gneiss and schist make very
satisfactory foundation for gravity dam. However, these rocks may have seams or fractures.
The removal of disintegrated rock together with the sealing of seams and fractures by
grouting will frequently be necessary. Poor rock or gravel foundations are suitable for earth
dam, rock fill or low concrete gravity dam. Since there will be considerable under seepage in
this case, effective water cut offs or seals have to be provided. Silt or fine sand foundations
have the problems of settlement, seepage and toe erosion. Hence, such foundations are
suitable only for either earth dam or low concrete gravity dam but not rock fill dams. Clay
foundation has often the problems of long range consolidation under the weight of the dam,
resulting in crack. Hence, only earth dams are suitable with proper foundation treatment.
Gravity dams or rock fill dams are not suitable on clay foundations dam.
 Materials for dam construction: - elimination or reduction of transportation expenses for
construction materials, particularly those which are used in great quantity, will effect a
considerable reduction in the total cost of the project. Thus availability of suitable aggregate
(i.e. sand and gravel or crushed stone) for concrete is a factor favourable to the construction
of concrete dams. On the other hand, if suitable soils are available, the choice may be for an
earth fill dam.
 Spillway size and location:-the cost of constructing a large spillway is frequently a
considerable portion of the total cost of the development. In such cases, combing the spillway
and dam in to one structure may be desirable, indicating the adoption of a concrete overflow
dam. In certain instances, where excavated material from separate spillway channel may be
utilized in dam embankment, and earth fill dam may prove to be advantageous. Small
spillway requirements often favour the selection of earth fill or rock fill dams, even in narrow
dam sites.
 Earth quake: - If the dam lies in area that is subject to earth quake shocks, the design must
include provisions for the added loading and increase stress. Although by including the
provisions for the added loading due to earth quake in the design of any type of dam may be
adopted in these areas. Earth fill and concrete gravity dams are best suited type in this
respect.

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Generally, with these selection criteria, the embankment with a central clay core suit the site from
the point of view of the above mentioned factors, primarily on the basis of availability of
construction materials in the vicinity of the dam site.
5.3.1 Embankment Dam

The embankment dam can be defined as a dam constructed from natural materials excavated or
obtained nearby. This dam resists the forces exerted up on it mainly by its shear strength.
There are two forms of embankment dams; they are:
1. earth(earth fill) dams
2. rock fill dams
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining cross section of the dam, which
should be constructed with the available materials to fulfill its required functions with adequate
safety. Thus there are two aspects in design of an earth dam.
i) to determine the cross sections of the dam and,
ii) To analysis the stability of the proposed cross -section.
5.3.2 Zoned rock fill embankment dam

Zoned embankments are usually provided with a comparatively pervious transition zone, which is
finally surrounded by a much more pervious outer zone. The central core checks the seepage. The
transition zone prevents piping through cracks which may develop in the core. The outer zones give
stability to the central impervious fill and also distribute the load over a large area of foundation.
5.4 Criteria for safe design of Earth Dam

The earth dam should be designed such that the failure of the dam and its foundation does not occur.
The dam should be safe stable during construction and throughout its life. For safe design of earth
dam, the following basic criteria should be satisfied:
a. No overtopping:
 The dam should be safe against overtopping of sever flood event
 An adequate freeboard should be provided so that the dam not over topped by wave
action,

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 A suitable allowance in the height of dam should be made to account Settlement of

land mass.
b. No seepage failure:
 The phreatic (seepage) line should remain well within the downstream face of the
dam,
 The dam and foundation should be safe against piping failure,
 There should be no opportunity for free passage of water from the upstream to the
downstream either through the dam or foundation.
c. No structural failure:
 The slopes (u/s & d/s) should be safe during and immediately after construction,
 Upstream slope should be safe during sudden drawdown conditions,
 Downstream slope should be safe during steady-seepage conditions,
 The foundation shear stresses should be within the safe limits,
 The dam as a whole should be earthquake-resistant.
d. Proper slope protection:
 U/s slope should be protected against erosion by waves,
 D/s slope and the crest should be protected against erosion due to rain and wind.
e. Proper drainage:
 The portion of the dam downstream of the impervious core should be properly
drained.
 All the above criteria are kept in mind while selecting the preliminary section of the
earth
 Dam.
5.5 Preliminary dam section design

The preliminary design of earth dam is done on the basis of existing dams of similar characteristics
and the design is finalized by checking the adequacy of the selected section for the worst loading
conditions. Empirical rules are frequently used in these designs. A few recommendations, for
selecting suitable values of top width, free board, u/s and d/s slopes, drainage arrangements, etch .are
given below for preliminary designs.
1. Free board:
The vertical distance between normal pool level or spillway crest and the top of the dam is termed as
normal free board. Requirements depend on maximum wind velocity, fetch, reservoir operating

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conditions, spillway capacity, and whether coping walls are used. If a coping wall is used to provide
wave run up and over splash protection, the freeboard requirements of the embankment may be less
than required for a rip rapped earth fill dam. If a coping wall is not used, the freeboard should be
adequate to prevent wave run up from flowing over the crest Good results have been obtained with
coping walls and their use is recommended.
According to the fetch of the reservoir, the free board may be provided as given in table below
(From Varshney 1993).
Table 5. 1 Recommended value off free boards.
Normal free board Minimum free board

Fetch in km
(meter) (meter)
Less than 1.5 1.25 1.00
1.5 1.50 1.25
4.0 1.80 1.50
8.0 2.50 1.80

15.0 3.00 2.20
The free board is calculated based on Steven Son formula, which is modified by Monitor:
Fb = hw + R + S Where: Fb = Free board (cm)
Wind set up: - is the height of water piled up due to the blowing of wind. I t is expressed as;
S = V2Fcos  / (k*dr) where: K = constant = 63,000

F = Fetch length = 7.107km
 = Angle of wind to fetch = 0(Assumption)
dr = depth of reservoir (m)
V = wind speed = 53.28 km/hr
The wind velocity for the normal pool level condition is taken as 53.28 km /hr
(Irrigation, Water power and WATER Resources Engineering by Dr. Bc Punumia)
S= 53.282*7.107*COS  / (63000*5.46) = 0.059m

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Wave height: - it is given by the following formula:
hw = 0.032 FV +0.0763-(0.271)F1/4 for F<32km
= 0.032 7.107 * 53.28 +0.0763-0.271*7.1071/4

=1.34m
Wave run up: The maximum vertical height by wave running up a dam face refers to the steady water
level without wind action. It primarily depends on the wave height, depth in front of the dam
geometry, dam materials at the u/s of the dam and approach condition in the reservoir.
R = Wave run‐up: it can be taken as 50% of wave height
R =0.5*1.34
R =0.67m
The free board is calculated based on Steven Son formula, which is modified by:
Fb = hw + R + S
=1.34+0.67+0.059
Fb =2.06
Settlement calculation
Settlement of an earth dam occurs due to consolidation of the soil mass in the dam and foundation.
The magnitude and rate of settlement depends up on character of soil in the dam and foundation, the
drainage condition, the height of the dam, the depth of strata and method of construction.
Generally, settlement allowance of 1 to 2 percent of the height of the dam is made (Irrigation, Water
power and WATER Resources Engineering by Dr. BC Punumia)
For this dam design the average value is recommended i.e. = 1.5 percent
1.5
Settlement = * 9.46  0.15m
100
Therefore, the overall free board
= 2.06 + 0.15=2.16m
2. Dam height
Dam height (H) = height of normal pool level (NPL) above river bed + water head over the spillway
crest + free board
Height of normal pool level (NPL) =1885.46m-1880
= 5.46m

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Water head over the spillway crest =2m from outflow analysis in ogee spillway design
Maximum flood level=NPL+ Water head over the spillway crest
=5.46+2.16
=7.62m
Dam height (H) =5.46+2+2.16
=9.78 m, take 10m
3. Crest width
The crest width of dam is important primarily for maintenance purpose and road way requirement. It
is also important for deciding stability of materials with respect of minimum percolation distance at
NPL. It should be determined by the type of membrane used and by its use after construction. The
crest should, however, be wide enough to accommodate construction of the upstream membrane; a
minimum width of (15-20) feet is recommended. Crest camber should be determined by the amount
of foundation and embankment settlement anticipated. Because this is difficult to determine, a
camber of 1 percent of the embankment height is recommended. A straight-line equation may be
used to distribute the cambered material on the crest. If the dam height is less than 10m we use the
following formula to calculate top width.
W = 0.2 *H + 3
W=0.2*10+3
=5m
4. Crest length of the dam

From reservoir contour map, the crest length is delineated corresponding to the dam top level as
0.321km length.
5. Upstream and downstream slope

A. U/S Slope
The upstream slope of the earth dam is protected against the erosive actions of waves by hand
placed rock riprap. Below the riprap gravels for transition is not required, because the shell material
acts as the transition material. For zoned embankment dam Terzaghi‟s recommended that Upstream
slope=2.5:1

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B. D/S Slope
The classification of the shell material is GW, which is well-graded gravel, and the effect of winds
and rain-wash on GW material minimum and hence no special surface treatment of slope is
necessary on d/s slope. For zoned embankment dam Terzaghi‟s recommended that downstream
slope =2:1
Table 5. 2: Terzaghi’s’ side slope for earth dams (Garg, 1978)
d/s slope
Type of material u/s slope (H:V)
(H:V)
Homogenous well graded 2.5:1 2:1
Homogenous coarse silt 3:1 2.5:1
Homogenous silt clay
i) height less than 15m 2.5:1 2:1
ii) height more than 15m 3:1 2.5:1
Sand or sand and gravel with a central clay

core 3:1 2.5:1
Sand or sand and gravel with RC diaphragm

2.5:1 2:1
6. Cut off trench:

Cut off-trench (key-trench) is the most positive means of controlling the amount of seepage and
insuring that no difficulty will be encountered by piping through the foundation or by uplift pressure
at the downstream toe and also it is used as a lock and key mechanism to protect the dam from any
unwanted movements caused by land slide and seismic action. Seepage through a pervious
foundation should be cut off by a trench. The center line of cut off-trench is kept parallel to center
line of the dam.

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For alignment at the cut off trench, we follow the Indian standard recommendations (punmia, 2003).
That is,
 A minimum of 4m is recommended for the bottom width
 Side slope of 1:1(H: V) is provided for pervious foundation
 It is better for the positive cut off to be taken at least one meter into continuous
impervious sub- stratum in order to minimize the seepage with high quantity.
 The back fills material for cut off trench shall have the same properties as those
prescribed for the impervious core.
( )
Where:
kf = coefficient of permeability at the foundation
ks = coefficient of permeability through the embankment
b = width of the dam section
d = depth of cut off trench
h = driving head
e/d = ratio of partial to positive cut off
7. Core: -It is an impervious material which is used to reduce seepage through the body of the dam
and is filled with rolled clay. We know that clay by its nature, if there is no water it forms crack
and if there is water it shrinks or swells as a result it is found between U/s and D/s shell.
The core contact area is particularly important for safety, so the following objectives must be met:
 The rock under the core must be non-erodible or protect from erosion.

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 Materials of the core must be preventing from migrating down in to the foundation.
 The contact between the core and the surface up on which it is founded must remain
tight.
Core thickness: ‐ The thickness of the core should be enough to keep the phreatic line within it.
It may have a top width of not less than 4m for easy of construction. The side slopes of the core in
any cases should not be greater than (x‐0.5:1) on the upstream and (y‐0.5:1) on the downstream,
where x: 1 is the upstream slope of the shell and y: 1 is the d/s slope of the shell. The minimum u/s
and d/s slopes of the core are usually 1.5:1 and 1:1 respectively.
8. Shell (casing)
This is important to impart stability and protect the core. The relatively pervious materials as suggested by the
geologist are to be used for the casing.
9. Filter material
Horizontal filter: filters are required between the drain system and the adjoining soil to prevent the
migration of the soil particles into the drains which may cause piping. Filters are graded so that the
finer layers are adjacent to the drains. Filters are also provided b/n the core of fine‐grained soils and
the shells of the coarse‐grained soils to prevent migration of particles from the impervious zone to
the pervious zone when the seepage flow takes place.
It reduces the pore pressure in the d/s portion of the dam, increases the stability of the dam and used
to prevent movement of particles from the core material due to flowing of water through phreatic line.
From seepage analysis the thickness of the filter is 1 m.
10. Foundation seepage control: ‐ seepage flows and pressure within the foundation are controlled
by cut‐offs and by drainage. Cut‐offs is impervious barriers which function as extensions of the
embankments core into foundation. The cut‐offs are generally two types:
a) Fully penetrating cut‐off: penetrate to impervious strata
b) Partially penetrating cut‐off: terminate where the head loss across the cut‐off is sufficient to
effect the required degree of control
11. Downstream Drainage: ‐ it is required for all types of earth dams. The drainage system consists
of materials more pervious than the embankment material so that the water seeping through the
embankment is easily drained out. The type of drainage systems includes the following:
a)Drainage of the dam
i. Horizontal drainage blanket
ii. Rock toe

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iii. Chimney drain

b) Drainage of the foundation
i. Toe drain
ii. Relief walls
iii. Vertical sand drains
Figure 7: dam cross section with al parameters
Figure 8: dam cross section upstream and downstream

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12. Upstream face protection: several options are available for protection of the upstream face against wave
erosion, ranging from traditional stone pitching with grouted joints through concrete facing slabs to the use of
concrete block work, rock armoring and riprap.
Figure 9: Types of cut-off
5.6 Seepage Analysis

Seepage occurs through the body of all earthen dams and also through their pervious foundation. The
phreatic surface of the seepage regime, i.e. line within the dam section below which there is positive
hydrostatic pressure, must be kept away from the downstream face to avoid high pore water pressure
which may promote slope instability. As the ratio of the permeability of the shell to the core is very
large; the effect of the outer shell on the phreatic line is negligible. This implies u/s shell has no

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effect on position of phreatic line. The phreatic line assumed to start from point B where the water
level cuts the core .The d/s shell acts as drain. Therefore, the phreatic line drawn only for central
core section.
5.6.1 Analytical Method

Schattenax and van Interson gave analytical solution for the determination at distance –a, the
distance at which phreatic line cross d/s slope, in our case d/s at the core for 300<  <600
a= b 2
H2   b 2
 H 2 cot 2  
b=0.5*(0.3*5.46+2+1) +2.16+0.5*(5.46+2+1) = 8.709m
AB= 0.3* 1*5.46= 1.638, which is the starting point of parabola. Coordinate of A is (8.709, 5.46),
substituting these coordinates in the equation of parabola;
x 2
 y2   xs
s 8.709 2

 4.462  8.709
s  1.57m
The center point Cat FD shall be situated at a distance equal to s/2= 0.785m from F beyond the d/s
toe of the core. A few moiré coordinates at the parabola at known distance (X) are worked out in
table using.
x 2

 y2  X  S
x 2  y 2   x  s   x 2  2 xs  s 2
2
y s 2
 2 xs 
Table 12: seepage parabola coordinates
X Y
2 2.96
4 3.88
6 4.62
8 5.25
8.709 5.46
Seepage loss per unit width of dam can thus be obtained knowing the value of s.
q = KS
Where: k-is coefficient of permeability for core materials = 7.5*10-6m/sec.
q = 7.5*10-6*1.57
=1.17752*10-5m3/s/m

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In order to get the total discharge per unit width, q is multiplied by dam crest length .However; since the
height of the dam is not uniform throughout the length crest average crest length is taken.
Q = q *Lavg, Lavg =L/2=321/2=160.5m
Q = 1.17752*10-5*160.5
=0.001889913 m3 /s
Total volume at seepage through the embankment per year is given by
V emb = 8.03*10-2 *12*30*24x3600
V emb = 58783.86215 m3
5.6.2 Seepage control
The water seeping through the body of the earth dam or foundation of earth dam may be dangerous to
the stability of the dam by causing softening and sloughing of the slopes due development of pore
pressures. It may also cause piping either through the body or the foundation and thus resulting in the
failure of the dam. So, seepage control measures are necessitated to prevent adverse effect of water
percolating through embankment and its foundation.
Control of seepage through an embankment as well as its foundation entails two approaches. The first is
to reduce quantity of seepage while the second one is safe drainage of seeping water. The quantity of
seepage through dam body can be reduced by provision of an impervious core; in foundation the
commonly used methods are cut off trench, impermeable u/s horizontal blanket, grout curtain, sheet pile
etc.
Safe drainage of seeping water through the embankment is done most effectively by zoning of the
section. An alternative to this method are provision of horizontal drainage blanket, rock toe, chimney
drain used singly or their combination. For foundation drainage, a horizontal drainage blanket, partially
penetrating toe drain and vertical sand drains are provided.
5.6.3 Measures to reduce seepage

In this project, two measures are considered i.e. Provision of u/s impervious horizontal blanket
and cut-off trench.
U/s impervious horizontal blanket
Using Bennett‟s equation for blanket at constant thickness finite length
 
1 e 2 ax  1
Xr= *
 
a e 2 ax  1

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Where: - Xr= effective length of blanket

kb
a
k f Zb Z f
Kb=permeability of blanket material
Kf=permeability of foundation
Zb=constant thickness of blanket
Zf =depth to impervious strata
1
 14.286
a
Optimum blanket length is given by
2
Lcr 
a
1  e zax  1 
xr =  zax 
a  e  1 
Where xr=equivalent resistance of foundation which measure efficiency of blanket
Head loss (ho) through blanket for optimum blanket length is
 xr 
ho    * H1
 xr  xd 
Where: - Xd -is the total base width of the core
The percentage of reduction in seepage discharge
 xr 
p    *100
 xr  xd 
Actual seepage without blanket for meter length of foundation is given by
H
q fb  k f z f
xd
5.7 Stability Analysis

Earth dam are less rigid and hence more susceptible to failure. This type of dam usually fails,
because of the sliding of large soil mass along a curve surface. Every past failure of such dam has
contribution to an increase in the knowledge of the earth dam designs. Earthen dams may fail, like
other hydraulic structures, due to improper designs, fault construction lack of maintenance, etc. To

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overcome the various cause leading to the failure of earth dams, checking the stability of the dam
before construction is the major solution
Of the numerous method of slope stability, which has been devised, the Swedish slip circle method
is the one most generally accepted. In this method the potential failure surface or the condition of
plane strain with failure along a cylindrical arc is assumed and the factor of safety against sliding is
defined as the ratio of the average shearing strength, as determined by the coulomb‟s equation, to the
average shearing stress on the potential sliding surface.
Procedures of slice method

 The location of the center of the possible failure arc is assumed .In order to reduce the
number of trials, the concept that is suggested by Felonious to draw a line on which the locus
of the critical slip circle lie is used.
 The earth mass above the sliding surface is divided 6 to 12 vertical segments, called slices,
depending up on the accuracy desired. The width of slices is equal but for the last slice is mb
where; b is width of the other slices and m – is fraction.
 The forces between the slices are neglected and each slice is a summed to act independently.
The weight W of each slice is assumed to act at center .This weight is resolved into two
components: normal component (N) which passes through the center of slip circle and
tangential component (T) tangent to the failure surface.
i.e. N = W cos 
T = W Sin 
Where: -  is the angle which the slop makes with the horizontal.
 Since the normal component pass through center of rotation it does not create any moment.
However, the tangential component (T) causes a disturbing moment equal to (Tr), where; r is
the radius of the slip circle .The tangential components at a few slice may create resisting
moment. In that case T is considered as negative.
 The total distributing moment (md) will be equal to the algebraic sum of all the tangential
moments, i.e.
Md =  Tr
Where;  T  T1  T 2  T 3......
The magnitude of shear strength which supply the resulting moment will depend on the normal
component (N). This magnitude is given by:

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Shearing resistance= cL  N tan 

The resisting moment = r * (cL  N tan  )
The total resisting moment over the entire arc is equal to
Mr = r * ( cL   N tan  )
= r * (c L   N tan )
= r * (c AB  ( N tan  )
Where: - AB is arc length of sliding surface Hence, the factor of safety against sliding.
M r r * (c * AB   N tan 
F.S = 
Md r * ( T )
c AB   N tan 
=
T
5.7.1 The Worst condition for which stability is analyzed
5.7.1.1 Stability of u/s during sudden draw down

For u/s slope the critical condition occur when the reservoir is suddenly emptied without allowing
any appreciable change in the water level with in the saturated mass of the soil. In this state, the
hydrostatic force acting along the u/s slope at the time of full reservoir is removed. Thus, the force
that counteract the disturbing force (tangential components of saturated weight) is considerable
reduced on account of development of pore pressure. The tangential components of saturated soil
create a disturbing force, while the normal component minus the pore pressure shall supply the shear
strength of the soil. Although the best method to obtain the pore pressure is a flow net, the easiest
method (i.e. approximation method) is adopted for this design for determination of pore pressure.
The factor of safety is finally obtained from
c * AB   N tan 
FS =
T
Where: N‟ is normal component
T is the tangential component.
For this dam two cases are considered for checking u/s slope stability: when the sliding surface
is tangent to the base of the dam and where the sliding surface is below the base of the dam in
this case FS will be different if in both case FS greater than 1.5  u/s slope is safe

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5.7.1.2 Stability of D/S slope during steady seepage condition

For the d/s slope, the most critical condition occurs when the reservoir is full and the steady
seepage condition is takes place at full rate. A well-defined phreatic line is formed at this state.
The soil below the phreatic line is saturated and subjected to pore water pressure which reduced
the effective stresses in the soil and consequently the shear strength is also reduced. In the
absence of flow net, approximation method is used to evaluate the value of the factor of safety
FS=
 N `tan   cL a
T
Where;  N   A cos sub
T   A Sin (For soil below phreatic line)

sat
 T   A Sin (For soil above phreatic line)

d
For this dam, the factor of safety for d/s is cheeked for two cases
 when sliding surface is tangent to the base of dam and
 When the failure surface passes below the base dam of dam.
If Fs >1.5  safe
5.7.1.3 Stability Analysis Considering Earth quakes Forces

In the seismic regions the critical condition for the u/s slope for operating condition is the sudden
drawdown. But for the d/s slope, the steady seepage takes place when the reservoir is full is not
critical. However, the steady seepage condition combined with earth quakes force may become the
worst condition.
The magnitude of internal force due to earth quake is given by h *W and applies in the horizontal
direction.
Where; h the horizontal acceleration coefficient usually ranges from 0.03 to 0.2 and adopt the
average value i.e. 0.125 for this case.
W- Is the weight of slice
Actually the inertial force act at centroid of slice but for the convenience, it is usually assumed to act
at the base of slice. The inertial force hW is resolved along the tangential and radial as follows.

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Figure 10: Stability Analysis in Earth quakes Forces
Where Te=is component along the tangential surface

Te =  hW cos = hN
Ne –is component along the normal direction
Ne =  hW sin the –ve sign indicate its direction
Hence for most critical combination a force equal to hW add to the tangential component T and
a force equal to hT is subtracted from the normal component of the weight of the slice
tan  ( N 'hT )  cLa
 Factor of safety is given by Fs 
 (T  hN )
 N.B. to calculate N‟ for soil below phreatic line submerged unit weight is used while the dry
unit weight is considered for soil above the phreatic line
 To calculate T for soil below phreatic line saturated unit weight is used; while dry unit
weight is considered for soil above phreatic line.
 To determine the weight W which used evaluate the internal force that resolve in T e and Ne
dry unit weight is used for soil above phreatic line and saturated unit weight.
5.7.1.4 Seismic Design

The Megech dam is located in seismically less dangerous area. However, taking into account the
expected long life period of the dam and not ruling out the chance of the dam site being hit by a
damaging earthquake which may originate in the Ethiopian rift valley, adequate seismic design
considerations has been taken. Based on the seismic hazard map of Ethiopia (Figure 6.5-1 below)
prepared by the Institute of Geophysical Observatory at Addis Ababa University with a return period

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of 300 years (return period for Design Base Earthquake – DBE – of dams is generally 300 to 400
years), the nearest contour to the Megech dam site is with a maximum peak ground acceleration of
0.05 g. The ground acceleration contours, were, however, produced based on a 33 years data (1960
to 1993) only. However, as indicated in the book “Earthquake History of Ethiopia and the Horn of
Africa,” by Pierre Gouin (1997), significantly larger earthquakes had occurred in the country earlier,
in the absence of well-established recording equipment at the time.
Figure 11: Ethiopian Zooning of seismic activity
5.8 Surface protection

5.8.1 Protection of upstream slope
The upstream slope at the dam is protected against to erosive action of the wave by stone pitching
(dumping) and the filter presents the washing of fines from the dam in to rip rap.
5.8.2 Protection of D/S slope
The downstream face of the dam should be protected against erosion due to wind and rain above the
tail water level and due to wave below that level. The D/S slope is protected against erosion action
of wave using the rip-rap up to and slightly above the tail water level. The arrangement of the
dumped rip –rap and filter is similar to the u/s slope case .Moreover; the d/s slope also should be
protected using berms against erosion action of rains, wind and runoff. Usually for dam of height

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greater than 10m, the berms of 2 to 6 m forever 10 to 15 m height of the dam is used. In this design
the average i.e. construct berms having width of 2m on 5m dam height is recommended.
A gutter is provided at the inner edge to carry the rain water to one side of valley where vertical
gutter is provided to lead the water to the river channel d/s. Attempt should also be mode so as to
grass and plant the d/s sloped soon after construction to intercept the rain water and discharge it
safely.
Main Dam
Figure 12: Main dam cross section from Archi CAD

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CHAPTER SIX
6. DESIGN OF SPILLWAY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
A spillway is a structure constructed at a dam site, for effectively disposing of the surplus water from
upstream to downstream. Just after the reservoir gets filled up, up to the normal pool level, water
starts flowing over the top of the spillway crest (which is generally kept at normal pool level).
Depending upon the inflow rate, water will start rising above the normal pool level, and at the same
time, it will be let off over the spillway. The water can rise over the spillway crest, up to the
maximum reservoir level, which can be estimated from the inflow flood hydrograph and spillway
characteristics, by the process of flood routing, explained earlier. Therefore, it is only the spillway,
which will dispose of the surplus water and will not let the water rise above the maximum reservoir
level. Had there been no such structure, over which the water would have overflown, the water level
must have exceeded maximum reservoir level, and ultimately would have crossed the freeboard and
thus overtopped the dam, causing the failure of the dam. Hence, a spillway is essentially a safety
valve for a dam. It must be properly designed and must have adequate capacity to dispose of the
entire surplus water at the time of the arrival of the worst design flood.
Many dams have failed (especially the earthen dams) because of the improperly deigned or
inadequate spillways.
6.2 Design and type of spillway

6.2.1 THE ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF SPILLWAY
 It must have adequate discharge capacity
 It must be hydraulically and structurally safe;
 The surface of spillway must be erosion resistant;
 The spillway must be located that the spillway discharges does not erode or undermine the
downstream toe of the dam;
 It should be provided with some device for the dissipation of excess energy; and
 The spillway discharge should not exceed the safe discharge capacity of the downstream
channel to avoid flooding.
6.2.2 SPILLWAY CAPACITY
The required capacity of spillway depends on the spillway design flood inflow hydrograph to the
reservoir, the discharge capacity of the outlet works and the available storage.

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The selection of the spillway design flood is related to the degree of protection that ought to be
provided to the dam which in turn depends on the type of dam, its location and consequence of
failure of the dam.
The required capacity of a spillway is the maximum outflow rate required to be removed through the
spillway may be determined by flood routing.
By flood routing, the maximum outflow rate and the maximum rise in water surface are determined
by various methods, nowadays modified plus, method is used.
Factors affecting the capacity of the spillway are:
A. Inflow flood hydrograph

B. Available storage capacity
C. Capacity of outlets
D. Gates of spillways
E. Possible damage, if capacity is exceeded.
6.2.3 LOCATION AND TYPE OF SPILLWAY
The location and the selection of the spillway depend up on the type of the dam, topography of the
site, geological conditions and economic considerations of the scheme.
Based on prominent features pertaining to the various components of the spillway, the type of
spillway can be:-
1. Free over fall spillway: - in which water drops freely from the crest of the weir having
downstream face vertical or nearly vertical.
2. Over flow or (ogee spillways):- these are by far the most widely adopted .They are mainly
used on masonry or concrete structure.
3. Chute spillway: - if there is a suitable saddle around the reservoir rim of along the
abutment such spillways are provide as an independent structure.
4. Side channel spillway: - The distinguishing characteristics of such spillway is that the flow
after passing over the ogee crest; is carried away by a channel running essentially parallel
to the crest.
5. Tunnel spillway: - these types are selected if the conditions are suited for other types
because it is not economical.

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For this particular project an overflow (ogee) spillway is the best choice.
Component of the spillway

The main components of a spillway are;-
 Control structure:-which regulate and controls the out flow from reservoir.
 Discharge channel: - it conveys the water safely from the reservoir

downstream to the river.
 Energy Dissipater: - provide to dissipate the high energy to the flowing water
over the spillway.
The ogee spillway has a control weir which is ogee or S‐shaped in profile. Flow over the crest
adheres to the face of the profile by preventing access of air to the underside of the sheet. For
discharges at designed head, the flow glides over the crest with no interference from the boundary
surface and attains near‐maximum discharge efficiency.
6.3 Hydrograph Analysis

A hydrograph is the graphical representation of the instantaneous discharge of stream plotted with
time. It includes the integrated contributions from surface runoff, ground water seepage, and
drainage and channel precipitation. The shape a hydrograph of single storm occurring over the
drainage area follows a general pattern. This pattern shows a period of rise that culminates in a peak,
followed by period of decreasing discharge (called recession) which may or may not decrease to
zero discharge depending on the amount of ground water flow.
The hydrograph has two main components, a broad band near time axis representing base flow
contributed from ground water, and the remaining area above base flow, the surface runoff, which is
produced by storm.
Figure 13: components of hydrograph and separation

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6.3.1 Inflow hydrograph by synthetic unit hydrograph method

A unit hydrograph, whether derived by direct or indirect means, is valid only for a given (effective)
storm duration. In certain cases, it may be necessary to change the duration of a unit hydrograph. For
example, if an X-hour unit hydrograph is going to be used with a storm hyetograph defined at Y-
hour intervals, it is necessary to convert the X-hour unit hydrograph into a Y-hour unit hydrograph.
The S-hydrograph method allows the conversion of an X-hour unit hydrograph into a Y-hour unit
hydrograph, regardless of the ratio between X and Y.
The procedure consists of the following steps:
1. Determine the X-hour S-hydrograph. The X-hour S-hydrograph is derived by accumulating

the unit hydrograph ordinates at intervals equal to X.
2. Lag the X-hour S-hydrograph by a time interval equal to Y hours.
3. Subtract ordinates of the two previous S-hydrographs.
4. Multiply the resulting hydrograph ordinates by X/Y to obtain the Y-hour unit hydrograph.
The volume under X-hour and Y-hour unit hydrographs is the same. If Tb is the time base of
the X-hour unit hydrograph, the time base of the Y-hour unit hydrograph is Tb – X + Y.
Table 13: Equation used for calculation
tp= ct(L*Lca)^0.3 W50=5.6/qp^1.08 hr

tr=tp/5.5 W75=3.21/qp^1.08 hr
Qp=CP*A/Tp qp= QP/A m3/km2
Data required for inflow Hydrograph
Lca=5.25km Ct=2 A=462km
L=9.99km Cp=3 Qp =10367.33m3/s
Computation inflow flood hydrograph:
Tp=Ct*(L*Lca) 0.3=2*(9.99*5.25)0.3=6.5606 hr
Tr= Tp/5.5=6.5606/5.5=1.1923 hr
Tb=5Tp=5*6.506=32.803hr
qp= QP/A= 22.44 m3/km2
W50=5.6/qp1.08=5.6/22.441.08=0.19457 hr
W75=3.21/qp1.08= 3.21/22.441.08=0.111532hr

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For W50, 0.5Qp=0.5*10367.33=5183.66m3/s
For W75, 0.75Qp=0.75*10367.33=7775.49 m3/s
Table 14: inflow hydrograph result
Time(hr) Inflow(m3/s)
0 0
7.09 5183.66
7.12 7775.49
7.16 10367.33
7.23 7775.49
7.287 5183.66
32.8 0
synthetic inflow unit hydrograph

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time(hr) Qinflow(m3/s)
Figure 14: Inflow Unit hydrograph
6.3 Flood Routing

Flow routing is a procedure to determine the time and magnitude of flow (i.e., the flow hydrograph)
at a point on a watercourse from known or assumed hydrographs at one or more points upstream. If
the flow is a flood, the procedure is specifically known as flood routing. In a broad sense, flow
routing may be considered as an analysis to trace the flow through a hydrologic system, given the
input.

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To determine the spillway design discharge we must convert the inflow of the design flood into the
outflow by flood routing which, is a function of the spillway type , size and its operation and the
reservoir area.
The hydrograph of entering a reservoir will change in shape as it emerges out of the reservoir,
because certain volume temporarily stored and is let off as the flood subsides .The base of the
hydrograph gets broadened when its peak time gets reduced and the time of pick delayed.
The extent by which the inflow hydrograph gets modified due to the reservoir storage can be
computed by a process known as flood routing.
Flood routing may be divided in to two basic types namely:-
 The reservoir routing
 The level pool method or channel routing.
Reservoir routing
Reservoir routing analyses the effects of reservoir on the flood hydrograph, while channel routing
analyses the effect or storage of a specified channel reach on the flood hydrograph.
In our case reservoir flood routing will be applied on the design of the spillway. Based on the
following methods flood would be routed.
I-O = ∆S/Δt
Where; I = inflow discharge/flood
O = outflow discharge
ΔS =change in storage capacity
(S2+S1)/Δt = (I1+I2)/2 - (O1+O2)/2
In case of outflow-elevation curve it can be represented by the spillway discharge equation.
Level Pool Routing

Level pool routing is a procedure for calculating the outflow hydrograph from a reservoir with a
horizontal water surface, given its inflow hydrograph and storage outflow characteristics.

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Reference: - Applied hydrology Vent Chow

For routing of the flood the inflow hydrograph should be developed. But, in our case we have stream
flow of our river so we select maximum discharge from our given 47 years of stream flow data and
our inflow graph shown below.
Table 15: inflow and outflow result
Time interval Inflow, Out flow, reservoir

(sec) Qi(m3/s) Ij+Ij+1 (2Sj/∆t)-Qj (2Sj+1/∆t)+Qj+1 Qo(m3/s) pool level
0.00 0.00 _ 0.00 0.00 0.0000 1888
25524.00 5183.66 5183.66 0.000 5183.66 0.4648 1888.004
25632.00 7775.49 12959.15 25916.441 25917.37 2.3240 1888.030
25776.00 10367.33 18142.82 36276.344 54419.16 3.2535 1888.041
26028.00 7775.49 18142.82 18136.313 36279.13 3.2534 1888.028
26233.20 5183.66 12959.15 25908.540 25915.05 2.3237 1888.030
118080.00 0.00 5183.66 10360.348 10365.00 0.9294 1888.008
MAX OUT
MAX inflow 10367.33 m3/s FLOW 3.253 m3/s
INFLOW_OUTFLOW_TIME HYDOGRAPH
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000 inflow+time
2000 outflow_time
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00
-2000
Figure 15: Inflow outflow hydrograph

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6.4 DESIGN OF OGEE SPILL WAY

The ogee spillway has a control weir which is ogee or S‐shaped in profile. Flow over the crest
adheres to the face of the profile by preventing access of air to the underside of the sheet. For
discharges at designed head, the flow glides over the crest with no interference from the boundary
surface and attains near‐maximum discharge efficiency.
The shape of crest profile depends upon the head, the inclination of the upstream face of the
overflow Section, and the height of the overflow section above the floor of the entrance channel
(which influences the Velocity of approach to the crest). For most conditions the data can be
summarized according to the form shown on below, where the profile is defined as it relates to axes
at the apex of the crest. That portion upstream from the origin is defined as either a single curve or a
tangent or as a compound circular curve. The portion downstream is defined by the equation:
Xn=K.Hdn-1.Y
Where: „K‟ and „n‟ are constants whose value depend upon the upstream inclination and approach
velocity. „X‟ is taken as positive towards the downstream and „y‟ is taken as positive in the
downstream direction and Hd is the design head including the velocity head
The u/s curves are given by different slopes and the equation used to compute as given:
The u/s profile extends up to X= ‐ 0.27Hd

Discharge over ogee Spillway:
Where: Q‐ discharge,
Cd – Coefficient of discharge,
Le effective crest length,
He‐ the actual effective head including the head due to the velocity of approach.
I.e. He = Hd + Ha.
Cd =Coefficient of discharge =2.2

Effective length of crest Where crest priers and abutments are shaped to cause side contractions of
the over flow, the effective length, Le, will be less than the net length of the crest. The effect of the
end contraction may be taken into account by reducing the crest length as follows

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From the given calculated data
Discharge from routing =Q=3.253m3/s

slope=0.5H:1V
highte of spill way =8m
spillway crest level=Le=20m
No of span=0
C=2.2
Gravitetional accleretion=9.81m/s2
Q=C*Le*He3/2
Le=L-2*(NKp+Ka)He
Le=L= 20m
Let us firest work out of the aproximate value of He for avalue of
Le=L=clear water way= 20
3.253=2.2*20*He3/2
He=(1.627/2.2*20)2/3=0.176
The height of spill way is =8m and h/H=8/0.176=45.41 > 1.33
It has high spill way the effect of velosity head can therefore,be neglected
Since hd+d/He=He+h/He
0.176+8/0.176
hd+d/He =45.63>1.7
the discharge coefficent is not affected by tail water condition,and the spillway remains a higne
spillway
U/S SLOPE
The upstrem face of the dam and spillway is proposed to be kept vertical.however,a beter of 1:10will
be provided from stablity conciderations in the lower part.this batter is small and will not have any
effct on the coefficent of dischrge .
Efective Lengthe Of The Spill Way(Le)Can Be Worked Out As.

Le=L*2(NKp+Ka)He

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Assumeing that 90ocut water nose piers and rounded abutement shall be providing soKa and Kp will
be
Kp=0.01
Ka=0.1
No of pier =1 also assuming that the actual value of He is slightly more than the
approximate value worked out i.e =0.817 say let it be
Le=L-2*(NKp+Ka)He
=20-2*(0*0.01+0.1)0.176
Le=19.96m
Q=CLeHe3/2
3.253=2.2*19.96*He3/2
He=0.176……………..OK
Hence the assumed He for calculating Le is all right. The crest profile will be designed for
(Neglecting velocity head) Hd=0.176 the velocity head is calculated by
Va=3.253/(20(8+0.176)
Va=0.019m/s
Ha=Va2/2*g=(0.019)2/2*9.81
=2.*10-5
this is very small therfor neglected
Dawn stream profile
X1.85=2*Hd0.35*y
Y= X1.85/2*Hd0.35
= 1.85
x /2*0.1760.35
Y= X1.85/1.088
dy/dx=1/0.5
dy/dx=1.85*X1.85-1/1.088=1/0.5

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=0.5(1.85*X0.85)=1.088
X=1.21
Y=(1.21)1.85/1.088
=1.308
Table 16: Down steam profile coordinate
x y
0.24 0.026
0.48 0.052
0.73 0.078
0.97 0.105
1.21 0.131
U/S PROFILE
Y=0.724(X+0.27Hd)1.85/Hd0.850.126Hd-0.4315Hd0.375(X+0.27Hd)0.625
Hd=0.176
Y=3.16 X-0.1172X0.625+0.0155
this curve shuld go upto X=-0.27Hd
Hd=0.176
SO x= 0.02997
Y=3.16*0.02997-0.1172*0.029970.625+0.0155
Table 17: Upstream profile coordinate
x y
0.006 -0.020
0.012 -0.021
0.018 -0.023
0.024 -0.024
0.030 -0.024

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SPILLWAY
Figure 16: spillway design from Archi CAD
6.5 Energy dissipation structure
In hydraulic engineering numerous devices like stilling basins, baffled aprons, and vortex shaft etc.,
are known under the collective term energy dissipaters. Their purpose is to dissipate hydraulic
energy. These are also called downstream protection works and occupy a vital place in design the
spillways of dams, weirs, & barrages.
The problem of designing energy dissipaters is one essentially of reducing the high velocity flow to a
velocity low enough to erosion, abrasion of hydraulic structures, generation of tail water waves or
scouring.
A chute spillway discharges water at a point far away from the dam. Hence, the protection is
required only for the spillway, as the danger to the main dam is not there. Due to this reason
hydraulic stilling basin is generally sufficient and is provided at the end of chute section and at the
starting point of the discharge channel.

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Factors affecting the design of energy dissipaters

 Nature of foundation
 Magnitude of flood & their occurrence
 Velocity of flow
 Orientation of flow
 Depth discharge and its relationship at the site of structure
SETTLING BASIN
Figure 17: stilling basin 3D from Archi CAD

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CHAPTER SEVEN
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
7.1 Introduction
Environmental impact assessment is an examination analysis predicts and assessment of
environmental consequences of human development activities and to plan appropriate measures to
eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to augment positive effects.
Environmental impact assessment is a techniques and process by which information about

environmental effects of a project is collected, both by development and from other resources and
taken into account by the planning authority in forming their judgment on whether the development
should go head.
The main objective of Environmental impact assessment study is to identify the potential
Environmental impact of the proposed project and integrate mitigation measure in the project design,
implementation and cooperation so as to keep the negative impact to the minimum and improve the
overall environmental performance of the project.
When we implement the water supply project, there are impacts that imposed on the environment at
the designing process of the project. We should consider the impacts during construction and resulted
from operation and maintenance of the system.
The most common adverse impacts on the environment due to water resource development projects
are:
 Water borne diseases
 Land subsidence
 Deforestation in the u/s area of the project(storage area)
 Sedimentation of reservoir(cause flooding)
 Bird mitigation, wild life destruction
 Displacement of people
7.2 Description of Potential Impact

The project area has positive and negative effect on the environment.
7.2.1 Positive Impact of The Project On The Environment

Positive impacts are impact that the project produce on the area of the project which are beneficial
for the people which live around and also to the community which used from the project.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Among this the major positive impacts of the project are
 General improvement of water supply situation and living standard of population
 Solves shortage of water supply in town
 Assuming an adequate supply of water in quality as well as in quantity for population.
 Control the problem of water related diseases.
 It saves time energy in collection of drilling water.
 For conveyance of new industries and factories.
7.2.2 Negative Impacts of Project On The Environment

Negative impacts are impacts that the project produce on the area of project which affect the people
around the project area and community as the environment over which the project is located.
Among these the major negative impacts of the project are:
 Reduction of the Lake Tana level.
 Adverse effect on d/s habitats(fish)
 Obstacle for traffic during construction
 Pollution of fresh quality water
 Public disturbance and safety
 Air pollution and public health
 Loss of land due to the project
 Reduction of flora and fauna around the Lake Tana.
 Deforestation in the project area for the construction of land and wild life habitat.
 Noise of machineries disturbs the people around the project.
7.3 Mitigation of Negative Impact

It is seldom possible to avoid the negative environmental impacts of an action all together. How
over, it is possible to reduce, its intensity. The measure investigated in order to avoid or reduce
remedy significant adverse effects is mitigation measures.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
7.4 Monitoring
In order to have good environmental management over the life period of the project in sustainable
way, the monitoring program should be included.
Some of the point which needs to be monitored are:
 Water quality in treatment process and distribution system.
 Proper distribution of water to individual household according demand.
 Performance of water supply distribution system.
In order to improve Environmental impact assessment process auditing program is an obligatory.

Auditing comes after monitoring which the predicted out comes and can be used to assess the quality
of predictions and effectiveness of mitigation measures take in the process of mitigation impact
assessment.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
CHAPTER EIGHT
8. Bill of Quantity
The unit price contracts are usually presented in the Bill of Quantity. A Bill of Quantity (BOQ)
shows the items present for the construction work with the associated specification and the estimated
quantity with the Unit price for each of the items. The item rate contract is most commonly used for
all type of engineering works financed by public or government bodies. This type of contract is
suitable for works which can be divided into various items and quantities, under each item, can be
estimated with accuracy.
Table 18: general bill of quantities format
The general work of BOQ withe out including cost and quantity for our project is listed below in
partially:
Table 19: project work bill of quantities
No Material Description Unit Qty Rate Amount
1 EARTH WORK & EXCAVATION
Site Clearance m2
Trench Excavation m3
Back fill all excavated parent material and m3

compact
bedding of trench m2
2 MASONRY WORK m3
3 REINFORCEMENT BAR m3
4 FORM WORK A2
5 CONCRETE WORK m
6 FINISHING WORK

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Consumption Rate Total

Consumption
Machinery Fuel(lt/d) Lub(lt/d)y) Grease(kg/)dy Fuel(lt)) Lub(lt)) Grease(k)g)

S/N Equipment Hrs(days)
1 Mixer
2 Light Vehicle
3 Graders
4 Dozers
5 Loaders
6 Excavator
7 Excavator(Back
hoe Digger)
8 Soil vibratory
compactors
9 Pneumatic
rollers
10 Compressors
11 Dump trucks
12 Water Trucks
13 Truck
Mounted
Crane
14 Service
vehicles
Table 20: equipment bill of quantities

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
CHAPTER NINE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

9.1 CONCLUSION
The Multi-purpose dam projects in Ethiopia is not such much developed as expected when compared
with its available huge amount of water resource and suitable topographic features. This Megech
embankment dam project is designed with the aim of improving the irrigation and water supply
shortages in the community in order to upgrade the domestic demand and to export agricultural
output for foreign currency as planned per the FDRE government. In this project a high height
embankment dam in Megech River was designed. Data like stream flow analysis, reservoir capacity
analysis, embankment dam analysis; preliminary design parameters and environmental impact
assessment studies were analysed and compiled.
While designing this project because of lack of some important data we were take a lot of logical
assumptions to continue the project so that, there might be errors likely happened.
The design dam has a crest length of 321m with the top width of 5m and height of 10m. The
reservoir behind the dam has a fetch length of 7.107km and capable of storing 0.638 Mm3 values of
water.
Based on the material available around the project area, earth zoned dam has been designed. The
upstream and downstream slops are designed as 2.5:1 and 2:1 respectively. By analysis procedure
only written on slope stability due to soil data shortage and sediment analysis is found safe up to
119.78 years for reservoir and peak flood has been estimated to be 10367.33 m3 /s.
Generally, even if we take some assumptions the designed dimensions of the various components of
the project are more or less within the acceptable range.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
9.2 RECOMMENDATION
The overall results of this project design study strongly suggested that the project would be
reviewed and redesigned in detail for further project implementation on the future. There for the
following recommendations were given:-
 Since there were many assumptions taken during design procedures therefore further
detail soil data, hydrological and surveying investigations should be carried out.
 The proper soil testing arrangements must be made at the site and proper records should
be maintained, so that the soil properties assumed for embankment design confirm to the
designed density and shear properties.
 Rising of embankment should be uniform in all reaches of earth dam.
 Detail social economical surveying in the upstream and downstream of the project areas
has to be collected to determine the exact compensation payable to the land owners.
 Soil conservation practice should be done to keep the dam safe from the large silt load
which is expected to come with the flood from catchment areas.
 The local authorities and executing agencies should ensure that the local community is
trained and supervised to ensure smooth project implementation on the future and
intensive extensions activities must also be undertaken to achieve the proposed target.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
REFERENCE
1. P. Novak, A.I.B Moffat, C. Nalluri and R. Narayanan, Hydraulic Structures Fourth Edition,
Taylor and Francis Group publisher, New York, 2007
2. Ven Te Chow, David R. Maidment and Larry W. Mays , APPLIED HYDROLOGY,
McGraw-Hill Inc. United States of America, 1988
3. Santosh Kumar Garg, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structure, Nineteenth Revised
Edition, Khanna publishers, Delhi, 2005
4. ARORA, K.R. Irrigation, waterpower & water resource Engineering, standard publishers,
NAIA Saraf, Delhi, 2002
5. Subramanian, K. Engineering hydrology 2nd edition Tuta McGraw Hill publishing co ltd
New Delhi,1984
6. H. M. Raghunath. Hydrology principles, analysis and design second edition, New age
international (p) limited publishers, New Delhi, 2006
7. Shimelis G. Setegn, Ragahavan Srinivasan and Bijan Dargahi, Hydrological Modelling in the
Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia Using SWAT Model, The Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
Stockholm, Sweden, 2005
8. Hydraulic and water resources engineering department handouts of Bahir Dar Institute of
Technology
9. www.iwra.orgcongress 2008 resource authors
10. www.water-alternatives.orgindex.phpalldocarticlesvol5...192...file
11. www.mowr.gov.etattachmentfilesDownloadsRIDP_ESIA_vol1.pdf
12. www.omicsgroup.org/journals/assessment-of-the-impact-of-climate-change-on hydrological-
drought-in-lake-tana-catchment-blue-nile-basin-ethiopia.pdf
13. http://ssl.tamu.edu/media/11421/49tohydj%5B1%5D.pdf
14. www.ijaiem.org/Volume2Issue3/IJAIEM-2013-03-20-050.pdf
15. www.agriskmanagementforum.org/sites/agriskmanagementforum.org/files/Documents/NIDP
_Edited%20last_13012010.pdf

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I: MASS CURVE BOTH GRAPHICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHOD
MASS CURVE IN GRAPHIC METHOD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1959 12.3705 35.28475 10.81025 19.86475 3.6735 27.76475 1190.738 4310.616 2163.7 419.549 150.341 9.513
1960 17.783 27.5975 8.8105 13.3735 7.049 31.2755 679.215 1797.13 1607.547 247.425 80.646 23.818
1961 6.958 42.972 12.81 26.356 0.298 24.254 1702.261 3735.18 1721.303 142.781 147.848 90.842
1962 28.608 12.223 4.811 0.391 13.8 38.297 52.515 3209.033 614.359 615.43 132.545 43.83
1963 23.88 8.531 4.373 3.1375 11.538 29.137 1214.936 2682.886 794.279 168.553 76.282 193.387
1964 27.181 12.605 3.935 5.884 9.276 59.066 1840.361 3961.58 1662.4 490.276 192.694 250.929
1965 37.565 17.925 8.485 19.8 1.811 11.98 327.91 1360.272 361.104 375.127 107.866 143.139
1966 21.425 16.142 20.578 10.055 0.248 8.77 70.833 2444.7 1036.309 160.664 76.261 176.663
1967 16.078 9.98 21.423 12.271 37.414 60.442 2475.896 3313.651 1460.113 517.142 197.46 278.118
1968 38.411 21.816 15.136 13.171 20.261 113.761 2079.984 2657.409 707.18 208.897 114.176 199.55
1969 33.543 26.682 51.542 30.352 29.702 23.058 884.482 2991.42 804.7 150.741 67.508 195.772
1970 17.326 12.21 12.211 9.09 1.52 49.2885 558.666 1517.56 778.8295 57.128 40.002 30.748
1971 20.356 2.9 13.109 10.248 21.917 75.519 232.85 43.699 752.959 124.06 55.322 146.064
1972 22.764 15.496 15.52 13.029 13.064 43.106 557.686 1171.069 400.121 81.27 62.667 149.428
1973 22.673 10.32 8.319 5.1354 19.184 63.779 983.69 3220 1637.92 487.746 57.861 246.388
1974 13.837 7.791 4.453 3.36 16.073 147.423 1558.085 2467.834 934.217 107.362 29.301 14.549
1975 13.261 10.509 6.112 4.3945 1.561 579.115 753.311 2918.544 2422.416 258.822 67.359 48.742
1976 25.592 25.775 7.771 5.429 22.041 95.231 1171.109 2382.178 1047.405 158.369 175.151 57.972
1977 29.467 13.771 19.518 17.348 46.616 283.145 1870.204 2626.204 850.526 401.197 450.35 84.544
1978 65.85 43.658 40.896 39.048 47.2 86.166 1367.584 2622.959 875.447 227.555 100.704 58.629
1979 26.33 20.283 38.206 26.42 84.863 75.207 674.478 2060.948 1101.259 264.176 131.144 92.059
1980 14.605 10.111 6.19 22.645 4.976 37.746 1142.867 1978.136 717.437 205.173 107.609 73.1165
1981 25.768 19.59 12.774 11.283 21.464 72.692 1113.069 2291.696 1050.925 185.649 84.074 54.174
1982 17.7985 12.697 7.195 7.63775 13.9165 62.813 856.9685 2026.47 786.458 147.1825 82.002 47.6235
1983 9.829 5.804 1.616 3.9925 6.369 52.934 600.868 1761.244 521.991 108.716 79.93 41.073
1984 0.198 4.704 20.182 13.1635 6.145 187.17 674.985 1070.363 542.767 29.235 2.424 1.038
1985 3.6885 3.915 10.511 3.947 33.113 42.388 948.399 1100.819 917.917 51.435 7.867 3.209
1986 7.179 3.126 0.84 1.286 0.133 261.384 1692.159 2563.066 1548.661 238.984 47.053 29.035
1987 13.461 7.588 7.735 4.99 71.813 99.495 214.726 1083.533 381.149 55.164 21.88 9.969
1988 5.012 3.552 1.218 10.0825 6.114 78.995 1470.441 2740.948 1422.845 475.48 89.283 36.301
1989 30.686 16.037 15.348 15.175 19.813 143.453 834.875 2109.762 674.051 214.233 80.195 55.984
1990 35.755 21.582 15.762 14.14 12.188 48.783 1064.29 1732.561 1377.869 242.817 90.576 77.332
1991 56.775 19.577 15.746 40.495 5.449 40.9215 1293.553 386.887 2112.519 193.036 60.972 35.607
1992 13.161 3.991 2.504 60.953 30.995 33.06 1522.815 3819.919 1268.252 321.202 632.134 30.716
1993 33.829 15.139 12.051 48.382 129.859 144.203 1273.465 1685.83 1344.559 324.124 70.225 19.228
1994 10.797 2.434 1.641 2.22 23.696 216.6838 2073.667 2073.667 1501.778 61.745 21.261 13.794
1995 9.587 7.061 7.167 19.811 17.524 42.585 1162.55 2215.656 874.162 56.987 30.973 25.672
1996 16.98 12.154 18.665 44.008 245.029 879.901 2332.971 2603.748 679.935 223.964 88.542 42.417
1997 22.999 11.204 20.418 13.708 143.782 228.518 1372.43 1620.225 390.61 265.425 234.239 50.566
1998 21.914 8.919 8.002 5.259 39.937 115.667 1499.162 2060.841 1290.358 384.429 119.487 29.293
1999 24.94 13.757 11.241 8.938 11.977 102.47 1403.429 2195.157 1195.86 1271.836 388.648 405.607
2000 156.416 13.546 9.394 29.61 21.145 60.259 1269.528 2406.204 1052.27 502.153 155.78 46.458
2001 24.8932 13.451 15.242 12.812 16.459 459.356 1784.067 2269.657 801.01 156.744 55.33 27.317
2002 16.813 7.941 8.878 13.551 4.051 227.816 707.659 1446.018 721.759 96.565 37.285 38.016
2003 21.827 14.24 17.524 3.938 1.939 119.227 1372.447 2045.156 1329.082 260.878 122.119 96.118
2004 69.66 52.749 42.638 72.922 49.504 144.914 1200.641 1726.203 667.53 236.568 107.984 71.486
2005 40.096 24.648 49.126 18.807 29.519 272.458 1389.6 1874.127 1220.075 327.78 145.234 105.579
2006 77.731 54.954 17.356 22.737 154.95 308.37 1513.527 2415.146 1568.342 272.639 256.638 214.721
sum 1303.6567 778.9423 685.79275 814.6509 1530.969 6410.04705 56031.95 106797.9 51694.26 12574.41 5733.232 4216.134

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
MASS CURVE IN BOTH ANALYTIC AND GRAPHIC METHOD

mass curve by graphical method
time Net inflow (m3 /s) Demand (m3/s) Deficiency (m3/s) Cum. deficiency (m3/s) Cum. Inflow (m3/s)
JAN 1303.6567 47167.622 45863.96483 45863.96 1303.66
FEB 778.94225 47167.622 46388.67928 92252.64 2082.60
MAR 685.79275 47167.622 46481.82878 138734.47 2768.39
APR 814.6509 47167.622 46352.97063 185087.44 3583.04
MAY 1530.969 47167.622 45636.65253 230724.10 5114.01
JUN 6410.04705 47167.622 40757.57448 271481.67 11524.06
JUL 56031.952 47167.622 -8864.330472 262617.34 67556.01
AUG 106797.9105 47167.622 -59630.28897 202987.05 174353.92
SEP 51694.2645 47167.622 -4526.642972 198460.41 226048.19
OCT 12574.4135 47167.622 34593.20803 233053.62 238622.60
NOV 5733.232 47167.622 41434.38953 274488.01 244355.83
DEC 4216.134 47167.622 42951.48753 317439.49 248571.97
Time Cum. INFLOWactual Cum. Qdemand

JAN 1303.66 45863.96
FEB 2082.60 92252.64
MAR 2768.39 138734.47
APR 3583.04 185087.44
MAY 5114.01 230724.10
JUN 11524.06 271481.67
JUL 67556.01 262617.34
AUG 174353.92 202987.05
SEP 226048.19 198460.41
OCT 238622.60 233053.62
NOV 244355.83 274488.01
DEC 248571.97 317439.49

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX II: AREA ELEVATION CAPACITY RESULTS

AREA ELEVATION CAPACITY CURVE
elevation(m)
Height(m) area(m2) Comulative area(m2) volume(m3) Comulative volume(m3)
1880 5 20234.7 20234.7 101173.5 101173.5
1885 5 130217.3 150452 651086.5 752260
1890 5 239558.51 390010.51 1197792.55 1950052.55
1895 5 229522.59 619533.1 1147612.95 3097665.5
1900 5 298651.4 918184.5 1493257 4590922.5
1905 5 306967.7 1225152.2 1534838.5 6125761
1910 5 371524.32 1596676.52 1857621.6 7983382.6
1915 5 406980.68 2003657.2 2034903.4 10018286
1920 5 370342.7 2373999.9 1851713.5 11869999.5
1925 5 991029.2 3365029.1 4955146 16825145.5
1930 5 1013693.1 4378722.2 5068465.5 21893611
1935 5 24138.71 4402860.91 120693.55 22014304.55
1940 5 6460099.69 10862960.6 32300498.45 54314803
1945 5 997675.7 11860636.3 4988378.5 59303181.5
1950 5 1129469.1 12990105.4 5647345.5 64950527
1955 5 1365639.1 14355744.5 6828195.5 71778722.5
1960 5 1542923.3 15898667.8 7714616.5 79493339
1965 5 89658.89 15988326.69 448294.45 79941633.45

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX III: LIFE OF RESERVOIR RESULTS

LIFE OF RESERVOIR
y AVG Q R Colu
3
ear QM order ank mn1
J 27.1 2224 1 0.07
AN 595146 .95647 692308
F 16.2 1167 2 0.15
EB 279635 .33233 384615
M 14.2 1076 3 0.23
AR 87349 .96384 076923
A 16.9 261. 4 0.30
PR 718938 966948 769231
M 31.8 133. 5 0.38
AY 951875 542647 461538
J 133. 119. 6 0.46
UN 542647 442333 153846
J 1167 87.8 7 0.53
UL .33233 36125 846154
A 2224 31.8 8 0.61
UG .95647 951875 538462
S 1076 27.1 9 0.69
EP .96384 595146 230769
O 261. 16.9 1 0.76
CT 966948 718938 0 923077
N 119. 16.2 1 0.84
OV 442333 279635 1 615385
D 87.8 14.2 1 0.92
EC 36125 87349 2 307692
Capacity/inflow 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Trap efficiency (ή)% 43 60 74 80 84 87 93 95 95.5 96 97 97 97 97.5
%capacity capacity interval capacityMm^3 inflow(Mm^3 C/I TRAP EFFICENCY Average trap efficincy volume of sediment time to fill
100 0.66 6.39 459.03802 0.0139204 43
90 0.66 5.73 459.03802 0.0124826 43 43 0.01634 40.39167687
80 0.66 5.07 459.03802 0.0110448 43 43 0.01634 40.39167687
70 0.66 4.41 459.03802 0.009607 43 43 0.01634 40.39167687
60 0.66 3.75 459.03802 0.0081693 40 41.5 0.01577 41.85161699
50 0.66 3.09 459.03802 0.0067315 38 39 0.01482 44.53441296
40 0.66 2.43 459.03802 0.0052937 37 37.5 0.01425 46.31578947
30 0.66 1.77 459.03802 0.0038559 35 36 0.01368 48.24561404
20 0.66 1.11 459.03802 0.0024181 32 33.5 0.01273 51.84603299
10 0.66 0.45 459.03802 0.0009803 29 30.5 0.01159 56.9456428
0 0.66 0 459.03802 0 0 14.5 0.00551 119.7822142
Therefore, the reservoir will be filled or come out of use after 119.78 years, so our reservoir life (100 years) is safe.

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX IV: FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC sum
1959 12.3705 35.28475 10.81025 19.86475 3.6735 27.76475 1190.738 4310.616 2163.7 419.549 150.341 9.513 8354.226
1960 17.783 27.5975 8.8105 13.3735 7.049 31.2755 679.215 1797.13 1607.547 247.425 80.646 23.818 4541.67
1961 6.958 42.972 12.81 26.356 0.298 24.254 1702.261 3735.18 1721.303 142.781 147.848 90.842 7653.863
1962 28.608 12.223 4.811 0.391 13.8 38.297 52.515 3209.033 614.359 615.43 132.545 43.83 4765.842
1963 23.88 8.531 4.373 3.1375 11.538 29.137 1214.936 2682.886 794.279 168.553 76.282 193.387 5210.92
1964 27.181 12.605 3.935 5.884 9.276 59.066 1840.361 3961.58 1662.4 490.276 192.694 250.929 8516.187
1965 37.565 17.925 8.485 19.8 1.811 11.98 327.91 1360.272 361.104 375.127 107.866 143.139 2772.984
1966 21.425 16.142 20.578 10.055 0.248 8.77 70.833 2444.7 1036.309 160.664 76.261 176.663 4042.648
1967 16.078 9.98 21.423 12.271 37.414 60.442 2475.896 3313.651 1460.113 517.142 197.46 278.118 8399.988
1968 38.411 21.816 15.136 13.171 20.261 113.761 2079.984 2657.409 707.18 208.897 114.176 199.55 6189.752
1969 33.543 26.682 51.542 30.352 29.702 23.058 884.482 2991.42 804.7 150.741 67.508 195.772 5289.502
1970 17.326 12.21 12.211 9.09 1.52 49.2885 558.666 1517.56 778.8295 57.128 40.002 30.748 3084.579
1971 20.356 2.9 13.109 10.248 21.917 75.519 232.85 43.699 752.959 124.06 55.322 146.064 1499.003
1972 22.764 15.496 15.52 13.029 13.064 43.106 557.686 1171.069 400.121 81.27 62.667 149.428 2545.22
1973 22.673 10.32 8.319 5.1354 19.184 63.779 983.69 3220 1637.92 487.746 57.861 246.388 6763.015
1974 13.837 7.791 4.453 3.36 16.073 147.423 1558.085 2467.834 934.217 107.362 29.301 14.549 5304.285
1975 13.261 10.509 6.112 4.3945 1.561 579.115 753.311 2918.544 2422.416 258.822 67.359 48.742 7084.147
1976 25.592 25.775 7.771 5.429 22.041 95.231 1171.109 2382.178 1047.405 158.369 175.151 57.972 5174.023
1977 29.467 13.771 19.518 17.348 46.616 283.145 1870.204 2626.204 850.526 401.197 450.35 84.544 6692.89
1978 65.85 43.658 40.896 39.048 47.2 86.166 1367.584 2622.959 875.447 227.555 100.704 58.629 5575.696
1979 26.33 20.283 38.206 26.42 84.863 75.207 674.478 2060.948 1101.259 264.176 131.144 92.059 4595.373
1980 14.605 10.111 6.19 22.645 4.976 37.746 1142.867 1978.136 717.437 205.173 107.609 73.1165 4320.612
1981 25.768 19.59 12.774 11.283 21.464 72.692 1113.069 2291.696 1050.925 185.649 84.074 54.174 4943.158
1982 17.7985 12.697 7.195 7.63775 13.9165 62.813 856.9685 2026.47 786.458 147.1825 82.002 47.6235 4068.762
1983 9.829 5.804 1.616 3.9925 6.369 52.934 600.868 1761.244 521.991 108.716 79.93 41.073 3194.367
1984 0.198 4.704 20.182 13.1635 6.145 187.17 674.985 1070.363 542.767 29.235 2.424 1.038 2552.375
1985 3.6885 3.915 10.511 3.947 33.113 42.388 948.399 1100.819 917.917 51.435 7.867 3.209 3127.209
1986 7.179 3.126 0.84 1.286 0.133 261.384 1692.159 2563.066 1548.661 238.984 47.053 29.035 6392.906
1987 13.461 7.588 7.735 4.99 71.813 99.495 214.726 1083.533 381.149 55.164 21.88 9.969 1971.503
1988 5.012 3.552 1.218 10.0825 6.114 78.995 1470.441 2740.948 1422.845 475.48 89.283 36.301 6340.272
1989 30.686 16.037 15.348 15.175 19.813 143.453 834.875 2109.762 674.051 214.233 80.195 55.984 4209.612
1990 35.755 21.582 15.762 14.14 12.188 48.783 1064.29 1732.561 1377.869 242.817 90.576 77.332 4733.655
1991 56.775 19.577 15.746 40.495 5.449 40.9215 1293.553 386.887 2112.519 193.036 60.972 35.607 4261.537
1992 13.161 3.991 2.504 60.953 30.995 33.06 1522.815 3819.919 1268.252 321.202 632.134 30.716 7739.702
1993 33.829 15.139 12.051 48.382 129.859 144.203 1273.465 1685.83 1344.559 324.124 70.225 19.228 5100.894
1994 10.797 2.434 1.641 2.22 23.696 216.6838 2073.667 2073.667 1501.778 61.745 21.261 13.794 6003.384
1995 9.587 7.061 7.167 19.811 17.524 42.585 1162.55 2215.656 874.162 56.987 30.973 25.672 4469.735
1996 16.98 12.154 18.665 44.008 245.029 879.901 2332.971 2603.748 679.935 223.964 88.542 42.417 7188.314
1997 22.999 11.204 20.418 13.708 143.782 228.518 1372.43 1620.225 390.61 265.425 234.239 50.566 4374.124
1998 21.914 8.919 8.002 5.259 39.937 115.667 1499.162 2060.841 1290.358 384.429 119.487 29.293 5583.268
1999 24.94 13.757 11.241 8.938 11.977 102.47 1403.429 2195.157 1195.86 1271.836 388.648 405.607 7033.86
2000 156.416 13.546 9.394 29.61 21.145 60.259 1269.528 2406.204 1052.27 502.153 155.78 46.458 5722.763
2001 24.8932 13.451 15.242 12.812 16.459 459.356 1784.067 2269.657 801.01 156.744 55.33 27.317 5636.338
2002 16.813 7.941 8.878 13.551 4.051 227.816 707.659 1446.018 721.759 96.565 37.285 38.016 3326.352
2003 21.827 14.24 17.524 3.938 1.939 119.227 1372.447 2045.156 1329.082 260.878 122.119 96.118 5404.495
2004 69.66 52.749 42.638 72.922 49.504 144.914 1200.641 1726.203 667.53 236.568 107.984 71.486 4442.799
2005 40.096 24.648 49.126 18.807 29.519 272.458 1389.6 1874.127 1220.075 327.78 145.234 105.579 5497.049
2006 77.731 54.954 17.356 22.737 154.95 308.37 1513.527 2415.146 1568.342 272.639 256.638 214.721 6877.111

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
MONTHLY TOTAL DISCHARGE OF THE RIVER

YEAR Sum Q(m3/sec) Descending Q (m3/sec)
LOG.Q
1959 8354.226 8516.187 3.9302452
1960 4541.670 8399.988 3.9242787
1961 7653.863 8354.2255 3.9219062
1962 4765.842 7739.702 3.8887242
1963 5210.920 7653.863 3.8838807
1964 8516.187 7188.314 3.856627
1965 2772.984 7084.1465 3.8502875
1966 4042.648 7033.86 3.8471937
1967 8399.988 6877.111 3.837406
1968 6189.752 6763.0154 3.8301404
1969 5289.502 6692.89 3.8256137
1970 3084.579 6392.906 3.8056983
1971 1499.003 6340.2715 3.8021079
1972 2545.220 6189.752 3.7916732
1973 6763.015 6003.3838 3.7783961
1974 5304.285 5722.763 3.7576058
1975 7084.147 5636.3382 3.750997
1976 5174.023 5583.268 3.7468885
1977 6692.890 5575.696 3.7462991
1978 5575.696 5497.049 3.7401296
1979 4595.373 5404.495 3.7327551
1980 4320.612 5304.285 3.7246269
1981 4943.158 5289.502 3.7234148
1982 4068.762 5210.9195 3.7169144
1983 3194.367 5174.023 3.7138284
1984 2552.375 5100.894 3.7076463
1985 3127.209 4943.158 3.6940045
1986 6392.906 4765.842 3.6781396
1987 1971.503 4733.655 3.6751966
1988 6340.272 4595.373 3.6623208
1989 4209.612 4541.67 3.6572156
1990 4733.655 4469.735 3.6502818
1991 4261.537 4442.799 3.6476567
1992 7739.702 4374.124 3.6408911
1993 5100.894 4320.6115 3.6355452
1994 6003.384 4261.537 3.6295663
1995 4469.735 4209.612 3.6242421
1996 7188.314 4068.76225 3.6094623
1997 4374.124 4042.648 3.6066659
1998 5583.268 3326.352 3.5219682
1999 7033.860 3194.3665 3.5043847
2000 5722.763 3127.2085 3.4951568
2001 5636.338 3084.5785 3.4891958
2002 3326.352 2772.984 3.4429474
2003 5404.495 2552.3745 3.4069444
2004 4442.799 2545.22 3.4057253
2005 5497.049 1971.503 3.2947974
2006 6877.111 1499.003 3.1758025
Sum 247072.9622
Mean (Xm) 5256.871535 3.6980339
St.devation(δn-1) 1629.255417 0.1472146
Skweness (Cs) 0.119425265 -0.66822

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Gumbel's method
Return Period(T) 100

X100 = X mean +Sdx*KT
KT=-6/∏(0.5772+ln(ln(T/(T-1))) 3.14
Design discharge X100 = Xmean + KT*dx 10367.33
Log Pearson type 3 method
Return Period, T 100

Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) 0.020
W=(Ln(1/P2))0.5 3.03
Frequency factor, KT 2.33
Standared Normal
Variance, Z 2.41
Y=Ymean + Z*YStandared deviation 4.053
Design discharge X100 = 10Y 11310.3
Log normal
method

Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) -0.111
W=(Ln(1/P2))0.5 3.03
Frequency factor, KT 2.33
Standared Normal
Variance, Z 1.84
Y=Ymean + Z*dy 3.968
Design discharge X100 = 10Y 9296.6

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Pearson type 3 distribution

Probability, P 0.01
K=(Cs/6) -0.111
W=(Ln(1/P2))0.5 3.03
Frequency factor, Z 2.33
Standared Normal
Variance, KT 1.84
X100 =Xmean + KT*dx 8248.212

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
D index test for Goodness of fit test
Normal
Rank XI PR w KT XI' XI-'XI'
1 18.88 0.021 2.783 2.037273 8574.072 8555.189
2 13.24 0.042 2.521 1.73205 8077.091 8063.856
3 21.64 0.063 2.355 1.534435 7755.323 7733.685
4 5.86 0.083 2.229 1.383233 7509.127 7503.266
5 13.66 0.104 2.127 1.258323 7305.743 7292.086
6 22.63 0.125 2.039 1.150436 7130.075 7107.449
7 7.30 0.146 1.962 1.054485 6973.842 6966.545
8 11.13 0.167 1.893 0.967363 6831.986 6820.854
9 21.94 0.188 1.830 0.887021 6701.168 6679.226
10 16.53 0.208 1.771 0.812028 6579.061 6562.532
11 14.57 0.229 1.717 0.741346 6463.973 6449.403
12 0.64 0.250 1.665 0.674189 6354.624 6353.983
13 9.37 0.271 1.616 0.609948 6250.022 6240.654
14 6.60 0.292 1.570 0.548137 6149.378 6142.78
15 17.75 0.313 1.525 0.488361 6052.048 6034.294
16 14.36 0.333 1.482 0.430292 5957.496 5943.135
17 19.30 0.354 1.441 0.373651 5865.271 5845.97
18 14.03 0.375 1.401 0.3182 5774.982 5760.95
19 18.14 0.396 1.361 0.263727 5686.287 5668.148
20 15.10 0.417 1.323 0.210046 5598.88 5583.78
21 12.56 0.438 1.286 0.156985 5512.483 5499.922
22 11.27 0.458 1.249 0.104388 5426.842 5415.569
23 13.64 0.479 1.213 0.052107 5341.715 5328.078
24 11.11 0.500 1.177 -1E-07 5256.871 5245.764
25 8.58 0.521 1.142 -0.05207 5172.086 5163.51
26 6.84 0.542 1.107 -0.10424 5087.137 5080.295
27 8.72 0.563 1.073 -0.15665 5001.798 4993.08
28 17.54 0.583 1.038 -0.20945 4915.836 4898.299
29 5.49 0.604 1.004 -0.26277 4829.008 4823.513
30 18.47 0.625 0.970 -0.31679 4741.053 4722.58
31 11.64 0.646 0.935 -0.37168 4651.688 4640.05
32 13.10 0.667 0.901 -0.42762 4560.601 4547.503
33 15.50 0.688 0.866 -0.48483 4467.439 4451.939
34 21.41 0.708 0.830 -0.54357 4371.8 4350.393
35 14.12 0.729 0.795 -0.60412 4273.215 4259.097
36 16.55 0.750 0.759 -0.66681 4171.129 4154.577
37 12.45 0.771 0.722 -0.73207 4064.871 4052.419
38 18.88 0.792 0.684 -0.8004 3953.611 3934.73
39 12.08 0.813 0.644 -0.87245 3836.302 3824.22
40 15.33 0.833 0.604 -0.94904 3711.585 3696.256
41 19.29 0.854 0.561 -1.03131 3577.639 3558.352
42 15.76 0.875 0.517 -1.1208 3431.926 3416.163
43 15.50 0.896 0.469 -1.2198 3270.728 3255.23
44 9.23 0.917 0.417 -1.33189 3088.218 3078.987
45 14.88 0.938 0.359 -1.46323 2874.359 2859.474
46 12.26 0.958 0.292 -1.62618 2609.029 2596.773
47 15.16 0.979 0.205 -1.85373 2238.532 2223.372
48 19.23 1.000 0.000 -2.51552 1160.967 1141.733
Sum 248519.7
Sum/Xm 47.2752

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Person Type III Gumbel EVI

PR K Z KT XI' XI-'XI' PR KT XI' XI-'XI'
0.020833 2.782517 -0.01422 2.037273 8574.072 8573.072 0.020833 2.560129 9425.416 9424.416
0.041667 2.521132 -0.01422 1.73205 8077.091 8075.091 0.041667 2.011345 8531.855 8529.855
0.0625 2.35482 -0.01422 1.534435 7755.323 7752.323 0.0625 1.686713 8003.271 8000.271
0.083333 2.229308 -0.01422 1.383233 7509.127 7505.127 0.083333 1.453758 7623.96 7619.96
0.104167 2.126858 -0.01422 1.258323 7305.743 7300.743 0.104167 1.270958 7326.316 7321.316
0.125 2.039334 -0.01422 1.150436 7130.075 7124.075 0.125 1.119815 7080.217 7074.217
0.145833 1.96229 -0.01422 1.054485 6973.842 6966.842 0.145833 0.990458 6869.59 6862.59
0.166667 1.893018 -0.01422 0.967363 6831.986 6823.986 0.166667 0.87699 6684.835 6676.835
0.1875 1.829741 -0.01422 0.887021 6701.168 6692.168 0.1875 0.775606 6519.755 6510.755
0.208333 1.771223 -0.01422 0.812028 6579.061 6569.061 0.208333 0.683702 6370.113 6360.113
0.229167 1.71657 -0.01422 0.741346 6463.973 6452.973 0.229167 0.59942 6232.88 6221.88
0.25 1.665109 -0.01422 0.674189 6354.624 6342.624 0.25 0.521383 6105.816 6093.816
0.270833 1.616324 -0.01422 0.609948 6250.022 6237.022 0.270833 0.448543 5987.214 5974.214
0.291667 1.569805 -0.01422 0.548137 6149.378 6135.378 0.291667 0.380081 5875.741 5861.741
0.3125 1.525222 -0.01422 0.488361 6052.048 6037.048 0.3125 0.315346 5770.336 5755.336
0.333333 1.482304 -0.01422 0.430292 5957.496 5941.496 0.333333 0.253807 5670.135 5654.135
0.354167 1.440825 -0.01422 0.373651 5865.271 5848.271 0.354167 0.195028 5574.427 5557.427
0.375 1.400592 -0.01422 0.3182 5774.982 5756.982 0.375 0.138642 5482.616 5464.616
0.395833 1.361442 -0.01422 0.263727 5686.287 5667.287 0.395833 0.084338 5394.195 5375.195
0.416667 1.32323 -0.01422 0.210046 5598.88 5578.88 0.416667 0.031848 5308.728 5288.728
0.4375 1.285829 -0.01422 0.156985 5512.483 5491.483 0.4375 -0.01906 5225.834 5204.834
0.458333 1.249127 -0.01422 0.104388 5426.842 5404.842 0.458333 -0.0686 5145.177 5123.177
0.479167 1.213018 -0.01422 0.052107 5341.715 5318.715 0.479167 -0.11695 5066.455 5043.455
0.5 1.17741 -0.01422 -1E-07 5256.871 5232.871 0.5 -0.16427 4989.395 4965.395
0.520833 1.142213 -0.01422 -0.05207 5172.086 5147.086 0.520833 -0.21073 4913.743 4888.743
0.541667 1.107343 -0.01422 -0.10424 5087.137 5061.137 0.541667 -0.25647 4839.265 4813.265
0.5625 1.07272 -0.01422 -0.15665 5001.798 4974.798 0.5625 -0.30163 4765.734 4738.734
0.583333 1.038264 -0.01422 -0.20945 4915.836 4887.836 0.583333 -0.34634 4692.934 4664.934
0.604167 1.003898 -0.01422 -0.26277 4829.008 4800.008 0.604167 -0.39074 4620.649 4591.649
0.625 0.96954 -0.01422 -0.31679 4741.053 4711.053 0.625 -0.43495 4548.664 4518.664
0.645833 0.935108 -0.01422 -0.37168 4651.688 4620.688 0.645833 -0.47911 4476.756 4445.756
0.666667 0.900517 -0.01422 -0.42762 4560.601 4528.601 0.666667 -0.52337 4404.692 4372.692
0.6875 0.865671 -0.01422 -0.48483 4467.439 4434.439 0.6875 -0.56788 4332.22 4299.22
0.708333 0.83047 -0.01422 -0.54357 4371.8 4337.8 0.708333 -0.61281 4259.065 4225.065
0.729167 0.794799 -0.01422 -0.60412 4273.215 4238.215 0.729167 -0.65835 4184.916 4149.916
0.75 0.758528 -0.01422 -0.66681 4171.129 4135.129 0.75 -0.70472 4109.413 4073.413
0.770833 0.721503 -0.01422 -0.73207 4064.871 4027.871 0.770833 -0.75218 4032.13 3995.13
0.791667 0.683542 -0.01422 -0.8004 3953.611 3915.611 0.791667 -0.80106 3952.548 3914.548
0.8125 0.644421 -0.01422 -0.87245 3836.302 3797.302 0.8125 -0.85174 3870.017 3831.017
0.833333 0.603857 -0.01422 -0.94904 3711.585 3671.585 0.833333 -0.90476 3783.693 3743.693
0.854167 0.561478 -0.01422 -1.03131 3577.639 3536.639 0.854167 -0.9608 3692.439 3651.439
0.875 0.516781 -0.01422 -1.1208 3431.926 3389.926 0.875 -1.02086 3594.656 3552.656
0.895833 0.469043 -0.01422 -1.2198 3270.728 3227.728 0.895833 -1.08639 3487.957 3444.957
0.916667 0.41716 -0.01422 -1.33189 3088.218 3044.218 0.916667 -1.15975 3368.505 3324.505
0.9375 0.359273 -0.01422 -1.46323 2874.359 2829.359 0.9375 -1.24516 3229.43 3184.43
0.958333 0.291752 -0.01422 -1.62618 2609.029 2563.029 0.958333 -1.35158 3056.153 3010.153
0.979167 0.205199 -0.01422 -1.85373 2238.532 2191.532 0.979167 -1.50541 2805.677 2758.677
1 0 -0.01422 -2.51552 1160.967 1112.967 0.989991 -1.64063 2585.513 2537.513
248012.9 246695
47.17881 46.92811

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
Log Normal Log person Type III

PR w KT Y XI' XI-'XI' PR w K Z KT Y XI' XI-'XI'
0.020833 2.782517 2.037273 3.99795 9952.912 9934.03 0.020833 2.782517 -0.01392 2.037273 1.993179 3.991459 9805.256859 9804.257
0.041667 2.521132 1.73205 3.953017 8974.637 8961.402 0.041667 2.521132 -0.01422 1.73205 1.70327 3.94878 8887.511679 8885.512
0.0625 2.35482 1.534435 3.923925 8393.152 8371.514 0.0625 2.35482 -0.01422 1.534435 1.514804 3.921035 8337.488028 8334.488
0.083333 2.229308 1.383233 3.901666 7973.811 7967.949 0.083333 2.229308 -0.01422 1.383233 1.369869 3.899699 7937.772326 7933.772
0.104167 2.126858 1.258323 3.883277 7643.24 7629.582 0.104167 2.126858 -0.01422 1.258323 1.249657 3.882002 7620.818099 7615.818
0.125 2.039334 1.150436 3.867395 7368.767 7346.142 0.125 2.039334 -0.01422 1.150436 1.145475 3.866665 7356.385917 7350.386
0.145833 1.96229 1.054485 3.853269 7132.955 7125.658 0.145833 1.96229 -0.01422 1.054485 1.052547 3.852984 7128.269694 7121.27
0.166667 1.893018 0.967363 3.840444 6925.384 6914.253 0.166667 1.893018 -0.01422 0.967363 0.967946 3.84053 6926.752201 6918.752
0.1875 1.829741 0.887021 3.828616 6739.323 6717.381 0.1875 1.829741 -0.01422 0.887021 0.88974 3.829017 6745.537332 6736.537
0.208333 1.771223 0.812028 3.817576 6570.166 6553.637 0.208333 1.771223 -0.01422 0.812028 0.816578 3.818246 6580.306064 6570.306
0.229167 1.71657 0.741346 3.807171 6414.619 6400.05 0.229167 1.71657 -0.01422 0.741346 0.747476 3.808073 6427.962446 6416.962
0.25 1.665109 0.674189 3.797284 6270.243 6269.603 0.25 1.665109 -0.01422 0.674189 0.681691 3.798389 6286.208022 6274.208
0.270833 1.616324 0.609948 3.787827 6135.177 6125.809 0.270833 1.616324 -0.01422 0.609948 0.618643 3.789107 6153.286566 6140.287
0.291667 1.569805 0.548137 3.778728 6007.968 6001.37 0.291667 1.569805 -0.01422 0.548137 0.55787 3.780161 6027.823286 6013.823
0.3125 1.525222 0.488361 3.769928 5887.457 5869.704 0.3125 1.525222 -0.01422 0.488361 0.498996 3.771493 5908.719354 5893.719
0.333333 1.482304 0.430292 3.761379 5772.702 5758.341 0.333333 1.482304 -0.01422 0.430292 0.441706 3.763059 5795.080329 5779.08
0.354167 1.440825 0.373651 3.753041 5662.925 5643.624 0.354167 1.440825 -0.01422 0.373651 0.385734 3.75482 5686.166142 5669.166
0.375 1.400592 0.3182 3.744878 5557.476 5543.444 0.375 1.400592 -0.01422 0.3182 0.330849 3.74674 5581.355232 5563.355
0.395833 1.361442 0.263727 3.736858 5455.799 5437.66 0.395833 1.361442 -0.01422 0.263727 0.276848 3.73879 5480.118244 5461.118
0.416667 1.32323 0.210046 3.728956 5357.42 5342.32 0.416667 1.32323 -0.01422 0.210046 0.223549 3.730944 5381.998316 5361.998
0.4375 1.285829 0.156985 3.721144 5261.922 5249.361 0.4375 1.285829 -0.01422 0.156985 0.170786 3.723176 5286.596029 5265.596
0.458333 1.249127 0.104388 3.713401 5168.939 5157.665 0.458333 1.249127 -0.01422 0.104388 0.118406 3.715465 5193.557663 5171.558
0.479167 1.213018 0.052107 3.705705 5078.142 5064.504 0.479167 1.213018 -0.01422 0.052107 0.066262 3.707789 5102.565878 5079.566
0.5 1.17741 -1E-07 3.698034 4989.234 4978.127 0.5 1.17741 -0.01422 -1E-07 0.014214 3.700126 5013.332136 4989.332
0.520833 1.142213 -0.05207 3.690368 4901.943 4893.366 0.520833 1.142213 -0.01422 -0.05207 -0.03787 3.692458 4925.590402 4900.59
0.541667 1.107343 -0.10424 3.682688 4816.015 4809.172 0.541667 1.107343 -0.01422 -0.10424 -0.09014 3.684764 4839.09176 4813.092
0.5625 1.07272 -0.15665 3.674972 4731.208 4722.49 0.5625 1.07272 -0.01422 -0.15665 -0.14273 3.677023 4753.599659 4726.6
0.583333 1.038264 -0.20945 3.6672 4647.293 4629.755 0.583333 1.038264 -0.01422 -0.20945 -0.19577 3.669213 4668.88555 4640.886
0.604167 1.003898 -0.26277 3.65935 4564.043 4558.548 0.604167 1.003898 -0.01422 -0.26277 -0.24944 3.661313 4584.724709 4555.725
0.625 0.96954 -0.31679 3.651397 4481.232 4462.759 0.625 0.96954 -0.01422 -0.31679 -0.30388 3.653299 4500.892046 4470.892
0.645833 0.935108 -0.37168 3.643318 4398.634 4386.995 0.645833 0.935108 -0.01422 -0.37168 -0.35928 3.645143 4417.157676 4386.158
0.666667 0.900517 -0.42762 3.635082 4316.009 4302.911 0.666667 0.900517 -0.01422 -0.42762 -0.41583 3.636817 4333.282006 4301.282
0.6875 0.865671 -0.48483 3.626659 4233.108 4217.608 0.6875 0.865671 -0.01422 -0.48483 -0.47377 3.628288 4249.010023 4216.01
0.708333 0.83047 -0.54357 3.618012 4149.659 4128.252 0.708333 0.83047 -0.01422 -0.54357 -0.53335 3.619517 4164.06435 4130.064
0.729167 0.794799 -0.60412 3.609099 4065.361 4051.242 0.729167 0.794799 -0.01422 -0.60412 -0.59486 3.610462 4078.136481 4043.136
0.75 0.758528 -0.66681 3.599869 3979.874 3963.321 0.75 0.758528 -0.01422 -0.66681 -0.65867 3.601068 3990.875275 3954.875
0.770833 0.721503 -0.73207 3.590262 3892.801 3880.349 0.770833 0.721503 -0.01422 -0.73207 -0.72521 3.591273 3901.871365 3864.871
0.791667 0.683542 -0.8004 3.580203 3803.67 3784.79 0.791667 0.683542 -0.01422 -0.8004 -0.79501 3.580997 3810.635241 3772.635
0.8125 0.644421 -0.87245 3.569597 3711.903 3699.821 0.8125 0.644421 -0.01422 -0.87245 -0.86875 3.570142 3716.565333 3677.565
0.833333 0.603857 -0.94904 3.558321 3616.769 3601.44 0.833333 0.603857 -0.01422 -0.94904 -0.94731 3.558577 3618.899623 3578.9
0.854167 0.561478 -1.03131 3.54621 3517.308 3498.021 0.854167 0.561478 -0.01422 -1.03131 -1.03187 3.546128 3516.638769 3475.639
0.875 0.516781 -1.1208 3.533036 3412.213 3396.449 0.875 0.516781 -0.01422 -1.1208 -1.12408 3.532553 3408.416942 3366.417
0.895833 0.469043 -1.2198 3.518462 3299.603 3284.106 0.895833 0.469043 -0.01422 -1.2198 -1.22636 3.517495 3292.268909 3249.269
0.916667 0.41716 -1.33189 3.501961 3176.586 3167.355 0.916667 0.41716 -0.01422 -1.33189 -1.34251 3.500397 3165.169021 3121.169
0.9375 0.359273 -1.46323 3.482625 3038.261 3023.376 0.9375 0.359273 -0.01422 -1.46323 -1.47907 3.480293 3021.991857 2976.992
0.958333 0.291752 -1.62618 3.458636 2874.987 2862.731 0.958333 0.291752 -0.01422 -1.62618 -1.64919 3.455249 2852.652024 2806.652
0.979167 0.205199 -1.85373 3.425138 2661.573 2646.413 0.979167 0.205199 -0.01422 -1.85373 -1.88804 3.420087 2630.796597 2583.797
1 0 -2.51552 3.327713 2126.733 2107.499 1 0 -0.01422 -2.51552 -2.59131 3.316556 2072.792874 2024.793
248441.9 247988.9
47.26041 47.17423

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX VI: DATAS USED DURING PROJECT ANAYSIS

Monthly average max temperature
year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2005 13.9 15.4 16.0 15.6 14.4 14.8 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.05
2006 13.85 14.78 15.35 15 14.58 14.63 14.03 14.2 14.3 14.5 14.7 14.4
2007 13.9 14.9 15.5 14.3 13.6 14.3 14.0 14.0 13.9 12.8 13.6 12.8
2008 13.1 12.9 13.0 15 15.3 14.4 14.0 14.3 14.7 14.1 14.1 13.7
2009 14.5 15.9 16.9 15.1 15.0 15.0 14.1 14.7 14.8 14.6 14.7 15.3
Monthly average relative humidity, %
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2005 46 36 59 62 81 78 80 78 77 69 54 50.75
2006 47 42 44.5 64 73.75 75.75 78 79 69 70 58 60
2007 58 55 40 66 74 80 79 81 77 58 47 35
2008 39 37 35 63 72 76 81 78 77 72 60 45
2009 45 40 44 65 68 69 72 73 74 65 46 63
Monthly average sunshine duration
2005 8.5 9.9 8.1 7.4 6.3 4.8 3.6 4.9 5.8 7.7 9.6 8
2006 8.07 7.44 8.44 8.39 8.86 8.66 8.92 8.75 8.3 8.3 9.35 8.6
2007 8.37 8.7 8.34 7.49 6.99 6.09 4.95 5.8 6.2 7.5 10.1 9.9
2008 9.1 8.4 8.1 7.5 6.1 4.3 2.4 4.2 5.0 6.4 8.6 9.5
2009 7.8 9.1 8.7 6.7 6.7 6.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 7.4 9.1 6.8
MONTHELY AVERAGR WIND SPEED m/sec
2005 1.87 2.43 1.43 1.38 0.96 1.06 1.04 1.08 0.85 1.01 2.24 2.83
2006 1.87 2.198 1.34 1.16 1.03 1.02 0.99 1.01 1.2 1.22 2.01 1.77
2007 1.49 1.61 1.79 1.32 1.1 0.82 1.01 0.97 0.9 1.44 2.72 3.16
2008 2.33 2.77 2.1 1.63 1.38 5.56 1.01 0.98 1.84 0.89 1.85 1.97
2009 1.74 1.98 1.77 1.54 1.43 1.31 1.25 1.1 0.92 1.55 2.17 1.38

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX VII: DAM AND SPILLWAY CROSS SECTION DRAWN BY GROUP MEMBERS USING
AUTOCAD SOFTWARE

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT
APPENDIX VIII: 3D PICTURES DRAWN BY GROUP MEMBERS USING

ARCHI CAD SOFTWARE
APPENDIX V: 3D PICTURES WE DRAW BY ARCHI CAD SOFTWARE

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

Final Year Project On Megech River

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FINAL YEAR PROJECT

MEGECH EMBANKMENT DAM PROJECT

MEGECH EMBANKMENT DAM PROJECT FOR

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page I

Adviser Name Signature

Mr. Elias Sime (M.Sc.) ……………………

Student‟s Name Signature

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page II

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BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page VI

6. DESIGN OF SPILLWAY ............................................................................................................. 57

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BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

1.2 Project Area

Figure 1: location of Megech River

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 2

1.2.5 Soil Type

1.3.1 General Objective

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1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To estimate useful life of reservoir.

 To design spillway that spill ultimate flood.

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2. DEMANED ANALISIS & POPULATION FORCASTING

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2.2 Design period

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Figure 2: Amhara Water Resource office guidelines

2.3 Population Forecasting

2.3.1 METHODS OF FORECASTING POPULATION

a. Arithmetic increase Method

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b. Geometric increase method

Pn=Po (1+k) n, where Po= initial population

d. Decrease Rate of Growth Method

e. simple graphical method

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f. Ratio and Correlation method

g. The Master Plan Method

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 9

Let P0= P2014=112600

P2020= P2015+ K*n=

P2025= P2020+ K*n=

P2030= P2025+ K*n=

P2035= P2030+ K*n=

Year Population stage

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 10

2025 195930.5 Stage 1

2035 271685.5 Stage 2

Year Population stage

2025 509509.71 Stage 1

2035 2009857.49 Stage 2

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As far as population forecasted is concerned calculated result we get by arithmetic method of

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