Alevel Physics Paper2 Ms 2023

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A-level
PHYSICS
7408/2
Paper 2
Mark scheme
June 2023
Version: 1.0 Final
*236A7408/2/MS*
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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright information
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.
Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
2
Physics - Mark scheme instructions to examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question

• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement and help to delineate what is
acceptable or not worthy of credit or, in discursive answers, to give an overview of the area in which a
mark or marks may be awarded.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent.
2. Emboldening
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used,
with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or. Different terms in the
mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement.
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists

This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which candidates have provided
extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors / contradictions
equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (often prefaced by ‘Ignore’ in the mark scheme) are not
penalised.
3.2 Marking procedure for calculations

Full marks can usually be given for a correct numerical answer without working shown unless the
question states ‘Show your working’. However, if a correct numerical answer can be evaluated from
incorrect physics then working will be required. The mark scheme will indicate both this and the credit (if
any) that can be allowed for the incorrect approach.
3
However, if the answer is incorrect, mark(s) can usually be gained by correct substitution / working and
this is shown in the ‘extra information’ column or by each stage of a longer calculation.
A calculation must be followed through to answer in decimal form. An answer in surd form is never
acceptable for the final (evaluation) mark in a calculation and will therefore generally be denied one
mark.
3.3 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
3.4 Errors carried forward, consequential marking and arithmetic errors

Allowances for errors carried forward are likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be
shown by the abbreviation ECF or conseq in the marking scheme.
An arithmetic error should be penalised for one mark only unless otherwise amplified in the marking
scheme. Arithmetic errors may arise from a slip in a calculation or from an incorrect transfer of a
numerical value from data given in a question.
3.5 Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited (eg fizix) unless there is a
possible confusion (eg defraction/refraction) with another technical term.
3.6 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to
help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.7 Ignore / Insufficient / Do not allow
‘Ignore’ or ‘insufficient’ is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to
gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
‘Do not allow’ means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given, will still
mean that the mark is not awarded.
3.8 Significant figure penalties
Answers to questions in the practical sections (7407/2 – Section A and 7408/3A) should display an
appropriate number of significant figures. For non-practical sections, an A-level paper may contain up to
2 marks (1 mark for AS) that are contingent on the candidate quoting the final answer in a calculation to
a specified number of significant figures (sf). This will generally be assessed to be the number of sf of
the datum with the least number of sf from which the answer is determined. The mark scheme will give
the range of sf that are acceptable but this will normally be the sf of the datum (or this sf -1).
An answer in surd form cannot gain the sf mark. An incorrect calculation following some working can
gain the sf mark. For a question beginning with the command word ‘Show that…’, the answer should be
quoted to one more sf than the sf quoted in the question eg ‘Show that X is equal to about 2.1 cm’ –
4
answer should be quoted to 3 sf. An answer to 1 sf will not normally be acceptable, unless the answer is
an integer eg a number of objects. In non-practical sections, the need for a consideration will be
indicated in the question by the use of ‘Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures’.
3.9 Unit penalties
An A-level paper may contain up to 2 marks (1 mark for AS) that are contingent on the candidate quoting
the correct unit for the answer to a calculation. The need for a unit to be quoted will be indicated in the
question by the use of ‘State an appropriate SI unit for your answer’. Unit answers will be expected to
appear in the most commonly agreed form for the calculation concerned; strings of fundamental (base)
units would not. For example, 1 tesla and 1 Wb m–2 would both be acceptable units for magnetic flux
density but 1 kg m2 s–2 A–1 would not.
3.10 Level of response marking instructions

Level of response mark schemes are broken down into three levels, each of which has a descriptor. The
descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer read through the answer and annotate it (as
instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.
Determining a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the
descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in
the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it
meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With
practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the
lower levels of the mark scheme.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer and not look to pick holes in
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If
the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit
approach for defining the level and then use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within
the level. ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be
placed in level 2.
The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help you to determine the appropriate level.
There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark
scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the
student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the
example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark
on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and
assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
5
Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO
01.1 Condone “molecules” or “atoms” for 1 AO1

“particles”
Kinetic energy will be taken to mean total
total kinetic energy of the particles  kinetic energy but do not accept use of mean
kinetic energy or reference to kinetic energy
of a single particle.
Do not allow any reference that implies there
is potential energy or any other energy added
to the kinetic energy.
01.2 (the speed before and after a collision is the same in the Use of subscripts i and f or before and after 1 AO1
elastic collision) do not need explanation.
Δp (= pf – pi) = − mc – mc = −2mc 
Δ will be assumed to mean (final – initial).
Either the initial momentum or the final
momentum must be described clearly enough
to justify the negative final answer
6
01.3 𝑠𝑠 2l Must show evidence of a time calculation 1 AO1

Time between colliding with W (= )=
𝑐𝑐 c using distance and speed
1 c 
f
= = 
T  2l  Do not allow any attempted use of v = f λ
7
01.4 F The reference to Newton law could be a 2 AO1

Reference to a Newton law AND P = 1 simple link between Newton’s name and an ×2
A
equation.
 F mc 2 1  mc 2
P = = × 2= 2
 A l l  V
Total 5
8
02.1 Attempt to calculate either volume 1 5 AO1

using correct equation 1 ×2
Condone POT.
2 AO2
−3
πhd
2 π × 370 × 10 × �660 × 10−3 � ×3
=
4 4
= �0.1265 m3 �
OR
−3
2
πhd
2 π × 370 × 10 × �330 × 10−3 �
=
4 4
= �0.0316 m3 �
Subtracts their two volumes 2
2 V = 0.1265 – 0.0316 = 0.0949 (m3)
Correct answer will be given 1 2
3 Correct answer will be given 1 2
pV
n = 3.09 OR 6.46 OR attempt to find one n using
RT pV 1.01 ×105 × 0.0949
= = (3.09) or
with correct temperature 3 RT 8.31 × (100 + 273)
pV 2.11 ×105 × 0.0949
Calculates Δn = 3.37 (mol) = = (6.46)
RT 8.31 × (100 + 273)
OR
Determines both values of n with correct T and p 4 Δn = 6.46 – 3.09 = 3.37 (mol)
AND calculates their Δn 4
Correct answer will be given 3 4
Molar mass = 0.028 (kg mol−1) 5 14.991 – 14.897 0.094

5 molar mass = =
3.37 3.37
−1
= 0.028 (kg mol )
9
02.2 (Carrying out the check) at a higher temperature increases 1 For linking pressure to temperature. 2 AO2
the pressure in the tyre. 1 ×2
Condone comments suggesting p ∝ T
(Thus) the tyre could pass the check with a smaller amount
of gas in the tyre. 2 For linking less gas/smaller n to a passing
OR check. OR For a comparison between the
(When the tyre is hot) you can achieve the same pressure amount of gas in the tyre that produces a
but with less gas. 2 certain pressure when the tyre is hot and cold
Total 7
10
03.1 Any one from: 1 1 is a general point about gravitational fields 2 AO1
×2
• region in which a mass experiences force due to another
2 is specific to a radial gravitational field
mass
• (the field is conservative so) any change in potential
The ‘force is attractive’ is insufficient
energy only depends on the initial and final positions and
not on path taken OWTTE
When required the term “force” must be used
• the force is always attractive OR field lines point to the rather than words like “effect”, “gravity” etc.
(centre of) mass OR the equipotential surfaces are
spherical about the (centre of ) mass
When required the word ‘mass’ must be used
• gravitational force is a non-contact force rather than object or similar.terms
The field strength/force has an inverse-square variation
Condone reference to “circular” for “spherical“
(with distance). 2 in describing an equipotential surface
03.2 The shaded area corresponds to: 1 AO2

the (minimum) energy needed/work done to launch the
space probe to a height of 8 × 106 m
OR
the change in GPE of the probe when moved from Earth's

surface to a height of 8 × 106 m 
11
03.3 Evaluates the gravitational field strength due to the Sun = GMS 6.67 × 10–11 × 1.99 × 1030 2 AO2
1 gS = =
11 2
5.90 × 10−3 (N kg−1) r2 �1.50 × 10 � ×2
OR shows substitution into a valid equation 1 1 ALTERNATIVE
The Universal gravitational equation for both
bodies may be used:
2
gSun M Sun  rEarth 
= × 
gEarth M Earth  rSun 
2 Answer needed to at least 2 sf. If 3+ sf are

gS 5.90 × 10–3 seen, the answer must round to (6.01 or
Evaluates (= 9.81
= ) 6.0×10-4 or 0.060% 2
gE 6.02)×10-4.
12
Condone reference to “edge of Solar System”

03.4 The force from Earth because of its smaller mass, is less 1 AO2
as “a similar distance”.
than the force from the Sun at a similar distance.
OR
The total work done in moving a long way from the Sun is
much greater than that in moving a long way from the Earth
because 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 ≪ 𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆 .
13
03.5 change in kinetic energy or kinetic energy per unit mass 1 4 AO1
formulated 1 allow 2 sf 1 m ( v 2 B – v 2 A ) OR 1.18 × 1010 (J) OR
2 AO1
∆Ek 1 2
= ( v B – v 2 A ) OR m × 2.40 × 105 J AO2
m 2 ×2
 1 1 
2 ∆Ep =
GMm  – 6 
change in gravitational potential energy / potential 5
 1.7 ×10 6.0 ×10 
formulated 2
= GMm × 5.72 × 10-6
∆Ep  1 1 
OR = GM  5
– 6 
m  1.7 ×10 6.0 ×10 
Loss and gain may be replaced with change
or Δ’s for this mark.
evidence of intention to equate their ∆Ek and ∆Ep (even if
not carried through; allow ecf) 3 1 2 –GM –GM
3
2
( v B – v2 A ) =
rA
–
rB
and
substitution of data into working equation.

This can be seen anywhere in the solution.
mass of X = 6.3 × 1020 kg 4
Total 10
14
04.1 Horizontal line above zero for > half the distance  2 AO2
×2
(then) curves upwards 
Marks are independent.
statement that (kinetic) energy is the same

04.2 2 AO3
×2
OR
Some factors (e.g. ½) that cancel may be
correct substitution of data into equation/ratio  absent.
 6.64 × 10 –26 
ratio  =  = 270 
 9.11× 10 –31 
 
15
04.3 Due to collisions argon loses more energy / speed / Mark is for the explanation 1 AO3
momentum (than electron)
Do not allow explanations that suggests the
OR particles have different distances to travel.
Electron is less ionising (than argon) / Do not allow references to air resistance.
Argon is more ionising (than electron)
Accept idea that “argon has higher probability
of collision (than electron)”
so ratio is larger. 
Accept reverse arguments
16
04.4 1 test inverse square: 3 AO3

Evidence of suitable test for student A suggestion involving
e.g. Nh2 = constant ×3
2+ data points 1
2 test exponential:
Evidence of suitable test for student B suggestion involving
e.g. N should decrease by half in equal
2+ sets of data 2
intervals of h
OR test N = k e-h : show that N eh is not
constant
Accept log/ln interpretations of the test.
Both tests performed AND rejects both suggestions 3

3
Expect to see for student A 10 × 1.02 = 10
and 4 × 1.342 = 7.18 or similar
Expect to see for student B N = 10 to N = 5
changes h by 0.25 and N = 5 to N = 2.5
changes h by 0.31 or similar
reject both students’ suggestions with

reasons eg Nh2 is not constant and N does
not fall by the same fraction in equal intervals
of h
Allow answer accepting B if a reference to
experimental error is made and the difference
is small.
Total 8
17
05.1  – RC 
t
NB The answer can be obtained 3 AO1
V = V0 1 – e  with substitution attempted with 𝑉𝑉0 being larger
  incorrectly by finding the time to charge
AO2
than 𝑉𝑉 1 to 2V using a 4V supply. This approach
×2
may only gain the first mark for an
 4 attempted use of the equation.
Time to charge to 4.0 V = t2 = – R1C 1n  1 – 
 6 Award 0 for a solution using the
discharge equation.
OR
Condone R for R1
 2
Time to charge to 2.0 V = t1 = – R1C 1n  1 –  2
 6
2 If given in an equation then then time
must be the subject or be in a form that
1   2  is used to obtain mp3
= – t1 – R1C 1n   –  – R1C 1n   
t t2=
3   3  can be awarded for t2 = 1.10 × R1C OR
t1 = 0.41 × R1C
 1 
  1 2 3  1
= – R1C=
 1n – 1n  –=R C 1n    – R1C 1n   = 0.69 R1C
 2  
1
  3 3 2
 3  3 Must see 0.69 R1 C for 3 marks.
OR Only award MP3 for 0.69R1C if the
= R1C (1.10 – 0.41) = 0.69 R1C 3 solution involves a time difference.
18
05.2 Attempt to find usable data from Figure 9 1 Method 2 (from individual data points) 4 AO2
Possible methods are shown but only final answers ×3
Determine scaling factor OR Determine R1 2
requested are needed to gain marks. AO3
Calculate Q the charge stored at 4 V or the charging time
constant from a valid method 3 1b Use of a current and voltage across the resistor,
e.g. I = 2.0 × 10−5 A and voltage across resistor = 2 V
Determine C to a value that rounds to 1 × 10−4 (F) to 2 or (when capacitor has 4 V)
more sf (expect to see 1.0 × 10−4 F) 4
OR
I = 6.0 × 10−5 A and voltage across resistor = 6 V
Method 1 (from area)
(when capacitor has 0 V)
1a Attempt at finding area under I–t graph by counting
V 2.0
boxes 2b R
=1 =
I 2.0 × 10 –5
2a 1 cm2 box corresponds to charge 0.5 × 10−5 C
V 6 
3a Number of 1 cm2 boxes = 80 (78 to 82) =
OR  –5 
= 1.0 × 105 (Ω)
 I 6 × 10 
Q = (80 × 0.5 × 10−5) = (3.9 to 4.1) × 10 –4 (C)
their 𝑄𝑄
3b Charging time constant = R1C
4a 𝐶𝐶 = = a value that rounds to 1 × 10−4 (F) (≥ 2
4 −𝑡𝑡 t
sf required) Eg using 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼 𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅1𝐶𝐶 then R1 C = �𝐼𝐼0�
0 ln 𝐼𝐼
Award MAX 1 for estimating the average current by sight Substituting I = 2 × 10–5 A and
IT
and using C = . I0 = 6 × 10–5 A and t = 11 s.
V
OR
Graphical method must include evidence from Figure 9
charging time constant (R1C) = 10.(0) (s)
time constant 10.0
4b C = =
R1 1.0 × 105
= a value that rounds to 1 × 10−4 (F) (≥ 2 sf required)
19
05.3 Reading of relevant discharge data from Figure 10 1 From Figure 10 this can be the time taken for the 3 AO3
provided there is an attempt to use data 1 voltage to fall to half its value. ×3
2 Finding RTotal from Figure 10
A valid substitution of their data into a relevant
4.0 V to 2.0 V in (32 − 11) s using
equation to find R1 or RTotal 2
t 1 = 0.69RC allow = 0.7RC
R2 RTotal − their R1 = 2.0 × 105 Ω 3
= 2
RTotal = 3.0 × 105 Ω

allow one ecf from either their RTotal or their R1
When R1 is derived in an earlier question accept Finding R1 from Figure 9
this value of R1 and allow ecf for Rtotal 6.0 A to 3.0 A in 6.8 s using
When R1 is derived in this question, allow one ecf t 1 = 0.69RC allow = 0.7RC
from either their Rtotal or their R1 2
R1 = 1.0 × 105 Ω
OR
Using
−t
I = I o e R1C
for example, with I = 2 × 10–5 A and
Io = 6 × 10–5 A and t = 11 s
Note R1 may be taken from 05.2 and not use the graph
information.
Total 10
20
06.1 Any two from:  2 AO1

• using electrons gives greater resolution (as the AO2
wavelength can be made very small)
• electrons can get closer to the nuclei (as there is no
electrostatic repulsion)
• electrons have less recoil (as their mass is small
compared to the nucleus) OWTTE on each advantage
• free electrons are easier to accelerate Allow reverse arguments
OR give energy to (as charge-to-mass ratio is higher)
• electrons are easier to produce
• scattering distributions are easier to interpret
OR strong nuclear interaction is not involved
• using alpha particles only gives the distance of closest
approach/upper limit to the radius.
21
Do not allow U-shaped graphs.

06.2 A curved line showing an decrease in intensity with 2 AO1
increase in θ. The initial part of the curve may be absent. ×2
There is a single non-zero minimum. 

Award MAX 1 for a line that covers less than
half the θ axis.
22
06.3 Amnucleon 1 Do not accept M unlabelled. 2 AO1

Density (= mass÷volume) = 4 3 1
πR Accept m (ie lowercase) unlabelled. AO2
3
Amnucleon Condone mn (mass of neutron in Data sheet)
(substituting density = )
1 3 for mnucleon.
4
π�R0 A3 �
3 Accept only 1.67 ×10-27 (kg) for mass of
nucleon (ie to 3 sf).
3mnucleon Allow ecf to MP2 for any misrepresentation of

Density = (in which) all (terms are) constant OR m provided it is clear that it signifies mass of
4π(R0 ) 3
the expression does not depend on A 2 a single nucleon.
2 If the constants are identified the equation

may be converted into a ratio. The equation
may be rearranged to have R0 as the subject
with work to show that this is a constant when
the density is constant.
23
06.4 Any one of:  1 AO3

The mass of the nucleus is not exactly A × mnucleon Do not accept “density of individual nucleons
(because this ignores the binding energy) can be different from each other”. It is not
allowed as it does not occur in the working
OR equation.
The volume equation assumes that the nucleus is a perfect
sphere (which is not true) OWTTE
OR
The density equation that uses the nuclear radius formula
implies that the density is uniform within a nucleus which is
not true. OWTTE
OR
Protons have a slightly different mass to a neutron
24
AO2
06.5   3
R 4.02 × 10−15  ×3
R0 = = = 1.2(3) ×10−15 (m) 1
 1 1 
A
3
(35) 3 
mass Am
Substitutes values into density equation 2 2 e.g. Density=� =4 �=
volume πR3
3
−27
35 × 1.67 × 10
4 3
π�4.02 × 10−15 �
3
3 Evidence of a calculation must be given to

Density = 2.1 × 1017 (kg m−3) 3 gain this mark
Accept 2.15 but not 2.2
Total 10
25
07.1 Heavy water 1 AO1

OR
Beryllium / Be Accept D2O and H2O
OR
(normal) Water 
07.2 Any two points from:  Condone the answer: 2 AO1

• U-235/Uranium fuel will (be more likely to) absorb the As an alternative to the first point AO2
neutron Fission of U-236 is much more likely.
• slow neutrons are less damaging OR cause less fatigue Condone the answer:
to the structure of the reactor/shielding/etc Absorption by U-238 is less likely.
• slow neutrons (spend longer within the fissionable

material and) increase the chance of causing fission
• slowing neutrons transfers heat energy to the moderator

(which can make heat easier to extract)
all points OWTTE
26
07.3 1  1 can be for any of the terms shown 2 AO2

m v2 2
final kinetic energy  2 N   v  2
equating to the kinetic energy ratio. AO3
= =  =  0.85
= 72% 1
initial kinetic energy  1 2
  u 
mN u 2 can be an ecf but only for an arithmetic
2 
error.
(Hence) proportion of kinetic energy lost = 28% 2
27
07.4 3 1+2 Both marks must come from the same 3 AO2
final kinetic energy = ( kT =) 7.2 × 10−21 (J) 1
2 alternative route and have consistent units ×3
initial kinetic energy = (W = QV) = 1.6 × 10−13 (J) 2 (which may not be seen).
1 Initial kinetic energy =
OR
3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 350 = 7.245 × 10−21 J
final kinetic energy = 0.045 (eV) 1 2
6
initial kinetic energy = 1.0 × 10 (eV) 2 7.245 × 10−21
= = 0.045 eV
1.60 × 10−13
E  2 Using the eV unit alternative the second
1n  0 )
(Rearranging equation y =  Ef  mark cannot be given without an attempt at
b the first mark.
The 1.0 × 106 eV can be seen in a later
substitution provided eV is used throughout.
 1.0 ×106 
3
1n  
 0.045 
y = 23.(2) 3 = y = 23.2
0.73
Condone answer 24 provided it is given as an

integer.
28
07.5 Idea that the model/Figure 15 shows that low nucleon Condone the use of nuclear mass instead of 2 AO2
number (and so low mass) gives a greater mass number. ×2
change/reduction in speed/KE (in a collision) 
Idea that fewer collisions needed (with a low mass number

so moderator can be thinner) 
Total 10
29
Question Key Answer
8 C 60 kg
9 C Charles’s Law
10 C 1036
1
11 B  M 2
 
 R
12 B GM
( R + h)
13 D Signals from the satellite can be sent to at any point on the Earth's
surface during one orbit.
14 C 2Q
πε 0 d 2
15 A 20 μN
16 A vertically down the plane.
17 C the electric potential of the sphere.
30
18 A
19 C 4.0 × 10−14 m
20 B 6.0 × 10−3 T
21 B The radius of the path followed by an ion is different for each isotope.
22 A
23 D 600 μV
24 D 395 V
25 D gamma radiation from nuclides with a small decay constant.
26 C The number of alpha particles deflected backwards is greater than the

number that pass straight through the foil.
27 C 0.174 A
31
28 A when a particular nucleus will decay.
29 B β−
30 C 16 MBq
31 B 1.0 × 108 W
32 D 6.1 × 108
32
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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk

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MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Physics - Mark scheme instructions to examiners

The mark scheme for each question shows:

• the marks available for each part of the question

3.1 Marking of lists

3.2 Marking procedure for calculations

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

3.3 Interpretation of ‘it’

3.4 Errors carried forward, consequential marking and arithmetic errors

3.5 Phonetic spelling

3.7 Ignore / Insufficient / Do not allow

3.8 Significant figure penalties

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

3.9 Unit penalties

3.10 Level of response marking instructions

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

01.1 Condone “molecules” or “atoms” for 1 AO1

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

01.3 𝑠𝑠 2l Must show evidence of a time calculation 1 AO1

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

01.4 F The reference to Newton law could be a 2 AO1

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

02.1 Attempt to calculate either volume 1 5 AO1

Molar mass = 0.028 (kg mol−1) 5 14.991 – 14.897 0.094

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

03.2 The shaded area corresponds to: 1 AO2

the change in GPE of the probe when moved from Earth's

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

2 Answer needed to at least 2 sf. If 3+ sf are

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

Condone reference to “edge of Solar System”

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

substitution of data into working equation.

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

Marks are independent.

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

statement that (kinetic) energy is the same

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO

MARK SCHEME – A-LEVEL PHYSICS – 7408/2 – JUNE 2023

Question Answers Additional comments/Guidelines Mark AO