Unit 11

Past Modals
1) Must have (3rd form)

John must have killed her.
2) Might (not) / may (not) / could + have + 3rd form – not so certain
John may have killed her.
3) Can’t / Couldn’t + have + 3rd form – we are certain it didn’t happen
John can’t have killed her because he was at the party.
Needn’t have done sth: + -

Didn’t need to do sth: - -
Unit 11 – p. 118
strike up (conversation / relationship) – begin
blurb - a short description of a book, film, or other product written for promotional purposes
well-intentioned – adj. well-meaning
inevitable - certain to happen; unavoidable
incredulous – unbelievable
cellular – related to the cells of your body
retort – n + v – sharp answer, reply
tried and trusted / tested - something that has proven in the past to be effective or reliable
entertain (idea / feeling) - give attention or consider sth.
affect - pretend to have or feel (something).
scepticism - a sceptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of something
agnostic - a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of
God
p. 119
twinge - a sudden, sharp localized pain
curl - form or cause to form into a curved or spiral shape
assumption - a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof
p. 120
verve – vigour (energy) and spirit or enthusiasm
oblivious of - not aware of or concerned about what is happening around one
oblivion – n. the state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening around one
to concede - admit or agree that something is true after first denying or resisting it
concession – n. a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands.
conceding – adj.
hit-and-run accident - a motor accident in which the vehicle involved does not stop
firm – adj. stable, unbending, unchanging
proximity - nearness in space, time, or relationship
approximate -
encounter - unexpectedly be faced with or experience (something hostile or difficult)
shrug - raise (one's shoulders) slightly and momentarily to express doubt, ignorance, or indifference
call to account / bring to account - to insist on explanation, to hold responsible
VOCABULARY- p. 121
I wouldn’t be seen dead - If someone wouldn't be seen dead in a particular place or doing a
particular thing, they would never do it, usually because it would be too embarrassing
The life and soul of the party - a vivacious and sociable person
Larger than life - (of a person) attracting special attention because of unusual and extravagant
appearance or behaviour
Be dead right - absolutely correct, without doubt
Over my dead body - used to emphasize that one completely opposes something
I can’t for the life of me - I am completely unable to do something
dead tired - totally exhausted
Ex. 3
die laughing - to laugh for a long time in an uncontrollable way
die for - excellent or strongly wished for
die of - to die because of
die to - eager and excited to do something
live out of a suitcase - live or stay somewhere on a temporary basis and with only a limited
selection of one's belongings.
live it up - have a very enjoyable and exciting time, for example by going to lots of parties or going
out drinking with friends
live to regret - to feel sorry or disappointed about (something) in the future
Ex. 5
die away – (sound / emotions) gradually becomes reduced until it stops existing or disappears
(decrease, fade away, wane)
die down - become quieter, calmer or less obvious
die out – (species) to become less common and finally stop existing
live it down - succeed in making others forget something embarrassing that has happened
live off smb / sth - depend on as a source of income or support
live up to - fulfil (expectations)
live with it - accept or tolerate (something unpleasant)
Vocabulary – p. 122
versatility - ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities
versatile – adj.
dauphin - the eldest son of the King of France
impostor - a person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others
conclusive - (of evidence or argument) having or likely to have the effect of proving a case; decisive
descendant - a person, plant, or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor
forensic - relating to or denoting the application of scientific methods and techniques to the
investigation of crime
convicted - having been found guilty of a crime
Impersonal Report Structures

Say, think, believe, know, claim, expect, agree
People believe that Lock Ness houses a monster. (same time)
It is believed that Lock Ness houses a monster.
Lock Ness is believed to house a monster.
People believe he is living in France. (same time)

It is believed that he is living in France.
He is believed to be living in France.
People reported that Nessie had surfaced 12 times. (1 action is before the other)
It was reported that Nessie had surfaced 12 times.
Nessie was reported to have surfaced no less than …
It was said that he had died in prison. (1 action before the other)
He was said to have died in prison.
They thought that the hairs were from a cat. (same time)
The hairs were thought to be…
Although / (Even) though / In spite of / Despite
Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= (even) though)

Although / even though + subject + verb
1. In spite of / Despite + noun

2. In spite of / Despite + ing
3. In spite of / Despite + the fact that + subject + verb
1. In spite of / Despite the rain they enjoyed themselves.

2. In spite of / Despite raining they…..
3. In spite of / Despite the fact that it rained a lot…..
Although the dog was angry, it didn’t bite me.

1. In spite of / Despite the / it’s anger the dog…..
2. In spite of / Despite being angry ….
I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired.

In spite of / Despite my tiredness …
In spite of / Despite being tired…

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Past Modals

1) Must have (3rd form)

Needn’t have done sth: + -

Impersonal Report Structures

People believe he is living in France. (same time)

Although / (Even) though / In spite of / Despite

Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= (even) though)

1. In spite of / Despite + noun

1. In spite of / Despite the rain they enjoyed themselves.

Although the dog was angry, it didn’t bite me.

I couldn’t sleep although I was very tired.

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