hw5 Sol F12
hw5 Sol F12
Solutions to Homework 5
Problem 2.53 Determine the homogeneous solutions for the systems de-
scribed by the following differential equations:
(a) 5 dtd y(t) + 10y(t) = 2x(t)
Solution: The homogeneous counterpart to the equation above is:
d
5 y(t) + 10y(t) = 0.
dt
To find the homogeneous solution, let’s suppose that yh (t) = aebt , where
a and b are constants. Then, if we plug the proposed solution in the equation
above, we will get:
5abebt + 10aebt = 0,
what means that 5ab = −10a, or b = −2. Therefore, the set of all homoge-
neous solutions to the equation is given by {ae−2t , a ∈ R}.
2
(d) dtd 2 y(t) + 2 dtd y(t) + 2y(t) = x(t)
Solution: The homogeneous counterpart to the equation above is:
d2 d
2
y(t) + 2 y(t) + 2y(t) = 0.
dt dt
Now, if we again suppose that yh (t) = aebt . Then, if we plug the proposed
solution in the equation above, we will get:
1
√ either b = −1+j,
This second-degree equation has two possible solutions,
or b = −1 − j (j corresponds to the complex number −1). So, the set of
all possible homogeneous solutions to the equation above is {a1 e(−1−j)t +
a2 e(−1+j)t , a1 , a2 ∈ R}.
Problem 2.54
(a) y[n] − αy[n − 1] = 2x[n]
Propose y0x [n] = Cρn , plug it in the homogeneous equation, and obtain
the characteristic equation ρ − α = 0. Thus, y0x [n] = Cαn . To find C, we
need to know y[−1] (which is not given in the problem). Set Cα−1 = y[−1]
to obtain C = αy[−1].
2
Thus, y(t) = 0.4e−t .
(iii) Now, let’s suppose that y(t) = A cos(3t) + B sin(3t). Then:
d2 d
(b) 2
y(t) + 4y(t) = 3 x(t)
dt dt
(i) x(t) = t
(ii) x(t) = e−t
(iii) x(t) = (cos(t) + sin(t))
Solution:
(i) We suppose y(t) = c1 t + c2 . Plugging it into the equation, we get
4c1 t + 4c2 = 3. Hence, c1 = 0 and c2 = 3/4, and we obtain y(t) = 3/4.
(ii) Propose y(t) = Ae−t and plug it into the equation to obtain Ae−t +
4Ae−t = 3e−t , or A = 3/5. Thus, y(t) = 3/5e−t .
Problem 2.61
3
Solution: Let i1 , i2 , i3 be the downward currents in the resistor, inductor and
capacitor, respectively. KCL implies x(t) = i1 (t)+i2 (t)+i3 (t). It follows that
x′ (t) = i′1 (t) + i′2 (t) + i′3 (t). However, y(t) = Ri1 (t) (or i′1 (t) = (1/R)y ′ (t)),
y(t) = Li′2 (t), and i3 (t) = Cy ′ (t) (or i′3 (t) = Cy ′′ (t)). Combining, we obtain
To find the step response, we replace x(t) by u(t), which results in the
equation Cy ′′ (t) + (1/R)y ′ (t) + (1/L)y(t) = δ(t).
When actual R-L-C values are substituted, we obtain y ′′ (t) + 5y ′ (t) +
20y(t) = 5δ(t). The solution to this equation is 5 times the solution to the
equation y ′′ (t) + 5y ′ (t) + 20y(t) = δ(t) (why?), and the solution to the latter
is simply the impulse response of the system represented by y ′′ (t) + 5y ′ (t) +
20y(t) = x(t). From class notes we know that the impulse response for the
latter system is h(t) = (1/(r1 −r2 ))er1 t −(1/(r1 −r2 ))er2 t , t ≥ 0, where √
r1 and
r2 are the roots of √ the equation r + 5r + 20. They are r1 = −5/2 + j 55/2
2
The zero-input (or natural) response is of the form y0i (n) = c(1.01)n ,
n ≥ 0. By applying the initial condition y0i (0) = 100, 000, we obtain
y0i (n) = 100, 000(1.01)n , n ≥ 0.
4
h(n) = h(0)1.01n u(n)), for which we need to find the derived initial condi-
tion h(0). But from the difference equation for h, h(0) = 1.01h(−1) + δ(0);
hence, h(0) = 1 since h(−1) = 0. (Recall that when calculating the impulse
response we assume no initial conditions prior to the application of the in-
put.) Hence, h(n) = 1.01n u(n).
The total response is the sum of the zero-input response and the forced
response:
y(n) = 100, 000(1.01)n − 120000(1.01n − 1), n ≥ 0.
Note that y(181) = −1115.2 while y(180) = 83.96; thus, the loan is paid
off after the 181th payment (n=181). [Useful Matlab command: to find the
index for which y drops below zero for the first time consider the command
“min(find(y<0))”; read about the command “find”]
Problem 2.65 Find the difference equation for the three systems depicted
in Fig. P2.65 (in the textbook).
(a)
Solution: Let’s call the signal coming out of the first adder (Σ) f [n]. We can
see that
f [n] = x[n] − 2y[n].
Hence the signal coming out of the second adder is
y[n] = 2f [n] + f [n − 1]
= 2x[n] − 4y[n] + x[n − 1] − 2y[n − 1]
2 1 2
∴ y[n] = x[n] + x[n − 1] − y[n − 1].
5 5 5
(b)
5
Solution: The signal coming out of the first adder is
1
f [n] = y[n] + x[n − 1]
4
Hence,
y[n] = f [n − 1]
1
= y[n − 1] + x[n − 2].
4
(c)
Solution: The output of the first adder is
1
f [n] = x[n] − y[n].
8
Hence, the output of the second adder is
1
y[n] = x[n − 1] + f [n − 2]
2
1 1
= x[n − 1] + x[n − 2] − y[n − 2].
2 8
6
Hence, the output of the second adder is
1
y[n] = x[n − 1] + f [n − 2]
2
1 1
= x[n − 1] + x[n − 2] − y[n − 2].
2 8
Problem 2.66 Draw direct form I (only) implementation for the following
difference equations:
(a) y[n] − 41 y[n − 1] = 6x[n]
Solution:
6
x[n] Σ y[n]
S
1
4
x[n] Σ Σ y[n]
S S
2 − 12
Σ
S
1
8