Polymer Rheology

KMK 31603/3
POLYMER PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
POLYMER RHEOLOGY
Polymer Rheology & Morphology
✓ Polymer rheology- the study of deformation and flow behavior of all kind of
materials (esp polymer).
✓ Polymer morphology- physical phenomenon that focuses on studying the
structures
and relationships of polymers.
✓ Polymer rheology testing- the study of how the stress in a material or force
applied is related to deformation and flow of the material.
✓ Importance of this phenomenon is the capability of describing the
arrangement of molecules on a large scale.
Polymer structure
What is molecular weight?
- is the sum of the atomic

weights of individual
atoms that comprise a
molecule
Polymer rheology- the study of deformation and

flow behavior of polymer
The Importance of Polymer Rheology
✓Can identify the behavior of flow during flowing
together with factors that influenced the flow of polymers.
✓ Can predict the real complex processing condition

through
→ easier component and predict the final properties of
polymer.
✓Can relate the qualitative and quantitative parameters
such as output and used of materials properties.
✓ Can choose suitable polymer for specific processing
conditions and services → produce a product with optimum
processing properties → minimum input with maximum
output.
✓ In some cases, properties such as molecular structure,
morphology, polymer melts, polymer blends
and modification can be studied by relationship between
the rheological properties and molecular structure.
What instrument is used to measure rheology?
✓ The rheometer.
✓ To measure the rheological
properties of a material,
rheometers are used.
✓They measure the torque
and the deflection angle of
the measuring bob.
✓This means that in a
viscosity measurement the
rheometer presets a certain
current that
correlates to a defined torque.
The Importance of Polymer Rheology
✓ Rheology is used to describe and assess the deformation and flow
behavior of materials. Fluids flow at different speeds and solids can be
deformed to a certain extent.
✓ Oil, honey, shampoo, hand cream, toothpaste, sweet jelly, plastic

materials, wood, and metals – depending on their physical behavior, they
can be put in an order:
On the one side liquids, on the other side solids, and in between
highly viscous, semi-solid substances.
What are the quantities measured in rheology? -
Stress and Strain
✓ Stress → the amount of force applied to a given area of the
sample.
Strain → the degree to which the material
✓ deforms.
Ratio of stress to strain → the elastic modulus for a solid, and
✓
Ratio of stress to rate of strain (or flow rate) → defines the
✓
forviscosity
a liquid.
✓Material properties like elastic modulus and viscosities are
not constants but functions of time, force, the direction in
which the force is applied, and so on.
✓ Stress causes strain,
but the amount of
strain depends in some
sense on how tough one
is.
✓ Stress = Force / Area

(N/m2)
✓ When forces act on

these bodies,
deformation could occur
if the force exerted is
larger than the internal
forces holding the body
in its original form.
Distortion or deformation of a material of a
given dimension are generally caused by three
types of forces when applied on it
(a)tensile force,
(b)compressive force and
(c)shear force as shown in the Figure
(a) tensile force, (b) compressive force and

(c) shear force
In summary:
✓ We can divide fluids, i.e. liquids and gases, as either
Newtonian or non-Newtonian depending on the
viscosity of the fluid.
✓Viscosity is the state of being thick and sticky due
to the internal friction of the fluid. Furthermore,
we need to consider other parameters in
determining whether a fluid is Newtonian or non-
Newtonian.
✓These are shear stress and shear rate.
✓Shear stress → stress applied coplanar (same
plane) on the fluid cross-section.
✓Shear rate → rate of change of velocity at which
one
BASIC CONCEPT
Ideal elastic solid, Ideal (Newtonian) fluid,
Non-Newtonian fluid
Ideal elastic solid

✓possesses the property of recovering its original configuration
when forces causing deformation are removed.
Ideal or Newtonian fluid

✓obey Newton's law of viscosity.
✓fluid that is incompressible and no internal resistance to flow;
✓having constant viscosity and zero shear rate at zero shear
stress; the viscosity remains constant with changing shear rate.
Non-Newtonian fluid
✓is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity.
✓Fluids that have variable viscosity, and a variable relationship
Rheogram (flow curves)
with
illustrating types of flow
shear stress.
Ideal elastic solid, Ideal (Newtonian) fluid,
Non-Newtonian fluid
❑ Non-Newtonian fluids are the fluids
that have a variable viscosity and
a variable relationship with shear
stress. It is because these fluids do
not follow Newton’s law of viscosity.
The viscosity of these fluids can change
under force.
❑Newtonian fluids are fluids
having a constant viscosity and a
zero shear rate at zero shear stress.
That means; the shear rate is
directly proportional to shear stress.
In other words, the ratio of the shear
stress to the shear rate is constant
Properties of Fluids
Density Viscosity
Temperature Pressure
Strong intermolecular
attraction affects viscosity.
As these molecules move past
each other in the very
Viscosity for non-Newtonian fluids

concentrated solution, they cling
to each other, slowing down the
flow of the liquid.
Sugar molecules in the water are much larger than

the water molecules, so they experience a lot more drag
as they move through the solution compared to just
plain water.
What Influences Viscosity?
Temperature increase - Pressure increase -

viscosity decrease viscosity increase
Polymer Concentration
Shear rate decrease -
increase - viscosity
viscosity increase
increase
(Shear thinning liquids)
Non-Newtonian fluid
✓is a fluid that does not follow
Newton's law of viscosity.
✓Fluids that have variable viscosity
✓Have variable relationship with shear stress.
(Shear thickening liquids)

Non-Newtonian (time dependent)
Thixotropic and Rheopectic

✓ Some liquids behave differently with
stress (application of force) over time.
✓Thixotropic liquids decrease in

viscosity as stress over time
increases , at a constant shear rate
(example: honey).
✓Rheopectic liquids increase in viscosity

as stress over time increases, at a
constant shear rate (example:
printer ink, lubricant).
Non-Newtonian (time independent)
Shear thinning and shear
thickening liquids
✓ Some liquids behave differently
when stress is applied (application of
force).
✓Shear thinning liquids

(pseudoplastic) decrease in
viscosity as stress increases
(example: tomato sauce)
✓ Shear thickening liquids (dilatant)
increase in viscosity as stress
increases (example: corn starch
suspension).

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KMK 31603/3

POLYMER PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY

- is the sum of the atomic

Polymer rheology- the study of deformation and

✓ Can predict the real complex processing condition

✓ Oil, honey, shampoo, hand cream, toothpaste, sweet jelly, plastic

✓ Stress = Force / Area

✓ When forces act on

(a) tensile force, (b) compressive force and

Ideal elastic solid

Ideal or Newtonian fluid

Viscosity for non-Newtonian fluids

Sugar molecules in the water are much larger than

Temperature increase - Pressure increase -

(Shear thickening liquids)

Thixotropic and Rheopectic

✓Thixotropic liquids decrease in

✓Rheopectic liquids increase in viscosity

✓Shear thinning liquids

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