VOCATIONAL TRAINING

A Project Report submitted to

Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited

DOMA (RAIPUR)

Submitted By

Nikhilesh Agrawal
Roll No: 20116067

Under the Guidance of

Y.K. DHRUW
(Assistant Engineer)

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY RAIPUR
G.E. ROAD, RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH
PIN CODE - 492001

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 INDEX

Topic Pg .no
Front page i
Index page ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
Certificate v
1. Introduction
1.1 About CSPTCL 1
1.2 Transmission Map 2
2. Doma Substation
2.1 About substation 3
2.2 Line Diagram 4
3. Components of a substation
3.1 Substation Layout 5
3.2 Power Transformer 6
3.3 Current Transformer 6
3.4 Potential Transformer 6
3.5 Isolator 7
3.6 Circuit Breaker 7
3.7 Insulators 8
3.8 Earthing System Surge Arrester 8
3.9 Surge Arrester 8
3.10 Capacitor Bank 9
3.11 Battery Bank 9
3.12 Relay 10
3.13 Control Panel 11
4. Communication in substation
4.1 Need for Communication
4.1.1 Metering 12
4.1.2 Monitoring and Control 12
4.1.3 Protection 12
4.2 Transmission of Data 13
4.3 Telecommunication Networks
4.3.1 PLCC 14
4.3.2 Microwave 15
4.3.3 Optical Fibre 16
5. Conclusion 18

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 DECLARATION

I, NIKHILESH AGRAWAL, student of B.Tech, Electronics and Communication

Engineering, hereby declare that this report which is submitted by me to
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, of NATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, RAIPUR, is a comprehensive study based on the
literature survey & brief review on existing knowledge, which is produced in
best possible manner.

Place: DOMA (Raipur) Nikhilesh Agrawal

Date: July 1 2023 20116067

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The opportunity to complete my summer vocational training at Chhattisgarh

State Power Transmission Company Raipur, 220/132/33KV substation DOMA,
has been fortunate and has allowed me to increase my knowledge immensely.
I would like to thank Ms Y.K. DHRUW (Assistant Engineer) and the entire team
at the substation for their guidance and support during the training. I express
my sincere gratitude, for making this training experience fruitful.

Nikhilesh Agrawal
20116067
Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Raipur

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CERTIFICATE

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 1. INTRODUCTION
CSEB, which stands for Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board, is the state electricity board of
Chhattisgarh, a state in central India. The main functions of CSEB include the Generation,
Transmission, and Distribution of electricity

1.1 About CSPTCL

CSPTCL, also known as Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited, is a
government-owned utility company responsible for the transmission of electrical power in
the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It was established in 2003 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of
the Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB).
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB):
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board or in short CSEB was recognized on January 14.2000.
CSPTCL is a part of CSEB. CSEB was formed because of the need of reforms in power and
energy sector in Chhattisgarh. These modifications were necessarily responsible for the
planning of electrical power industry while considering electricity (power) generation,
transmission, distribution and supply. Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board was formed in
accordance with the Section 5 of the Electricity Supply Act 1948 as per the Notification
published in the gazette of the Government of Chhattisgarh dated 15 November 2000.
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) became functional w.e.f. 01.12.2000.
Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board has been reorganized into following five companies in
accordance with the provisions contained in the Section 131-134 of Electricity Act 2003 by
the Govt. of Chhattisgarh vide Notification dated 19.12.2008.
1. The Chhattisgarh State Power Holding Company Limited
2. The Chhattisgarh State Power Generation Company Limited
3. The Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited
4. The Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Limited
5. The Chhattisgarh State Power Trading Company Limited

Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company (CSPTCL):

The Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited became functional w.e.f.
01.01.2009. The primary objective of CSPTCL is to efficiently transmit electricity from power
generation sources to distribution companies, industrial units, and other end-users within
the state. The company operates and maintains an extensive network of transmission lines,
substations, and associated infrastructure to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supply of
electricity. CSPTCL plays a crucial role in facilitating the transfer of power from power plants,
including thermal, hydroelectric, and renewable energy sources, to the distribution network.
The transmission network covers various voltage levels, ranging from 400 kV to 33 kV, to
cater to different customer requirements.

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1.2 Transmission Map of Chhattisgarh

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 2. DOMA SUBSTATION

2.1 About substation

The Doma substation is a 220/132/33kV substation situated at the outskirts of Raipur and
plays a crucial role in transmitting power to different parts of the Raipur through 132kV and
33kV power lines.

220 kV
This substation receives power from Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL)
through two lines:
 PGCIL I
 PGCIL II

132 kV
The 220kV received from the PGCIL is then stepped down to 132kV using two transformers
and supplied to the following lines:
 Mana I
 Mana II
 Patan
 RawanBhata I
 RawanBhata II

33 kV
The 132kV is further stepped down to 33kV using two transformers and supplied to the
following feeders:
 Shailendra Nagar
 Raipura
 Police Line
 Sejbahar
 Rawanbhata
 Raveli
 Bhatagaon

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2.2 Line Diagram

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 3. COMPONENTS OF A SUBSTATION

3.1 Substation Layout

A: Primary Power lines side B. Secondary Power Line

1. Primary Power Line 7. Current transformer

2. Ground wire 8. Lightning arrester
3. Overhead lines 9. Power Transformer
4. Transformer for measurement of voltage 10. Control building
5. Disconnected switch 11. Security fence
6. Circuit transformer 12. Secondary power lines
7. Current transformer
8. Lightning arrester

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3.2 Power Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit
to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down)
the voltage. The purpose of a power transformer is to convert voltage from a high voltage
(transmission line) to a low voltage (consumer). The transformer is an electrical device that
transfers electric energy by electromagnetic induction.

Fig: 220kV / 132kV transformer Fig: 132kV / 33kV transformer

3.3 Current Transformer

A Current Transformer (CT) is used to measure the current of another circuit. CTs are used
worldwide to monitor high-voltage lines across national power grids. A CT is designed to
produce an alternating current in its secondary winding that is proportional to the current
that it is measuring in its primary.

3.4 Potential Transformer

A potential transformer is mainly used to measure high alternating voltage in a power
system. Potential transformers are step-down transformers, i.e., they have many turns in the
primary winding while the secondary has few turns.

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 Fig: Current Transformer Fig: Potential Transformer

3.5 Isolator
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section of
substation. It is used to separate faulty section for repair from a healthy section in order to
avoid the occurrence of severe faults. It is also called disconnector or disconnecting switch.

3.6 Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers are used to open and close circuits. They can be operated manually to
perform maintenance or will automatically trip if a short circuit occurs.

Fig: Circuit Breaker Fig: Isolator

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3.7 Insulators
Electrical insulators are one the most important part of a power system. They are used to
avoid unnecessary contact of the transmission lines from their supporting structures. This
ensures that the electric current doesn’t flow to earth through the supporting points.
Electrical insulators basically are extremely high resistive paths through which virtually no
current can flow. In power system, the overhead transmission lines are supported by
properly grounded towers and poles. So an insulator must be used between the
transmission lines and the poles in order to avoid the flow of electric current to earth.

Fig: Different types of insulators

3.8 Earthing Systems

Earthing is a simple way for the leakage of current and hence protects the devices from
electrical damage. Grounding is also a safety process that protects the entire power system
from malfunctioning and is mainly used to balance the load when the electric system
overloads.
The primary requirements of a good earthing system in a substation are: It stabilizes circuit
potentials with respect to ground and limits the overall potential rise. It protects life and
property from over voltage.

3.9 Surge Arrestors

Surge arresters are used to protect high-voltage equipment in substations, such as
transformers, circuit breakers and bushings, against the effects of lightning and switching
surges. Surge arresters are connected close to, and in parallel, with the equipment to be
protected.
Surge arresters are installed at both the entrance of the substation and the terminal of the
transformer.

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3.10 Capacitor Bank
One of the most important parts of an electrical power system is a capacitor bank. The
active power, the power required to run all the electrical appliances, is mainly used to run
inductive loads. It is measured in Watts, usually in Kilos and Megawatts for power systems.
The inductive load may include transformers, motors (Synchronous and inductive both),
tube lights, CFLs, electric furnaces et al. they increase the overall inductance of the power
system, thereby increasing the current lag. This causes decrease in the power factor of the
system. Lower the power factor causes increase in demand of supply power in order to
maintain same active power in the system. And finally more power (current) means more
losses. Moreover high power factor results in bad voltage regulation.

Fig: Surge/Lightning Arrestor Fig: Capacitor Bank

3.11 Battery Bank

In a Substation DC power is supplied in Following feeders of a panel:

 Trip n Closing circuit of Circuit breaker

 Protection Relay
 Isolator control circuit
 Indication lamp, Alarm
 PLCC panel
 Emergency lamps in Control room

All of the above are minimum requirements and supply to the above circuits should be
available in any condition. Suppose the Station Transformer is failed, in that case supply
should be available for the panels of line and Power Transformer, Busbar protection etc.,
which are still in service. Hence battery set is provided for backup purpose. Nowadays in EHV
Substations, it is a practice to provide two battery sets each with a Battery charger.

In sub-station, there are two battery bank one is 48V(DC) and another is 110V (DC)

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 Fig: 48V Battery Set Fig: 48V Battery Charger

3.12 Relays
Sometimes, sooner or later, a failure will definitely occur somewhere in a power system. Its
might be because of human negligence or obsolete instruments. But a better system is
where a failure is speedily detected and tackled with proper measures. Immediate
disconnection of the faulty part of the system prevents further damage to it as well as to
other parts of the system. In high voltage circuitry, relays are installed to provide automatic
and reliable switchgear functioning. These relays are used to identify the problem and
convey it to the control panel.

Fig: Relay used in 132kV control panel Fig: Relay used in 33kV control panel

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3.13 Control Panels
control panels in substations are physical interfaces that allow operators to monitor and
control the electrical equipment and systems within the substation. These control panels
typically consist of various switches, buttons, indicators, meters, and displays that enable
manual operation and monitoring of the substation. Control panels are designed to provide
audible and visual alarms to alert operators about abnormal conditions or faults within the
substation. When an alarm is triggered, the control panel activates warning lights, sound
alarms, or displays specific messages to draw the operator's attention to the issue. This
allows for timely response and appropriate actions to be taken.
Human-operated control panels play a crucial role in substation operation, providing
operators with the means to manually control and monitor the electrical equipment. While
advanced automation and remote monitoring systems are becoming more prevalent, control
panels continue to be an essential interface for local operation, troubleshooting,
maintenance, and situations that require human intervention in the substation.

Fig: 33kV Control Panels

4. COMMUNICATION IN SUBSTATION
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4.1 Need for Communication system
Communication is a crucial need in a substation and plays a vital role in ensuring the reliable
and efficient operation of the electrical grid. Communication facilitates some of the very
important aspects of a substation such as metering, monitoring, control and protection.

4.1.1 Metering
Metering in a power substation refers to the measurement and monitoring of various electrical
parameters to determine energy consumption, power quality, and other relevant information. It
involves the use of meters to collect data and provide accurate measurements for billing,
analysis, and operational purposes. It also enables data collection, remote meter reading,
interval data recording, demand response, load management, meter data management, revenue
protection, fraud detection, and integration with advanced metering infrastructure. These
functionalities enhance operational efficiency, improve billing accuracy, support grid
management, and provide valuable insights into energy consumption patterns.

4.1.2 Monitoring and Control

Substations play a vital role in the transmission and distribution of electricity. Effective
communication systems are essential for real-time monitoring and control of various
equipment and processes within the substation. This includes supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) systems, which rely on communication to collect data, monitor electrical
parameters, and issue control commands.
The control room is equipped with advanced control panels, human-machine interfaces
(HMIs), and remote terminal units (RTUs). These devices enable operators to monitor and
control equipment, view alarms and events, and analyse real-time data.

4.1.3 Protection
Communication enables the exchange of data between protective devices, such as relays,
across different sections of the substation. This allows for quick fault detection and isolation.
When a fault occurs, the protective relays communicate with each other to identify the
faulted section and issue commands to isolate it. Trip commands (also called protection
signal) are transmitted from one substation to the other substation, through transmission
line. When 'earth' or 'over-current' fault is sensed by one end of the transmission line, a trip
command is generated, which travels through communication system and opens circuit
breaker (switchgear) of the other end. Dedicated communication system is required for
transmission of protection signal. This minimizes the impact on the rest of the substation.

4.2 Transmission of Data

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Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs), installed on transmission lines,
provide inputs to transducers of SIC (Supervisory Interface & Control) & RTU (Remote
Terminal Unit) panel. Circuit breakers & isolators' status are extended up to SIC panel. The
output of RTU is connected to the communication equipment, through Modem. Telephone
exchanges are connected with the communication equipment. Such communication links
can be of any type out of three different type of communication systems, i.e., PLCC (Power
Line Carrier Communication), microwave and fibre-optic. Modem output at receive side is
connected with the CFE (Communication End Frame). Its output is connected to the server.
This data is processed in database formats and is retrieved for different applications. These
formats or graphics are displayed or printed as per requirement.

Fig: Remote terminal Unit ( RTU )

4.3 Telecommunication Networks

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Telecommunication networks play a crucial role in power substations, enabling efficient
communication and data exchange among various devices and systems. Here are some of
the key telecommunication networks typically found in a power substation:

4.3.1 Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)

PLCC stands for Power Line Carrier Communication. It is a technology used for
communication over existing power line infrastructure. PLCC utilizes the power distribution
network to transmit data signals along with the electrical power. It enables communication
between different devices and systems within the power grid without the need for separate
communication cables or dedicated communication networks.
Principle of Operation: PLCC works by superimposing high-frequency carrier signals onto the
power line. These carrier signals are modulated to carry the data to be transmitted. The
power line, which is primarily designed for delivering electrical power, acts as the
transmission medium for the communication signals.
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a single channel communication system in
which its channel is divided into two parts i.e., speech band and data band. Typical
frequency ranges for PLCC are between a few kHz to several MHz, enabling reliable
communication over power lines. In this system, signal travels on the transmission line from
one end to another end. Transmitter output (Radio Frequency signal) is fed to the
transmission line through a Coupling Capacitor or CVT. Inductors, called 'Wave Traps' are
used at the ends of the signals. PLCC is also used for line protection signal. Protection signals
are transmitted through PLCC system for tripping circuit breaker of other end of
transmission line.
In Doma substation, PLCC is used for communication for the following lines: PGCIL I, PGCIL II,
Patan, Mana I, Mana II.

Fig: Wave Trap and CVT Fig: Wiring and control box for PLCC

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 Fig: Power Line Carrier Communication

4.3.2 Microwave
Microwave communication involves the use of microwave radio frequencies to transmit data
wirelessly between devices. In a power substation, microwave communication can be used
to establish a reliable and high-speed wireless link between substations, control centers, or
other remote locations especially in areas where laying fiber optic cables may be challenging
or costly.
Microwave communication can be done using dedicated infrastructure or using the existing
cellular networks of various companies for communication between substations or control
centers.
For using the existing cellular infrastructure, the microwave transceivers are equipped with
cellular modules that support SIM cards. The SIM cards provide the necessary credentials
and connectivity to establish a cellular data connection for the microwave communication
link.
In Doma substation, Jio and Airtel SIMs are used to establish this communication. Each
control panel is equipped with two SIMs for the real time monitoring of each control panel
which can be accessed anytime.

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 Fig: Antenna for Microwave communication using SIM cards

4.3.3 Optical Fiber

It is a relatively new communication system. Optical fibre cable, in the form of 'Optical Fibre
Composite Ground Wire' (OPGW), is being installed on transmission towers by replacement
of earth wire.
OPGW cable is Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire. The optical fiber is placed
in the ground wire of the overhead high-voltage transmission line to form a fiber-optic
communication network on the transmission line. This structure has the dual functions of
ground and communication, and is generally called OPGW cable. Because the fiber has anti-
electromagnetic interference and light weight, it can be installed on the top of the
transmission line tower without considering the optimal mounting position and
electromagnetic corrosion. Therefore, the OPGW has remarkable characteristics such as
high reliability, superior mechanical performance, and low cost. This technique is
particularly suitable and economical when laying or replacing existing ground lines.

Fig: Communication using OPGW

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 Fig: Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wire

Only two fibres are required for a multi-channel link between two stations. One fibre is used
for transmitting optical signal and second for receiving from other end. In such a system two
fibres can be used for 'Normal' communication path and two fibres for 'protection' path.
Fibre optic communication system has got a wide bandwidth transmission capability. As
such, a high-speed data, containing large volumes of information can be transmitted at low
cost.
In Doma substation, optical fiber is connected to all the three 132kV substations located at
Mana ,Patan and Rawanbhata .The measured noise levels are approximately between -14dB
and -16dB

Fig: Optical Fibre System

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 5. CONCLUSION

Power substations are vital components of the power grid that enable efficient and reliable
supply of electricity to consumers. They transform voltage levels, ensuring efficient power
transmission. Substations enhance grid reliability and stability, manage power quality, and
balance the load within the grid. Overall, power substations ensure the efficient, reliable,
and safe delivery of electrical power, supporting economic growth and improving the quality
of life.
Communication is of utmost importance in power substations as it facilitates real-time data
exchange, control, and coordination of equipment and systems. It ensures efficient
operation, enhances grid reliability, and enables effective monitoring and control.
Communication enables fault detection, quick response, and isolation of faulty sections,
minimizing downtime and optimizing power distribution. It supports the integration of
renewable energy sources, improves power quality, and enables remote monitoring and
control. Robust communication infrastructure in substations is essential for a reliable and
resilient power grid.

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