Akwaji Project

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Reforms in water sector are considered as an essential pillar in government’s

poverty reduction strategies, economic recovery strategies for wealth and employment
creation (Kenya 2003). The government also recognizes that for a country to achieve
its set objectives and goals in water sector there is need to make water available,
accessible and affordable, especially to the poor. This, directly and indirectly called
for increased coverage, reduction of high water loses, rehabilitation and expansion of
existing schemes, sustainable demand management, construction of new water supply
scheme, transparency, accountability, good water governance efficiency, clear
institutional framework, encouraging pro-poor focus, strategies and programs among
others (Moriarty 2011).Over the years, it has remained since the inception of water
sector reforms in Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL), a major challenge
in as far as the implementation is concerned. A study into the reasons as to why the
reforms have not succeeded has remained un-researched to date. This study therefore
intended to give an insight in to the challenges affecting the implementation of water
sector reforms in Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL), with an emphasis
on Cross River State Water Board Ltd, with an aim of coming up with solutions that
the policy makers and other players in the water sector need to use to ensure a
successful and faster implementation. To be able therefore to implement the water
sector reforms successfully, there was need to strengthen institutional structures,
improve the administrative machineries and promote institutional capacities and
finally try to enable the staff through training and motivation. Cross River State Water
Board Ltd has therefore to come up with working tools to monitor and evaluate the
performance of the institutions for better results which would therefore improve the
success of water sector reforms in the state.
1.2 Statement of Problems
Poor governance of water has dominated the Cross River State Water Board Ltd
(CRSWBL) and is represented by systems characterized by lack of certain conditions
1
necessary for good governance. These conditions include inclusiveness,
accountability, participation, transparency, predictability and responsiveness. Rogers
& Hall (2003) have indicated that poor water governance leads to increased political
and social risk, institutional failure and rigidity among other things. Poor water
governance also leads to increased incidences of poverty as malfunctioning systems
cause misallocation of scarce resources. It is within this realization that reforms in the
water sector have been recommended and are being effected the world over.
1.3 Objectives of Study

The objectives of the study are:
1. To formulate data base that will enhance management effort for the successful
implementation of the water sector reforms in the state.
2. To come up with Recommendations and suggestions on how best Cross River
State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL could develop sound monitoring and
evaluation mechanisms for its agents in ensuring continuous water supplies
and customer satisfaction.
3. The transformation of the water sector into a commercial operation.
4. Changing the basis from social responsibility to a commodity to be bought and
sold.
5. Asset modernization
6. Building of water cures in L.G.A in rural and urban areas to supplement short
fall in clean, safe, and reliable water to the masses of Cross River State
1.4 Significance of Study
To address the poor water service performance which is evidence, leading to

inadequate delivery of clean, safe and reliable water to the masses of Cross River
State. The results of the study will help the Cross River State Water Board Ltd
(CRSWBL in formulating its policies for the success of the water sector reforms. The
study will also come up with solutions and recommendations on how best the board
can develop tools for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the water service
institutions. The study will also suggest the best ways of making sure the allocated
funds are disbursed to the water service boards timely and adequately to avoid delays
in project completion. The study will highlight the factors that affected the proper
follow up on the agreed master plans and comprehensive framework in the
2
development of water infrastructure assets. The study will greatly help the board of
Finance in budgeting so that adequate funds through the printed estimates could be
availed and institutional capacity development of Water service boards to remain
efficient and effective. Recommendations and suggestions from this study will be
crucial on how best Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL) could develop
sound monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for its agents in ensuring continuous
water supplies and customer satisfaction. In addition, the study will recommend the
effective ways of following the agreed master plans and action plans in carrying
implementation planned water projects in the area. In addition, the study will add to
the existing knowledge and stimulate further research on different aspects of
improvement on performance of water sector institutions and whether the policies
need a review for a faster and cost effective implementation. For researchers and
scholars in various reforms studies, this study will ignite an interest in further studies
in the field related to water sector reforms implementation. The water service
providers are the agents of the water services boards. The study will assist in finding
the barriers between them and their parent body (CRSWBL) thereby increasing their
level of participation and responsibility in the management and distribution of the
scheme waters to reach many people.
1.5 Aim of Study
The aims of embarking on the research are;

1. Toward expanding the knowledge base that supports integrated management
of multi-sectorial use of water, training of personnel and institutional
development.
2. To provide data base that will enhance management effort for the successful
implementation of the water sector reforms in the state.
3. Increase Access to Piped Water Networks in the state.
4. Improve Service Reliability and Financial Viability of Water Utilities.
5. Create Enabling Environment for Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the
Water Sector
1.6 Scope of Research
The researcher sought to investigate the factors influencing the implementation of

water sector reforms in Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL). The research
was delimited to The target population of 150 which include 15 senior staff, 35
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junior staff, 25 contract staff and 75 Residence in Calabar South, Calabar
Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa as given in Table 3.1 below. The
study will utilize both primary and secondary data. Secondary data was gathered
through review of the relevant studies. Primary Data on the other hand was collected
through the use of questionnaires. Data was gathered from Cross River State Water
Board Ltd (CRSWBL staff at various levels in the organization structure. Due to time
constraints and resources and its sub stations.This study only used a representative
sample of the staff in Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL) and Residence
in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa. The
researcher put in place measures to ensure that the sample size was as representative
as possible. The use of self-administered questionnaires to gather data is meant to
control the amount of data that the researcher is able to collect. This is because the
researcher was not in a position to probe for clarification and clarify unclear questions
to the respondents. However, to deal with this limitation, the researcher ensured that
the questionnaire is clear, short and simple.
1.7 Limitation of Study
The researcher may have not been in control over the responses from the respondents
who may give some responses to please the researcher. They may also conceal
confidential information even though they were assured that their identity will remain
anonymous which may make the data less reliable. The study was limited within the
Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL) and Residence in Calabar South,
Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa. Although, there is a lot of
information available on the water sector, this study was only limited to the
information which would help in coming up with recommendations and suggestions
to solve all the factors influencing the implementation of water sector reforms.
1.1 Operational Definition of Terms
Water Sector Reforms: The process of implementing changes in the sector to ensure
better water service delivery and resources management.
Water infrastructures: These are the physical and organizational structures
needed for the operation of water network so that the utility can reach the
users reliably and efficiently.
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Transfer plan: This is the arrangement by the Ministry of water and Irrigation
(MWI) to officially hand over all human and physical assets for the water
service board’s economical use.
Water tariffs: These are prices or rates assigned to water supplied by a public utility
through a piped network to its customers.
Water supplies: These are sources and deliveries of water to make it available to be
economically and socially used by a community or in a region.
Water quality: This is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or
more biotic species and or to any human need or purpose.
Sustainable use of water: This is the use of water that supports the ability of human
society to endure and flourish into the indefinite future without undermining
the integrity of the hydrological cycle or the ecological systems that depend on
it.
Water Service Provider: These are commercially oriented entities contracted by the
Water Services Boards as agents to provide water and sanitation services. The
institutions provide water to the consumers at a fee using the assets developed
for them by the water services board.
Unaccounted for Water or Non-revenue Water:This is the difference between

water that is extracted and flowing into the supply system and the total units
billed to consumers.
Water Service Regulatory Board: The statutory institution within the water sector
with controls and regulates water services boards and water service providers.
The institution also sets and regulates the water tariffs so that water consumers
are not charged exorbitantly.
Water Appeals Board:This statutory institution is mandated with hearing disputes

concerning the water service institutions and any other dispute on water tariffs.
Water services trust fund:The statutory institution mandated with the overall
funding mobilization from international donors for local distribution to all
water institutions on rural based and pro poor projects on priority basis on
request through written proposals
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General Overview of the right to water
Water is seen to be vital for man’s existence; without water there would be no
life on earth. The body of human being consists of 65 percent water. Apart from the
day to day requirements, water is needed for irrigation, power generation, recreation,
industrial production and receiving wastewater. There is an enormous amount of
water on our planet, approximately 1.4x109 cubic kilometers in total of oceans, seas,
rivers, lakes, ice, etc. but only 3 percent of the total quantity of water on earth is in the
form of fresh water available in rivers, lakes and groundwater. This fresh water is
limited, but the requirement for this fresh water is ever on the increase, due to the
increase in population and industrialization according to M. Anis Al-Layla et al
(1978).
Access to this water has been a major problem for many parts of the world. The
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring program for water supply and Sanitation reported
that 663 million people did not have access to improved sources of drinking water and
more than 2.4 billion people lacked access to basic Sanitation services in 2015.
(2015 report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water
Supply and Sanitation).
The Rights to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, reliable and affordable water
for personal and domestic use in or near their homes, work place or educational
institutions (General comment 15 of UN committee on Economic, Social& Cultural
Rights). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation)
2.2 General Overview of water sector reforms
Simon, (2014), according to a research conducted on Factors Influencing the

Implementation Of Water Sector Reforms In Kenya, Simon defines reforms in water
sector as the process of implementing changes in the sector to ensure better water
service delivery and resources management.
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According to (http://www.africanwater.org/water_sector_reform.htm), Reform is also
necessary and an ongoing process. The undertaking of a process of reform in any
sector is an ongoing and necessary activity in any government.
2.3 General Overview of previous reforms Implementation in others country
2.3.1 Implementation of water sector reforms.
2.3.1.1 In Asia
Bandaragoda, (2006) working paper 108, conducted a study, using

comparative analysis, on the status of institutional reforms for integrated water
resources management in Asia. He found out that the actual implementation after
forming the institutions has been slow due to many social, economic and political
reasons. The study was to come up with indications from policy reviews in five
countries. He found out that the current water related issues led to identification of
some emerging water management constraints. The study found out that there are four
key problems which are common to all five river basins in Asia. The study, through a
stakeholder’s consultation, recommended that there was need for an apex body to
coordinate water allocations among the various water user groups. There was also a
recommendation that there was need for a clear water policy and related water laws.
2.3.1.2 In China
Radosewich, (2003) conducted a study towards water sector reforms, a policy

case study on China. The study found out all water reforms objectives can best be
realized through comprehensive planning at national level. The study found out that
the reforms 14 should be consistent with national economic and social plans as well as
specialty plans relating to flood control. He recommended that system of water
allocations and water permits based on allocation plans. He also recommended that
water user fees should be charged based on volumetric measuring. He recommended
that there was need to set up data and information systems at all levels.
2.3.1.3 In Indonesia
Theodore, (2003) conducted a study on Indonesia water sector policy and reforms
process. He found out that field procedures have been developed to date for
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participatory design and construction whereby all designs are developed in
consultation with Water Users Associations. The study found out that a field testing of
a framework for water management transfer based on services agreements between
Water user’s association (WUA) federations and the water agency. He recommended
an effective sector reforms which require a very high level ‘champion’ with a
perception of crisis. He found out that the comparison between the successful far
reaching water management reforms in the country should be supported by the
government fully.
2.3.1.4 In Philippine
Barreiro, (2003) conducted a study on implementing integrated water

resources management in Philippines. He found out that in Philippines, there is need
for sound basic principles and structural framework relating to appropriation, control,
conservation and protection of water resources to achieve their optimum development
and efficient use to meet present and future needs. He found out that there is need for
adequate administrative machinery to implement the reforms in Philippines. He
recommended that the current reforms should be directed towards expanding the
knowledge base that supports integrated management of multi-sectoral use of the
water, training of personnel and institutional development. He recommended that
much attention should be paid towards collection of water related data to support the
management efforts for the success of the water sector reforms.
2.3.1.5 In Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, the local community management groups known as the water

point committees (WPC) were formed and used as the lowest institutions in rural
water supply management. The WPCs were reported to exist for all water projects
studied in 15 Zimbabwe (Teezed, 2002). However, despite the existence of the WPCs,
at all water projects, it was claimed that they were ineffective in managing the
operation and maintenance of the water projects (Dayal, Van Wijk and Mukherjee,
2002). Some of the indicators cited in their ineffectiveness include poor record
keeping and inability to mobilize the community especially in times of breakdown of
the water systems.
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2.3.1.6 In Kenya
The water sector reforms currently being implemented in Kenya under the
Water Act 2002 of the Laws of Kenya are designed to contribute to the realization of
this long-term objective as well as to addressing the policy, regulation and service
provision weaknesses in the previous set-up under Water Act Cap 372. Furthermore,
reforms in the water sector are also considered an essential pillar in the government’s
poverty reduction strategies, the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and
Employment
Creation (Kenya 2003), and the ambitious Vision 2030. In other words, the
government recognizes that for the country to achieve the MDGs there is need to
make water available, accessible and affordable, especially to the poor. This, directly
or indirectly, called for increased coverage; reduction of the high water losses;
rehabilitation and expansion of existing schemes; sustainable demand management;
construction of new water supply schemes; transparency, accountability and good
water governance; efficiency; clear institutional framework; and encouraging pro-
poor focus, strategies and programs among others (Moriarty, 2011).
2.3.1.7 In Mombasa
A study by Cherop (2012) on factors influencing implementation of reforms in

the water sector in Mombasa County, Kenya, found out that the dilapidated and old
infrastructure operates far below their design capacity. In this regard, the physical
infrastructure has slowed the process of implementation of reforms, poor
infrastructure, delayed and worsens the successful implementation of water sector
reforms. Cherop also found out that the implementation of water sector reforms has
been influenced by the factor of institutional structures that the process was slowed
down because of confusion within the institutions on the roles and responsibilities.
Institutions systems and procedures were not strong enough to ensure effectiveness
and efficiency in the water sector especially in the implementation of water sector
reforms. Poor terms of 16 service and inadequate management capacity negatively
impact on the level of service delivery. Institutions have not built up an integrated
information management system which could have influence the water sector reforms
positively in terms of service delivery (Reynolds, 1992). There are various forms of
9
corruption in water sector which influences the success of implementation of water
sector reforms, these includes withholding or denying or misinforming customers.
2.3.2 Monitoring and evaluation of water sector reforms
2.3.2.1 In Srilanka
Samad, (2005) conducted a study on macro level institutional changes on

water sector reforms success in Sri Lanka. He found out that there should be a link on
investment packages and macro level institutional on water sector policies. He found
out that there is need to attach certain element, which are politically unpalatable, as
covenants in a package of investments as that would unlikely generate the desired
results for forging ahead with Sri Lanka’s water sector reforms. He recommended
from his study that a fundamental requirement for water sector institutional reforms is
the need to have an internally generated demand as a starting point for the success in
implementation of such water reforms. He recommended that there is need for
continuous reviews and any necessary good institutional changes be instituted
regularly to be in line with dynamic macro level situational changes in the economy.
He recommended that all political economic factors of water management and
reforms in any society, if are to be taken as given, then the facilitators of water sector
reforms need to work round them, so that these factors could favor rather than
constrain the water reform process.
2.3.2.2 In Ghana
Uwejamomere, (2007) conducted a water aid case study in Ghana on civil

society organization involvement in urban water sector reforms. The study found out
that there was in sufficient consultation on the urban water reform process in Ghana.
The study recommended adequate fast tracking of the reform processes in the country
so that all the stakeholders can also be given the opportunity to make suggestions and
openly express their sincere opinions towards successful implementation of the water
sector reforms. The study also found out that there was inadequate private sector
participation towards reforms implementation. The study recommended there was
need to involve all key water sector private contractors to manage all public water
utility systems. The 17 private companies, as a recommendation, should therefore be
given various responsibilities like billing, leak detection, design and construction
10
under different forms of contracts. The study found out that there was need for
coordination and international campaigning on the benefits of the water sector
privatization.
2.3.2.3 In Kenya
A study conducted by Wambulwa, (2008) on the background and status of

reforms in the water and sanitations sector in Kenya using regression analysis, found
out that the reforms are positive and in the right direction except that the process faces
challenges in funding, bureaucracy, too many institutions and that the organizations
which were formed to carry out the reforms do not work as a team. It also found out
that the institutions which are mandated to carry out the reforms were faced with
corruptions challenges. Ministry of Water Irrigation, (2005-2007) conducted a study
on the National water services strategy (NWSS) which was published there was no
proper national monitoring and evaluation mechanisms on water service deliveries
and no well documented investment programs in the water sector to carry out water
reforms effectively. The study recommended that, for the success of the reforms in the
country, there should be arrangements to come up with well-structured and working
water institutions to ensure that at all times there, is in every area of Kenya, a person
and institution providing water supply to the citizens at fair tariffs and they were
monitored regularly and a report given to the public. Nevertheless, the demand for
water is increasing rapidly and need a higher level of water management. The
alignment to the Constitution of Kenya (GoK) 2010 is a unique opportunity to move
the water sector to the next level of development by taking the lessons learned on
board in order to avoid that insufficient and polluted water resources as well as
inadequate water services provision become limiting factors for sustainable
development of the nation (National Water Policy, 2012).
Osinde (2012) noted that monitoring and evaluation remains a challenge for
informal sources used by a large sector of the population. She recommended the
adoption of the 18 ‘polluters pay’ principle by the water resource management
authority (WRMA) and the increase in its enforcement powers relating to pollution
control was a positive development. This would ensure quality is observed, under the
reform processes. Hence, resulting in further improvement which include obligation
11
to inform customers of water quality as expected due to requirements set out in
service performance agreements (SPA).
2.3.3 Water Sector reforms Approaches Adopted
2.3.3.1 In India
Tushaar, (2004) conducted a study on Lesson’s learned for India’s water

policy and reforms. He found out that the water policy and reforms in India had
received varied mixed responses from the stakeholders including the consumers and
communities in India. He found out that the community wanted the water rights to be
vested in communities instead of some abstract notion of the India state. He found out
that the implementation of the water reforms was unlikely to succeed unless major
reforms in water institutions were adopted. He recommended involvement of all
relevant stakeholders in carrying out water sector reforms in India for any meaning
success. He recommended a comprehensive strategy for sustainable management of
ground water harvesting which was more reliable than rain water harvesting.
2.3.3.2 In Pakistan and Srilanka
Saleh Dinar, (2004) conducted a methodological approach based on the

institutional decomposition and analysis framework that considers both the
institutional structure and environment governing of the water sectors of Pakistan and
Sri Lanka countries. He found out that there was a contextual variation in terms of
historical development, culture, resources base and the significance of water in the
overall economy which actually explained the differences in institutional reform
processes undertaken to solve a largely similar set of water sector problems in the two
countries. He recommended that these differences could best be clarified by analyzing
the countries’ respective economiesof water management and the transaction costs of
implementing reform measures. He found out that some micro level agitation for
institutional change emerged but was thwarted by a stubborn resistance from the
vested interests. He found out that, In Sri Lanka ,designs for water reforms were
basically driven by the donors and the national planners, with little consultation and
concurrence with micro level 19 stakeholders. He recommended that the there is need
for strategic planning where all stakeholders are adequately involved so that donor
12
funding can be assured for long if not permanent resulting into successful
implementation of the set water sector reforms.
2.3.3.3In Eastern Europe
Caroline Mascarell, (2001) conducted a study called the Odessa Initiative,

using qualitative and quantitative water survey, A model for institutional reform in
Eastern Europe, an initiative that involved local residents in reforming Odessa’s
housing and water sectors demonstrates how popular participation can contribute to
the success of development projects. She found out that when the initiative was
designed, the operations of the municipal water enterprises (vodokanals) were still
well below international standards because of inefficient organization and
management, poor planning, limited financial capacity and high industrial tariffs. The
study recommended development of efficiently managed, fully self-reliant water
enterprises capable of providing reliable water services at affordable prices. The
report revealed a wide variation in the demand for water and opened up the
opportunity to use pricing mechanism for managing demand through differential tariff
structure requiring water metering to improve cost recovery and service quality. A
recommendation was that higher income households would and the poor would pay
the same low tariff for the first block of water-the be charged a low tariff for a
specified base volume of water, according to their ability to pay so called lifeline
supply (25-50) liters per day.
2.3.3.4 In Netherland
Brikke Rojas, (2001) conducted a study on key factors for sustainable cost
recovery, in the context of community-managed water supply in Netherlands. They
found out that the main reason why cost recovery is a difficulty goal to achieve is that
it is affected by so many factors and so many different parts of project design and
operation. They found out that many water and sanitation projects begin without fully
acknowledging the importance of these interrelationships and that is why the study
also revealed that the service level or the institutional structures, for example, are
often chosen before a project even begins -either because the project aims to reform
an existing water or 20 sanitation system or because the project planners felt they had
identified the best technical solution. They recommended that getting people to cover
13
the cost of specific service is important, but it is not the only approach to improving
cost recovery,( Abrams, 1998). They recommended that changing the cost or the
characteristics of the water service will also be able to contribute to improving cost
recovery. They also revealed the need for strong and implementable strategies to
achieve cost recovery. The strategies were changing technologies or service levels,
improving service quality and reliability and reducing operational and maintenance
costs (Arlosoroff, 1987). Jinxia Wang,(2006) conducted a study on whether
urbanization could solve inter-sector water conflicts in Hebei Province, North China
Plains. The case study found out that by evaluating water consumption, or depletion,
in terms of actual evaporation and transportation, as opposed to the amount
withdrawn from water sources, the study argues that urbanization has a positive role
to play in lessening inter sectoral water competition and in reversing ground water
declines. The study recommended that, at the regional scale, urbanization can help
achieve these goals by replacing some agricultural land use, particularly under two
conditions namely, both the industrial and agricultural sector adopt water-saving
technologies and urban waste water and runoff are treated and reused directly in
agriculture or indirectly through artificial recharge. Dale Whittington, (2002)
conducted a study on challenges for water sector reforms in transition economies. The
study found out that practitioners interested in water infrastructure planning in
developing countries have recognized that unique economic and institutional
characteristics of developing countries pose challenges to water and sanitation
planning. The study found out that political interference in service delivery,
inadequate investment, non- payment of customers and deteriorating service quality
are linked in a vicious cycle which therefore hinder a smooth implementation of water
sector reforms. The study did find out that there are unique challenges facing many
central and eastern European countries. The study also found out that the standard
policy advice for water reforms in developing countries had made slow progress. The
study recommended a substantial improvement in macro-economic conditions so that
21 all investments in the water sector can attract international capital. The study
recommended for smaller scale initiatives to help meet different levels of demand
among households.
Claudious Chikozho, (2002) conducted a study on Shona customary practices

in the context of water sector reforms in Zimbabwe. The study found out that the new
14
water legislation (water Act of 1998), lacked relevance for rural communities who
relied on their indigenous institutions for the management of natural resources. The
study revealedthat there is a conspicuous absence of true devolution of authority in
the statutory arrangements which then meant that at the grassroots level, the only
consistent and observable form of management is that found in local customary
institutions. They recommended that there should be national institutions to carry out
water sector reforms in the country alongside colonial and post-colonial traditional
institutions which still remained relevant to the locals in carryout out the reforms.
2.3.4 Effect of delays in receiving timely and budgeted funds from Central
government on the implementations of planned water projects.
Poverty and social Impact Assessment, (2001) conducted water sector policy
and reforms study, using qualitative assessments in Armenia. It was found out, in the
study, that reforms in the municipal water sector were needed, since maintaining the
status would lead to further deterioration of water supply. He found out that it was
essential to reduce losses, improve collection rates, and reduce energy costs and
increase salaries and other expenditure to ensure an efficient service. The study
recommended that it was necessary to have a wide involvement from the central
government.
The study recommended that it was of paramount importance for the

presidential administration to provide a stronger lead to the water sector reforms
implementation and processes if they are to acquire real influence and success in the
reforms. The study recommended that the international finance institutions should be
approached strategically to recognize the local capacity problems more explicitly and
offer financial assistance. The financial institutions should therefore be made to take a
holistic 22 approach by themselves to structural reforms to ensure that amore
sustained focus on poverty objectives are achieved.
Asante, (2010) conducted a study on quantifying the cost of sustainable water

service in selected small towns in central region of Ghana. He found out that
sustainable water service delivery is essential for socio-economic development but
sustainability of water infrastructure in the rural water sector in Ghana had received
relatively little attention. He found out also that a significant measure in order to
15
improve public health, spur economic development, and reduce poverty is universal
access to and use of clean and reliable water services. He recommended that there is
need for aggressive mobilization and budgeting of financial resources since universal
access to sustainable water service requires investment to expand coverage and
continued support to keep existing water structures functional.
Poor governance of water has dominated the world and is represented by

systems characterized by lack of certain conditions necessary for good governance
(Rogers & Hall, 2003). These conditions include inclusiveness, accountability,
participation, transparency, predictability and responsiveness. Rogers & Hall
(2003)haveindicated that poor water governance leads to increased political and social
risk, institutional failure and rigidity among other things. According to the duo, poor
water governance also leads to increased incidences of poverty as malfunctioning
systems cause misallocation of scarce resources. It is within this realization that
reforms in the water sector have been recommended and are being effected the world
over.
Uganda National Water Development Report, (2005) was conducted on the

general overview of the Ugandan water sector reforms. The study found out that there
was inadequate financial strength in both private and public sectors and that there was
limited coordination among water institutions to carry out successful implementation
of the water sector reforms in Uganda. The study found out that key strategic
outcomes from the water reform studies are the adoption of a sector wide approach to
planning. The study found out that the reforms framework guarantees the participation
of all 23 stakeholders in the planning and implementation of water sector reforms and
activities which resulted to openness and increased confidence from the development
partners who have continued to support the sector towards the success of the reforms.
The recommendations were that there was need for increased stakeholder
participation in the water sector reforms for guaranteed success. There was a
recommendation that both the public and private sector need to work as a team
through all the necessary collaboration in order for the reforms to succeed and to
attract adequate donor funding and grants for growth.
Von Dach, (2007) conducted a study on the process of reforming water sector
in Kenya. The study found out that the initial experiences in Kenya towards reforms
16
in the water sector were positive but slow. The study found out that there was need in
providing water services to the citizens and therefore there was need to advance
further the water sector reforms. The study found out that the financial base and
ability to carry out the reforms were inadequate and therefore the need to focus on
these for the success of the water sector reforms. The study recommended that there
was need for efficient and well-structured institutions to carry out reforms as a team
and within a short period so that the reforms are finalized for the citizens to drink and
access adequate and quality water.
The study recommended that the water services trust fund, an organization
mandated with mobilizing funds for carrying the reforms be strengthened and
supported by the parent ministry of water so that the financial base is boosted. The
study recommended an optimal integration of the water resources management in the
country so that all the citizens have adequate water.
2.4 General Overview of current status of water sector reforms in Cross

River State Water Board
The Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL), as it is called today,
came into being over 100 years ago. From history, the Calabar water scheme is the
oldest water scheme in Nigeria, as Calabar is the first capital of Nigeria. The scheme
was constructed before the 1890’s by the colonial masters, followed by the Badagry
water scheme Lagos State. The CRSWBL inherited the oldest water supply scheme in
the country. The first managers of the oldest water scheme were the Eastern Nigeria
Ministry of Works in Enugu. When the South-Eastern state was created, the Ministry
of Works, South-eastern State, later Cross River State took over the scheme, and the
water board was a small division in the Ministry of Works. The division operated
under the Ministry of Works up to 1975 when it was made autonomous and called
“Cross River State Water Board”. It was established at that time with Cross River
State Edict No. 13 of 1975. So, ever since, the water board has remained an
autonomous water agency operating the old Calabar scheme. The old CALCEMCO in
Essien Town, Calabar, is where the old water schemes were located. Cross River State
Water Board Ltd is the water utility of the State, responsible for piped water supply
services in the entire Cross River State. There are water supply schemes in Ugep-
Ediba, Itigidi, Obubra, Ikom, Obudu and Ogoja, commissioned in the early 1960’s by
17
the late Colonel Onogu when he was in power during the Biafran regime. So, those
systems have been in operation in their various capacities and have been properly
managed up to the late 80’s, when it was realized that the systems were old and
demand had increased tremendously due to populations increase. That realization led
to the quest for reform for infrastructure rehabilitation and expansion.
(http://nwsrp.gov.ng/part.php?n=6). The 2nd NUWSRP in Cross River State was
commissioned on the 15th November 2005, and the additional financing for Cross
River State was commissioned on the 5th December 2013. The total cost of both
financial supports from the World Bank is valued at USD154, 377,655. The French
Development Agency (AFD) provided a financing loan of USD43, 900,000 in the
second NUWSRP to bridge the funding gap in order to achieve the overall objective
of the project.
Mission Statement
To Increase Sustainable Access to Piped Water Networks in The Urban Centres

Nationwide Through Partnership.
Goals
 Increase Access to Piped Water Networks Nationwide.
 Improve Service Reliabilty and Financial Viability of Water Utilities.
 Create Enabling Environment for Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the

Water Sector
 The Objectives of the reform project in Cross River State are similar to those
of other States in Nigeria, where the Urban Water Sector Reforms are being
implemented. The objectives are:
 To improve the reliability of water supply produced by the water treatment

works in Cross River State.
 To increase access to pipe-borne water in Cross River State
 To improve the commercial viability of urban water utility (CRSWBL)
18
 In order to realise the Project objective, four project components were
identified for investment:
 System Rehabilitation and Expansion
 Public Private Partnership (PPP)
 Service Sustainability
 Sector Reform and Institutional Development
2.4.1 Reforms Activities and Outcomes
The following sections highlight the key reform activities and outcomes in Cross
River State.
1. Physical Works
Funds were provided for CRSWBL to carry out critical rehabilitation and
expansion projects to restore existing infrastructure, towards the improvement of
water services to the populace. Funds were also provided for the construction of
entirely new water supply infrastructure, with the overall objective of having all water
supply systems in the State operating at installed capacity. Support for the purchase of
essential vehicles and specialized rolling stock were also included, as well as
production and installation of meters to provide vital operational information Key
rehabilitation and expansion projects under the NUWSRP include:
a. Rehabilitation and expansion of water supply network in Calabar, Ikom,

Ogoja, Obudu, and Itigidi, including improvements of the water intake
facilities, water treatment plants , water storage facilities, water pumping
stations, and transmission and distribution systems.
b. Rehabilitation and expansion of water supply network in Obubra and Okpoma,

including improvement of the water intake facilities, water treatment plants,
water storage facilities, water pumping stations, and transmission and
distribution systems.
19
c. Carrying out of water quality analysis, quality control, maintenance and other
operational duties, including the provision of communication and information
technology and other equipment for commercial operations.
d. Carrying out of an assessment of the safety of Obudu dam in Cross River, and
carrying out civil works for rehabilitation of the dam.
Current figure %
Indicators Unit Baseline
(As at Date) change
Water production in million M3 Million m3 2.102 7.764 269.4
Total length of Distribution network

Km 596 805.6 35
rehab./Constructed
No of connections No 3,441 41,729 1,113
Population served from the systems

No X 106 0.112 0.95 748
under rehabilitation.
Efficiency % Billing 50% 59% 9
%
66% 78% 12
Collection
Total cost of production in

=N=million 550.00 865.00 57
=N=million
Revenue from Water sales in

=N=million 46.82 338.78 624
=N=million.
Cash operating ratio Ratio 9% 39 333.3%
20
Fig. 2.1 Recorded Increase in Key Indicators at CRSWBL
2. Public – Private Partnership (PPP)
In 2003, the concept of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) was reviewed and

accepted by the government of Cross River State, and in December 2003, following
detailed discussions and negotiations with ORTECH Nigeria Limited, the Cross River
State Government signed a tri-partite PPP management contract with ORTECH and
the Cross River State Water Board Limited, with the Cross River State Government as
Guarantor. The PPP contract became effective in 2004, after the new water supply
facility supported by the African Development Bank was Commissioned and ready
for use.
The existing PPP management contract with ORTECH was revalidated till
August 2012. However as of the time of visit, ORTECH was still managing
operations of the CRSWBL, in line with the PPP contract agreement. ORTECH, in
ten years of the PPP management contract, has been able to maintain adequate 24
hours a day water supply services to Calabar metropolis.
21
There is an ongoing procurement activity for the finalisation of the Performance
Based and commercial Assistance Assignment which will procure the services of a
PPP service provider that will be acceptable to all stakeholders in the State.
3. Governance and Human Capacity Building
The Cross River State Water Sector has a Water Policy in place, which provides
information on the water sector policy direction of the State Government. A draft
water sector law has been developed by the State water sector actors, and the State
Executive Council is reviewing the draft law before onward transmission to the
legislatures.
The capacity building programme in the CRSWBL cuts across all departments and
grade levels in the utility. The focus of capacity building as part of the reform in the
utility is to strengthen the competencies of the utility staff, for effective and
sustainable water supply services to the populace. Specifically;
 All the staff of CRSWBL have undergone training to build their capacities to
effectively develop their core competencies in order to drive and sustain the
reform in the sector and the operational effectiveness of the utility.
The core training areas are: Policy, infrastructure programming, procurement, quality
assurance, project management, institutional development, PPP and communication.
4. Operations and Customer Care
Due to the PPP structure in the CRSWBL, the operations of the utility has been
greatly optimized and improved for service delivery. From the organizational
structure above, the operations division of the utility is managed by the PPP partner,
ORTECH, who’s responsible for the smooth operation of water production,
transmission, distribution, metering, billing, and collection.
The PPP partner also manages the customer care unit, which is a 24 hour service, with
well trained and equipped staff to meet the demands of the public. The customer care
unit also manages the communication component of the utility, to ensure that
customers and the general public are well informed of the utility’s activities.
22
5. Planning and Framework Documents
Apart from the development of a water policy for the State, and the draft Water Bill,
the reform programme has supported the development of other planning and
framework documents for the water sector in Cross River State. Significant among the
planning and reform documents produced with the support of the reform programme
to date include; Cross River State Water Policy Cross River State Water Board
Communication Strategy Communications Action Plan.
6. Reforms Challenges
 Physical Infrastructure Activities
 Operational Activities
(http://nwsrp.gov.ng/part.php? n=6)
2.5 Conceptual Frame Work
According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), Conceptual frame work is a

graphical or diagrammatic representation of the relationship between
variables in study. It enables the researcher to see clearly the relationship
between the dependent and the independent variables.
Independent Variables
Sound Monitoring and

evaluation tools at CRSWB:
Moderately Variables:
Monthly reports, quarterly
NGOs supporting communities
reports, stakeholder meeting.
Able staff and proper

Dependent Variables:
institutional structure at CRSWB:
Implementation of water sector
Training, Restructuring. exercise.
reforms.
23
Project master plans and action
plans and comprehensive frame Intervening Variable:
works: No of metered
connection, Donor funding, Other unsafe water source
water revenues.
Timely budgetary allocations

from central government and
donor:
New water project, Fund from

ministry. .
Figure 2. 2 Conceptual framework
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
The study material comprises of the target population of 150 which include 15
senior staff, 35 junior staff, 25 contract staff and 75 Residence in Calabar South,
Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, Akamkpa and its environs. The study
utilizes both primary and secondary data. Secondary data was gathered through
review of the relevant studies. Primary Data on the other hand was collected through
the use of questionnaires. Data was gathered from Cross River State Water Board Ltd
staff at various levels in the organization structure, including its substations and
residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani,
24
Akamkpa and its environs. The researcher put in place measures to ensure that the
sample size was as representative as possible. The use of self-administered
questionnaires to gather data is meant to control the amount of data that the researcher
is able to collect.
3.2 Study Area
The study area is located in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Cross River is
a state in South South Nigeria”,bordering Cameroon to the east. Its capital is Calabar,
and its name is derived from the Cross River (Oyono), which passes through the state.
French, Boki, Ejagham and Efik are major languages of this state.It is a coastal state
located in the Niger Delta region, and occupies 20,156 square kilometers,Population
census in 2016 rank 3,737,517,Density 190/km2 (480/sq mi). It shares boundaries
with Benue State to the north, Ebonyi and Abia States to the west, to the east by
Cameroon Republic and to the south by Akwa-Ibom and the Atlantic Ocean.Its major
towns are Akamkpa, Biase, Calabar South, Ikom, Igede, Obubra, Odukpani, Ogoja,
Bekwarra, Ugep, Obudu, Obanliku, Akpabuyo, Ofutop, Iso-bendghe, Danare, Boki,
Yala, Bendeghe Ekiem, Etomi, Ukpe and Ukelle.The state has been previously
governed by many governors and administrators including Udoakaha J. Esuene, Paul
Omu, Tunde Elegbede, Clement Isong, Donald Etiebet, Daniel Archibong, Ibim
Princewill, Ernest Atta, Clement Ebri, Ibrahim Kefas, Gregory Agboneni, Umar
Faoruk Ahmed, Christopher Osondu, Donald Duke, Liyel Imoke and Benedict Ayade.
The Current Governor is Benedict Ayade, who was sworn into office on the 29th of
May, 2015. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State)
25
Figure 3.1: Map of study Area
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_State)
3.3 Research design
The research used the ex post facto design which according to Borg and Gall
(1996) is the type of investigation where causes are studied after they presumably
have exerted their effect on the variable or variables of interest. This design is the
most appropriate for this study, since the variables under study had already occurred
and the researcher was not able to manipulate them. This study investigated the
factors influencing the implementation of water sector reforms in cross river state
water service board .
3.4 Target population
Kombo, (2006) defines a population as a group of individuals, objects or items

from which samples are taken for measurement. The target population for this study
comprises staff in Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL) including its
substations and Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo,
Odukpani, Akamkpa and environs in Cross River State. The respondents include the
senior staff, junior staff and contract staff, Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar
Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa. The target population of the study
is 150 which include 15 senior staff, 35 junior staff, 25 contract staff and 75
Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and
Akamkpaas given in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1:
Target populationLevel of management Sample
26
Senior staff15
Junior staff35
Contract staff25
Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, 75
Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa
Total 150
3.5 Sample size and sampling procedure
Oso and Onen (2005) defined a sample as part of the target population that has
been procedurally selected to represent it. For this study as Mugenda & Mugenda
(1999) argued, a range of between 10-20% is reasonable enough for the researcher to
draw generalizations about the target population. Therefore a reasonable numbers of
board membersand Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality,
Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa participated in this study.
3.6 Research instruments
The study used both primary and secondary data. The main techniques which was
used in collecting primary data was structured questionnaires and key informant
interviews. Apart from the primary data sources, the study also made use of extensive
secondary data. Secondary data was collected by reviewing reports from government
reports, books, periodicals, journals, newspapers and magazines on water sector and
water reforms in Nigeria and other countries. Secondary data was helpful to furnish a
background fabric and context to the primary data and serve as a precursor to the
primary data collection exercise. In addition, secondary data was useful in cross
checking and confirming the primary data. Information obtained from secondary data
was also used to strengthen findings and draw conclusions.
Structured questionnaires were main tools for data collection. The

questionnaire ensured that it translated all the research objectives into specific
questions which had both open and closed ended questions. To achieve a higher
response rate, the researcher made the questionnaire short and simple. It had brief
introduction paragraph and a plea to the respondents to fill and return the
27
questionnaire. Key informant interviews were also used in this study as it was
believed to be vital in providing an in –depth understanding of the water sector and
the challenges facing the implementation of water sector reforms. This research also
employed the analysis of available literature on the issue under investigation and
collection of data from various sources. Mainly data on water sector reforms was
derived from various policy makers, regulators and implementers like Water Service
regulatory board.
3.7 Instrument validity
Validity is the degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to

measure (Borg & Gall, 1996). To determine validity of the instrument, a pre-test was
carried out by administering the questionnaire to some of my scholarsto make
corrections and modifications on the items of the instrument (Kasomo, 2006).
3.8 Data collection procedures
The research study used both primary and secondary data. To increase the
credibility and validity of the results, the subject matter of the study was warrant
triangulation. The main techniques which was used in collecting primary data was
structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. Apart from the primary data
sources, the study also used extensive secondary data. Secondary data was collected
by reviewing reports from government reports, books, periodicals, journals,
newspapers and magazines on water sector and water reforms in Kenya, Nigeria, and
other countries. Secondary data was helpful to furnish a background fabric and
context to the primary data and serve as a precursor to the primary data collection
exercise. In addition, secondary data was useful in crosschecking and confirming the
primary data. Information obtained from secondary data was also used to strengthen
findings and draw conclusions. Structured questionnaires were main tools for data
collection. The questionnaire ensured that it translated all the research objectives into
specific questions which had both open and closed ended questions. To achieve a
higher response rate, the researcher made the questionnaire short and simple. Brief
introduction paragraph and a plea to the respondents to fill and return the
questionnaire. This research also employed the analysis of available literature on the
issue under investigation and collection of data from various sources. Mainly data on
28
water sector reforms was derived from various policy makers, regulators and
implementers like Cross River State Water Board, Water Service regulatory board
(WASREB).
3.9 Data analysis techniques
After editing and sorting out the questionnaires for completeness, returns, and
coding analysis of the data was done. The quantitative data analysis, descriptive
statistics was used to analyze the data to give the percentages (%), frequencies (f) and
mean. Data was presented in form of tables which will help to explain the relationship
between the variables of study. Qualitative data analysis was carried out from the
open ended questions.
3.10 Ethical Issues:
The research ensured that all respondents were given a free will to participate
and contribute voluntarily to the study. In addition, the researcher made sure that
necessary authorities were consulted and permission granted and due explanations
given to the respondents before commencement of the study. Participants were given
the assurance that their identity will remain anonymous in order to uphold privacy as
well as confidentiality. They were told that the information gathered was only to be
used for the purposes of the study.
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Results and discussions
Table 4.1
How long has the organization been in operation.
Duration Frequenc Percent

(years) y
3-5 yrs 15 10%
29
6-8 yrs 22 14.7%
9-12 yrs 33 22%
13-20yrs 70 46.7%
No ans 10 6.7%
Total 150 100.0
3-5 yrs
6-8 yrs
9-12 yrs
13-20yrs
No ans
Total
Fig. 4.1 Response of duration the organization has stayed in operation
Table 4.1 present the response of duration the organization has stayed in operation. It
was observed that 46.7% said that the organization have been in operation for 13-
20years, 22% said it has stayed for 9-12years, 14.7% said the organization have
stayed for a period of 6-8year, 10% said for a duration of 3-5years while 6.7% did not
provide answer and this gives an indication that they did not have a clear
understanding of when the organization was established or the duration it stayed in
operation.
Table 4.2
How often do the staffs meets with the policy makers to deliberate issues affecting the
water sector reforms and the response
Duration Frequency Percent

Hardly meet 10 6.7%
Monthly 15 10%
Quarterly 50 33.3%
No response 75 50%
Total 150 100%
30
Hardly meet
Monthly
Quarterly
No response
Total
Fig. 4.2. Response of how often do the staffs meets with the policy makers to
deliberate on issues affecting the water sector reforms.
Table 4.2 present Response of how often do the staffs meets with the policy makers to
deliberate on issues affecting the water sector reforms. It was observed that 6.7%
hardly meet, 10% meet monthly, 33.3% meet quarterly while50% did not respond.
The 50% that did not respond is an indication that either they are residence who are
not staffs of CRSWB ltd or have no knowledge of when the board meets, While the
33.3% is a good average of the staffs strength who have the knowledge of when the
board meet. This an indication that, the staffs meet with the policy makers to
deliberate issues affecting the water sector which is aim, at achieving an efficient and
effective way of managing water resource.
Table 4.3
How regular is the Submission of monitoring and evaluation reports
Response Frequency Percent

Yes 70 46.7%
No 5 3.3%
Left blank 75 50%
Total 150 100%
31
Yes
No
Left blank
Total
Fig. 4.3 Response of how regular is the Submission of monitoring and evaluation
reports
Table 4.3 present Response of how regular is Submission of monitoring and

evaluation reports to policy makers. It was observed that 46.7%responded they
normally submit reports to the policy makers as required while 3.3% responded no to
report submission of monitoring and evaluation reports to policy makers. 50% left the
box untick, indicating that either they were residence who are not staffs of CRSWB
ltd or have no knowledge on report submission. The success of the implementation of
the water sector reforms largely depend on how planned activities and outputs are
monitored, evaluated and report submitted, whether when work is done or not.
Table 4.4
How regular do Stakeholders education forum on water sector reforms agenda due
hold.
Response Frequenc Percent%

y
Yes 7 4.7%
No 143 95.3%
Total 150 100%
32
Yes
No
Total
Fig. 4.4. Response of how to establish whether Stakeholders education forum on

water sector reforms agenda due hold.
Table 4.4, present the response whether stakeholders education forum on

water sector reform agenda due hold. it was notice that only 4.7% responded yes that
the stakeholders education forum on water sector due hold while 95.3% of the
response said no that the stakeholder education forum on water sector reforms agenda
is not always conducted. This indicates that the board has no clear focus on raising the
awareness about the reforms in the water sector by educating members of the public
on the benefits of the decentralized service delivery and inviting stakeholders to
participate in the reform process. The board should develop a stakeholder
communication strategy to expand service outreach in its area of jurisdiction. The
information and communication strategy will have an educational value. It is
imperative to educate the public on the dangers of using untreated and polluted water.
It is also necessary to create awareness on the health problems associated with poor
sanitation. This is another area in the water sector reforms which is key to ensuring
that the public has access to safe and quality water. The board thus has to ensure that
industrial effluents are properly treated and do not endanger the lives of the people.
Table 4.5
View on Adequacy and reliability of the monthly reports submitted
Response Frequenc Percent

y
Excellent 3 2 %
Good 138 92%
Fair 9 6%
Total 150 100%
33
Excellent
Good
Fair
Total
Fig. 4.5 View on Adequacy and reliability of the monthly reports submitted
Table 4.5 present response on the adequacy and reliability of monthly reports
submitted. From the survey it was observed that 2% gave an excellent view, 92%
response gave a good view on the adequacy and reliability of the monthly reports
submitted while 6% gave a fair response about the reports. It is imperative to know
that been regular in report submission to the management board and policy maker is
of great importance to the board. The success of the implementation of the water
sector reforms largely depend on how planned activities and outputs are monitored,
evaluated and report submitted, whether when work is done or not. And failure to
submit accurate report will hamper implementation.
Table 4.6
How do you view the Training of workers on management of water resources and
development undertaken by the board.

y
yes 75 50%
no 10 6.7%
34
Left blank 60 40%
Total 150 100%
yes
no
Left blank
Total
Fig. 4.6 View on Training of workers on management of water resources and

development undertaken by the board.
Table 4.6 present responses on training of workers on management of water

resources and development. It was observed that 50% responded yes, 6.7% responded
no while 40% left the box blank. On the average 50% said the workers are always
trained on capacity building. 60% left the box blank, indicating that either they were
residence who are not staffs of CRSWB ltd and are not expected to partake in the
training exercise. To create competitive advantage, the resource and capability should
be unique through encouragement and reward of those employees who generate new
ideas. The pattern of decision about selection, training, rewards and benefits creates a
human resource strategy. The human resource strategy must anticipate the change in
skills and behavior that will be needed to support the strategy, modify the human
resource practices and plan for orderly and timely transition. The Board therefore
needs to commit itself to developing its employees in order to retain the best and
attract the best from the market.
4.7 List of Areas of the training conducted
From the study conducted, One area of interest was that majority of the respondents
were trained on proposal writing, financial management, resource mobilization,
corporate governance, team building, strategic project management, protection of
35
water catchment areas and water conservation. This was very impressive but again it
benefited about a half of the staff who are instrumental in implementation of water
sector reforms within the organization.
Table 4.8
How Lack of training affects work/performance.

yes 140 93.3%
no 5 3.3%
No response 5 3.3%
Total 150 100%
yes
no
No response
Total
Fig. 4.8 How Lack of training affects work/performance.
From Table 4.8, 93.3% of the response concurred with the view that lack of training
affects their work/ performance. 3.3% responded no to how lack of training affects
work/performance, while 3.3% response did not see the importance of training on
water sector reforms. On probing further for those who did not wish to respond to the
question, it emerged that there were some members of staff who were favored than
others when it comes to selection to attend trainings and they feared for retribution
should they be known.
Table 4.9
36
whether any restructuring exercise have ever been undertaken in CRSWBL ever since
inception

y
yes 143 95.3%
no 3 2%
No response 4 2.7%
Total 150 100%
yes
no
No response
Total
Fig. 4.9 Whether any restructuring exercise had been undertaken in CRSWBL
ever since inception
From Table 4.9, 95.3% responded yes that restructuring exercise has been
undertaken inCross River State Water Board Ltd ever since inception, 2% responded
they have no idea on the same issue. 2.7% are almost equal to those who do not know
about it meaning they cannot know about restructuring if they are not trained on it.
The Board needs to be more proactive in outlining the various roles and
responsibilities of the staff of the board that are key to the realization of the strategic
plan. This will in turn influence the implementation of water sector reforms.
Table 4.10
View on the current state of water sector infrastructure within CRSWBL and its
environs
37
y
Good 1 0.67%
Fair 3 2%
poor 146 97.3%
Total 150 100%
Good
Fair
poor
Total
Fig. 4.10 View on the current state of water sector infrastructure within CRSWBL
and its environs
From Table 4.10, 97.3 % responded that the current state of water sector
infrastructure within CRSWBL and its environs is poor. 2% said that the current state
of water sector infrastructure within CRSWBL and its environs is fair while only
0.67% said the current state of water sector infrastructure within CRSWBL and its
environs is good. A source said “It is unfortunate that we find ourselves in this
precarious situation. The situation has compelled both mothers and children to travel
long distances in search of water daily. Concerned residents have appealed to the
Cross River Water Board Limited and local government council to intervene before it
assumes crisis-proportions. Therefore, appealed to government and agencies
responsible for maintenance and repairs of vandalize water facilities to come to their
aid to avert possible outbreak of water borne diseases in the area.
Table 4.11
View on Maintenance of water facilities, assets and extensions of water distribution

lines.
38
y
Yes 2 1.3%
No 148 98.7%
Total 150 100%
Yes
No
Total
Fig. 4.11 View on Maintenance of water facilities, assets and extensions of

water distribution lines
From table 4.11, 98.7% said that the board is lacking in the area of maintenance of its
water facilities, assets and extensions of water distribution lines in the Cross River
State Water Board Ltd and its environs for the last two years while 1.3% said yes.
This however could not verify the number of the assets maintained against the
planned ones within a period of two years. A source at the Cross River Water Board
Limited, who preferred anonymity, disclosed that the outfit would fix the vandalize
water facilities in due course. He, however, explained that the board would not take
responsibility for those willfully damaged by vandals. Also speaking with Niger Delta
Voice, a resident of one of the affected communities, Mrs. Evelyn Sampson, said,
“The situation has compelled both mothers and children to travel long distances in
search of water daily.”
Table 4.12
View on Current implementations status of water infrastructure projects
39
y
Excellent 3 2 %
Good 7 4.7%
Fair 140 93.3%
Total 150 100%
Excellent
Good
Fair
Total
Fig. 4.12 View on Current implementations status of water infrastructure projects
From table 4.12, 93.3% said that the current implementation status of water
infrastructure projects within Cross River State Water Board Ltd is fair while 2%
said its excellent and 4.7% said it is good. The board as an asset holder has a major
role in ensuring that it invests substantially in its WSPs for them to improve water and
sewerage services to its customers. This can be done by increasing its capacity
through extension of coverage service, rehabilitation of existing infrastructure,
development of new infrastructure and other assets complete with forecasts on
revenues, expenditures and investments.
Table on 4.13
View on whether Government/donor funds are used in implementation of water

projects/rehabilitation works.

y
Yes 150 100%
No 0 0.0%
Total 150 100%
40
Yes
No
Total
Fig. 4.13. View on whether Government/donor funds are used in implementation of

water projects/rehabilitation works.
From Table 4.13, 100% said that Government/donor funds were used in the
implementation of water projects/ rehabilitation works. This also raises further
questions on transparency and accountability as well as the ability of the respondents
to know the level of the rehabilitation works and the amount of funds injected into
each project. When the researcher probed on this line, most of them said that at least
work was done on the rehabilitation of the projects. This again gives a pointer on the
type of organizational structure of the institution which could be strict on classified
information regarding its operations. In recent decades developing governments,
bilateral and multinational donors have focused massive efforts on improving
infrastructure and social services. But these efforts have all too often ended in
frustration with investments in capital works failing to produce sustainable flows of
reliable services and with subsidized service provision failing to translate into
improved access of safe water to the poorest. The board needs plans to develop a pro-
poor policy that will ensure that the poor have access to safe water and sanitation
services at subsidized cost which aims at reducing poverty by half by 2015 as an
objective of MDGs.
Table 4.14
View on Sustainability of water sector reforms implementation
y
Strongly Agreed 1 0.7%
Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 12 8%
Disagree 135 90 %
Total 150 100%
41
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.14 View on Sustainability of water sector reforms implementation.
From Table 4.14, 90% disagree that it was difficult to sustain the water sector
reforms implementation due to lack of adequate financial funding, 8% were neutral,
1.3% agree while 0.7% strongly agreed on the view of Sustainability of water sector
reforms implementation. The sustainable management of water resources remain a
pre-condition for economic and social development. This fact is acknowledged in the
Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation (2003) and
poverty Reduction Strategy paper (2002) and The National Water Services Strategy
(2007). A number of challenges to achieving the expected quality and coverage of
water delivery services still remain. First, the capacity of the new institutions to
deliver on their mandates is still low due to the short period that they have been in
existence and their young systems, many of which are still being developed and
streamlined. In this regard, efficient and effective reporting systems will be essential
in keeping track of performance.
Table 4.15
View on Receiving of timely and adequately budgetary allocation.

Yes 5 3.3%
No 143 95.3%
No response 2 1.3%
Total 150 100%
42
Yes
No
No response
Total
Fig. 4.15 View on Receiving of timely and adequately budgetary allocation
From table 4.15, 95.3% said that CRSWBL does not receive timely and
adequate budgetary allocations from the government and donor funding partners.
Only 1.3% of the respondents did not respond to the question while 3.3% responded
yes. Without receiving timely and adequate budgetary allocations from the
government and donor funding partners it will be difficult to run the organization and
maintain water facilities.
4.16 View on Factors affecting implementation of water sector reforms
Table 4.16.1
Lack of Proper Water Infrastructure and Properly Maintained Water

Structures

y
Great extent 138 92 %
Some extent 10 6.7%
Moderately 2 1.3%
Total 150 100%
43
Great extent
Some extent
Moderately
Total
Fig. 4.16.1 Lack of Proper Water Infrastructure and Properly Maintained Water
Structures
From Table 4.16.1, 92% responded to a great extent, that the sector lack
proper water infrastructure and properly maintained water structures. 6.7% responded
to some extent while 1.3% responded moderately. It this evidence that lack of Proper
Water Infrastructure and Properly Maintained Water Structures contribute to the
Factors affecting implementation of water sector reforms in CRSWBL and its
environs.
Table 4.16.2
Lack of Adequate Funds from Budgetary Allocation

y
Great extent 134 89.3 %
Some extent 13 8.7%
Moderately 3 2%
Total 150 100%
Great extent
Some extent
Moderately
Total
44
Fig. 4.16.2. Lack of Adequate Funds from Budgetary Allocation
From table 4.16.2, one of the factors influencing implementation of water

sector reform was low/ lack of adequate funds from budgetary allocations and donor
funds towards financing the water sector development infrastructure. This was
supported by 89.3% who said to a great extent, 8.7% to some extent and only 2% had
a moderate view.
Table 4.16.3
Failure to Adhere to Project Master Plans

Some extent 15 10%
Moderately 120 80%
Not at all 2 1.3 %
Do not know 2 1.3 %
No response 1 0.7%
Total 150 100%
Great extent
Some extent
Moderately
Not at all
Do not know
No response
Total
Fig. 4.16.3 Failure to Adhere to Project Master Plans
From Table 4.16.3. Another factor influencing implementation of water sector

reforms was Failure to Adhere to Project Master Plans, action plans and
comprehensive frameworks in project execution. This was supported by 6.7% who
45
said to a great extent, 10% to some extent and 80 % had a moderate view. Only 0.7%
of the respondents did not respond to the question.
Table 4.16.4
Inadequate Institutional Capacity Structures, Able Staff and administrative order

Some extent 15 10%
Moderately 3 2%
Not at all 10 6.7 %
Do not know 2 1.3 %
No response 5 3.3%
Total 150 100%
Great extent
Some extent
Moderately
Not at all
Do not know
No response
Total
Fig. 4.16.4 Inadequate Institutional Capacity Structures, Able Staff and

administrative order
From Table 4.16.4, 76.7% responded to a great extent feel that lack of
institution capacity structures, able staff and administrative order, affect
implementation of water sector reforms in Calabar and its environs. 10% reply to
some extent, 2% said moderately, 6.7% not at all, 1.3% do not know while 3.3% no
response. To a large extent, the board need to build the capacity of its staff and
directors at both the organization and the WSPs level. It also needs to endeavor to
46
establish sound governance principles and practice tenets of good corporate
governance at the organization and water service providers.
Table 4.16.5
Increase water facilities vandalisation.

y
Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.16.5 Increase water facilities vandalisation.
From Table 4.16.5, 97.3% strongly agreed that sustainability of water sector
reform implementation are affected due to increase water facilities vandalisation.
1.3% agrees, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagrees. This is an indication that this
challenge hinders implementation. Calabar, is currently engaged in a survival fight
with water thieves, debtors and equipment vandals, who illegally obtain water from its
supply channels and destroy its installations, hampering efficient water distribution in
the state. Managing Director of CRSWB, Professor Godwin Igile, who spoke to NDV
on the occasion of the 2017 World Water Day, said the board distributes 180,000
cubic metres of water every day from its seven water plants across the state, but
thousands of water consumers do not to pay their bills while others vandalise water
installations. Prof Igile stated that vandalisation of water pipes, valves and metres
were a major hindrance in efficient water distribution across the state, warning that
the board was on the watch for vandals and would appropriately deal with them by
sending law enforcement agents after them. Offenders to face revenue court: “Those
47
who illegally connect water would soon be arrested because they are water thieves
and those who consume water without paying are also water thieves.
Fig. 4.16.5.1: Vandalise water installations
Table 4.16.6
Financial indebtedness to Electricity Company.

Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
48
11%
1%%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
97%
Figure 4.16.6 Financial indebtedness to Electricity Company
From table 4.16.6, 97.3% responded strongly agreed that sustainability of

water sector reform implementation are affected due to financial indebtedness to
Electricity Company, 1.3% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree. This will cut
electricity supply to CRSWBL’s headquarters and treatment plant, leaving her
consumers to endure long periods without water supply in the
metropolis.“Unfortunately, in the last few months due to very high increase in critical
input like PHCN, which has increased the cost by more than 77 percent and the cost
of getting water from our major source having increased by 100 percent, it is even
more difficult for us to run the water sector when customers are not paying their
bills.” From a source, Mr Tawo explained: “This place used to be powered by three
(3) 1000KVA generators but as you can see for yourself, only one is functioning
which is a huge challenge for us. Although we are working to make sure we have
more than one, we are also making efforts to connect to NIPP so that we can have
constant electricity to be able to work effectively and efficiently, one hour
interruption of electricity can lead to a one week shortage in water supply. Explaining
that no service giver would deliberately produce a bad product or supply its customers
substandard products, he said the company was planning turnaround maintenance,
pleading with the people to pay for the services rendered to them. “On the Atimbo
axis, we have lost about, 15,000 customers in that area alone due to damages done
during the road construction in the area but we have already started re-connection
work to ensure the people have water after two years,” he revealed.
Table 4.16.7
49
Owed salaries for the months

y
Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.16.7 Owed salaries for the months

water sector reform implementation are affected due to owed salaries to workers.
1.3% agrees, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagrees. It effect will lead to Most of the staff
to downed tools. The pilfering of Water Board’s property which emanated from
owing the workers for 17 months, they have not paid, was making it extremely
difficult for operations to go on smoothly and its implication will result to social
unrest within the state.
Table 4.16.8
Private borehole owners

y
Agree 8 5.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
50
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Figure 4.16.8: Private borehole owners

water sector reform implementation is affected due to patronage of private borehole
owners who charge exorbitant rates, have taken over water supply business in the
state. However, the concern is not just the supply by private borehole owners, but the
quality of water they supply, knowing that unclean water is the source of typhoid
fever, cholera and other killer diseases. 5.3% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7%
disagrees.
Fig. 4.16.8 .1: Queue of people buying water from a commercial/private borehole
operator.
Table 4.16.9
51
Pilfering of Water Board’s property.

y
Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Figure 4.16.9 Pilfering of Water Board’s property.

water sector reform implementation are affected due to pilfering of Water Board’s
property , 1.3% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree. workers has unabatedly
stolen from the Treatment Plant due to owing the workers for 17 months, they have
not been paid. Additionally while management claims it is working at making the
place work, it also feels the pilfering of Water Board’s property was making it
extremely difficult for operations to go on smoothly.
Table 4.16.10
The selling of land around the Water Board surroundings and its conversion to a new
residential layout.

Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
52
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.16.10 The selling of land around the Water Board surroundings and its
conversion to a new residential layout.

water sector reform implementation are affected due to the selling of land around the
Water Board surroundings and its conversion to a new residential layout. 1.3% agree,
0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree. This indicate that ,the selling of land around the
Water Board surroundings and its conversion to a new residential layout is not only
disheartening but a huge threat to the health and well-being of residents.“ It is wrong,
pathetic. and unacceptable, we are taking a very big risk. A foreign body can drop in
that plant and the whole city will be gone. Activities of non-staff can pose a big
danger and the proximity of homes to the plant is a big risk. The dumpsite at LEMNA
axis is also said to be affecting the ground water in the area from which the treatment
plant gets its water supply, describing it as a time bomb waiting to explode, not only
disheartening but a huge threat to the health and well-being of residents. This is an
exposure to Pollution.
Fig. 4.16.10.1: A functional borehole head on a portion of the land sold.
53
Table 4.16.
11Structures built on water pipes.

y
Agree 3 2%
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.16.11 Structures built on water pipes.
From Table 4.16.11, 96.6% responded strongly agreed that sustainability of

water sector reform implementation are affected due to Structures built on water
pipes., 2% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree. This is an indication that People
in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa are all
at risk because the water we treat is circulated to these LGAs and when people now
build on top of the raw water pipes, what happens when there is damage.
Table 4.16.12
Water pipes destroyed by govt contractors
54
y
Agree 3 2%
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig 4.16.12 Water pipes destroyed by govt contractors

water sector reform implementation are affected due to Water pipes been destroyed by
govt contractors, 2% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree.“Mrs. Blessing Osor,
who stays at Access Road in Atimbo, told Niger Delta Voice: “Most times I have had
to buy 30 litres of water for N40 or more. We used to buy same or N5. “They collect
N20 when there is public power supply, but once NEPA interrupts even if it is for five
seconds, they start selling for N40. “Only few of them sell for N30, while some good
ones still maintain their normal N20. It is that bad.” According to her, the residents
have complained several times to water board to come and rectify the channel
problem because it was cut off during the construction of the Airport Bye Pass, which
had been commissioned, but nothing was done about it.
Table 4.16.13
Problem of illegal connection
55
y
Agree 2 1.3 %
Neutral 1 0.7%
Disagree 1 0.7 %
Total 150 100%
Strongly Agreed
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Total
Fig. 4.16.13 Problem of illegal connection

water sector reform implementation are affected due to Problem of illegal connection,
1.3% agree, 0.7% neutral while 0.7% disagree. This indicate that Calabar—Cross
River State Water Board, CRSWB, Calabar, is engaged in a survival fight with water
thieves, debtors and equipment vandals, who illegally obtain water from its supply
channels and destroy its installations, hampering efficient water distribution in the
state. Managing Director of CRSWB, Professor Godwin Igile, who spoke to NDV on
the occasion of the 2017 World Water Day, said the board distributes 180,000 cubic
metres of water every day from its seven water plants across the state, but thousands
of water consumers do not to pay their bills while others vandalise water installations.
Prof Igile stated that vandalisation of water pipes, valves and metres were a major
hindrance in efficient water distribution across the state, warning that the board was
on the watch for vandals and would appropriately deal with them by sending law
enforcement agents after them. Offenders to face revenue court: “Those who illegally
56
connect water would soon be arrested because they are water thieves and those who
consume water without paying are also water thieves. We are in partnership with
Internal Revenue Service to set up a revenue court to prosecute offenders.” Igile, who
insisted that the target of N250 million by the state governor was still achievable with
the completion of more six water plants, assured that more households would be
connected to boost its revenue earnings. “We could get up N250 million per month
although it is just a target but we believe it is realisable all things being equal,
especially with the completion of six other water plants in the three senatorial districts
of the state. He also said out of the 41,000 customers on their database, only 4,000
consumers pay water bills regularly, adding, “Over 90 per cent of our people who use
our water are by illegal connections, which no one can even report or know about.
“We have series of leakages sometimes caused by road users and vandalism, though
illegal connections is also part of what is mitigating against our operations and
efforts ,but we will push for laws to prosecute such offenders,”
Table 4.4.14
High cost in Metered Connections to Consumers

y
Yes 147 98%
No 3 2%
Total 150 100%
57
Yes
No
Total
Fig. 4.16.14 High cost in Metered Connections to Consumers
From table 4. 4.14, 98% responded that sustainability of water sector reform
implementation are affected due to high cost in Metered Connections to Consumers.
Only 2% had a different opinion towards the same. Government and agencies
responsible should subsidize the cost of Metered Connections to Consumers.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of Research Findings
To advert the challenges influencing the implementation of water sector

reforms in Cross River State Water Board Ltd and to address the poor water service
performance which is evidence, leading to inadequate delivery of clean, safe and
reliable water to the masses of Cross River State, with an aim of coming up with
solutions that the policy makers and other players in the water sector need to use to
address water challenges. The following challenges/ factors were discovered to
contribute to the problems affecting the implementation of water sector reforms in
Cross River State Water Board Ltd (CRSWBL) including its substations and
Residence living in Calabar South, Calabar Municipality, Akpabuyo, Odukpani,
Akamkpa and environs in Cross River State.
58
1. increase in water facilities vandalisation
2. Patronage of private borehole owners who charges exorbitant rates at
supplying unclean water to citizens which is the source of typhoid fever,
cholera and other killer diseases.
3. The selling of land around the Water Board surroundings and its conversion to
a new residential layout.
4. financial indebtedness to Electricity Company,
5. Non-payment of water debts
6. Owed salaries for the months to workers
7. pilfering of Water Board’s property,
8. Structures built on water pipes,
9. Water pipes destroyed by govt contractors,
10. Problems of illegal connection.
11. The board having no clear focus on raising the awareness about the reforms in
the water sector by way of educating members of the public on the benefits of
the decentralized service delivery and inviting stakeholders to participate in
the reform process.
12. Lacking in the areas of training of workers to enhance their work/
performance.
13. Lacking in the area of maintenance of water facilities, assets and extensions
of water distribution lines.
14. Lacking in the area of adequate financial funding,
15. Delay in receive timely and adequate budgetary allocations from the
government and donor funding partners
16. lack of institutional capacity structures, able staff and administrative order
17. high cost in Metered Connections to Consumers
5.2 Recommendations On The Study
From the study conducted, the following recommendations were made:

1. The board should establish water appeal board dedicated to resolve complaints
2. Government and agencies responsible for maintenance and repairs of
vandalize water facilities to come to the aid of the mass to avert possible
outbreak of water borne diseases in the affected areas.
59
3. The board should set a watch for vandals and those who illegally connect
water be arrested because they are water thieves and those who consume water
without paying are also water thieves. The board should send law enforcement
agents after them and offenders to face revenue court.
4. The state government must as a matter of urgency stop any form of work
going on within the premises of Cross River State Water Board Ltd because it
poses serious health risk to the people of Cross River State.
5. To be able to pay off an outstanding indebtedness to electricity bills, water
consumers should pay their water bills regularly.
6. The workers are entitled of their wages, the government should paid off all
outstanding salary owned to worker and never to own salary.
7. The government and donor agencies should timely, properly and adequate
release budgetary allocations to the board.
8. An Appeal to government to fix whatever the problemsare so that people can
have water 24 hours every day.
References
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(Accessed: April12, 2011). http://www.africanwater.org/sustainability.htm
[2] Arlosoroff, S. (1987):Community water supply. World Bank Publications.
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[5] Caroline Mascarell, 2001:” The quantitative and qualitative water survey
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In thecontext ofwater sector reforms inZimbabwe” AWL workshop pap
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[7] Cherop, E. K. (2012): Factors influencing implementation of reforms In the
Water sector in Mombasa County, Kenya. Unpublished Thesis, University of
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[8] Dale Whittington (2002): Study on Challenges for Water sector Reforms In
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[9] Dayal, R.; van Wijk, C.; Mukherjee, N. Methodology for participatory
assessments with communities, institutions and policy makers. In Linking
Sustainability with Demand, Gender .
[10] Donald Kisilu Kombo, 2006, Sociology of Education, Catholic University of
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[12] George E. Radosewich's (2003): report, “Towards Water Sector Reforms:
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[23] Ministry of Water Irrigation, 2005-2007
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Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Nairobi: Acts Press. MWI,.
61
[25] Republic of Kenya (2012): National Water Policy. Nairobi: Government
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(UNDP). Kenya-UNDP Water Programme. Nairobi: Kenya.
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APPENDIX I
Egidi Boniface Omagu

Department of Civil Engineering
Cross River University of Technology
(CRURECH)
The General Manager

Cross River State Water Board Ltd
Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria.
Dear Sir/Madam
63
LETTER FOR PERMISSION TO CARRYOUT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
ON THE STATUS OF WATER SECTOR REFORMS, CHALLENGES, FACE
WITH IN CROSS RIVER STATE WATER BOARD.
I am pleased to have you as one of the selected participant for this study. Your
participation in this survey is earnestly requested in order to obtain meaningful
results. The information provided will be kept in strict confidence and will be used
only for academic purpose. Only summary results may be disclosed.
This questionnaire survey is part of my B. Eng. project title “Investigative

Study on the Status of Water Sector Reforms, Challenges, Implication and
Optimization: Case Study Of Cross River State Water Board. The main significance
of this survey is to address the poor water service performance which is evidence,
leading to inadequate delivery of clean, safe and reliable water to the masses of Cross
River State. The results of the study will help the Cross River State Water Board Ltd
(CRSWBL in formulating its policies for the success of the water sector reforms. The
study will also come up with solutions and recommendations on how best the board
can develop tools for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the water service
institutions.
Thank you in anticipation
Yours faithfully
Egidi Boniface Omagu
Appendix II
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE RESPONDENTS.
Introduction
My name is Egidi Boniface Omagu, a student of Cross River University of

Technology taking a Degree programme in Civil Engineering .As part of the
requirements for this course; I am carrying out a research on Investigative Study On
The Status Of Water Sector Reforms, Challenges, Implication and Optimization: A
Case Study Of Cross River State Water Board . That is why I am here and I am
requesting you to assist me in answering a few questions about this organization
64
Kindly note that the information provided here will only be used for academic
purposes and will be treated with maximum confidentiality.
Instructions
Please answer these questions to the best of your knowledge. Write your response in
the space provided. Please put a tick (√) where appropriate.
1. How long has the organization been in operation?
a) 3-5 years []
b) 6-8 years []
c) 9-12 years []
d) 13-20 years []
e) No ans years []
f) Total []
2. How often do the staffs meets with the policy makers to deliberate issues
affecting the water sector reforms?
a) Hardly meet []
b) Monthly []
c) Quarterly []
d) No response []
e) Total []
3. How regular is the Submission of monitoring and evaluation reports in

the water sector reforms?
a) Yes []
b) No []
c) Left blank []
d) Total []
4. How regular do Stakeholders education forum on water sector reforms

agenda due hold?
65
1. Yes []
2. No []
3. Total []
5. View on Adequacy and reliability of the monthly reports submitted?
1. Excellent [ ]
2. Good [ ]
3. Fair []
4. Total [ ]
6. How do you view the Training of workers on management of water

resources and development undertaken by the board?
a) Yes []
b) No []
c) Left blank []
d) Total []
7. List of Areas of the training conducted?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………
8. How Lack of training affects work/performance?

1. Yes []
2. No []
3 No response []
4. Total []
9. Whether any restructuring exercises have ever been undertaken in

CRSWBL ever since inception?
1. Yes []
2. No []
66
3. No response []
4. Total []
10. View on the current state of water sector infrastructure within CRSWBL
and its environs?
1. Good []
2. Fair []
3. Poor []
4. Total []
11. View on Maintenance of water facilities, assets and extensions of water

distribution lines?
1. Yes []
2. No []
3. Total [ ]
12. View on Current implementations status of water infrastructure projects?
1. Excellent [ ]
2. Good []
3. Fair []
4. Total []
13. View on whether Government/donor funds are used in implementation of

water projects/rehabilitation works. ?
1. Yes []
2. No []
3. Total [ ]
14. View on Sustainability of water sector reforms implementation?
1. Strongly Agreed []
2. Agree []
67
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
15. View on Receiving of timely and adequately budgetary allocation?
1. Yes []
2. No []
3 No response []
4. Total []
16. View on Factors affecting implementation of water sector reforms?
16.1 Lack of Proper Water Infrastructure and Properly Maintained Water

Structures?
1. Great extent []
2. Some extent []
3. Moderately []
4. Total []
16.2 Lack of Adequate Funds from Budgetary Allocation ?

1. Great extent []
2. Some extent []
3. Moderately []
4. Total []
16.3 Failure to Adhere to Project Master Plans?

1. Great extent []
2. Some extent []
68
3. Moderately []
4. Not at all []
5. Do not know []
6. No response []
7. Total []
16.4. Inadequate Institutional Capacity Structures, Able Staff and

administrative order?
1. Great extent []
2. Some extent []
3. Moderately []
4. Not at all []
5. Do not know []
6. No response []
7. Total []
16.5. Increase water facilities vandalisation?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.6. Financial indebtedness to Electricity Company?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.7. Owed salaries for the months?
69
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.8. Private borehole owners?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.9. Pilfering of Water Board’s property?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.10. The selling of land around the Water Board surroundings and its
conversion to a new residential layout?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.11. Structures built on water pipes ?
70
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.12. Water pipes destroyed by govt. contractors?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.13. Problem of illegal connection?
2. Agree []
3. Neutral []
4. Disagree []
5. Total []
16.14. High cost in Metered Connections to Consumers?
1. Yes []
2. No []
3. Total []
71
72

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background to the Study

Reforms in water sector are considered as an essential pillar in government’s

1.2 Statement of Problems

1.3 Objectives of Study

1.4 Significance of Study

To address the poor water service performance which is evidence, leading to

The aims of embarking on the research are;

The researcher sought to investigate the factors influencing the implementation of

1.7 Limitation of Study

1.1 Operational Definition of Terms

Unaccounted for Water or Non-revenue Water:This is the difference between

Water Appeals Board:This statutory institution is mandated with hearing disputes

2.1 General Overview of the right to water

2.2 General Overview of water sector reforms

Simon, (2014), according to a research conducted on Factors Influencing the

2.3 General Overview of previous reforms Implementation in others country

2.3.1 Implementation of water sector reforms.

Bandaragoda, (2006) working paper 108, conducted a study, using

Radosewich, (2003) conducted a study towards water sector reforms, a policy

Barreiro, (2003) conducted a study on implementing integrated water

In Zimbabwe, the local community management groups known as the water

A study by Cherop (2012) on factors influencing implementation of reforms in

2.3.2 Monitoring and evaluation of water sector reforms

Samad, (2005) conducted a study on macro level institutional changes on

Uwejamomere, (2007) conducted a water aid case study in Ghana on civil

A study conducted by Wambulwa, (2008) on the background and status of

2.3.3 Water Sector reforms Approaches Adopted

Tushaar, (2004) conducted a study on Lesson’s learned for India’s water

2.3.3.2 In Pakistan and Srilanka

Saleh Dinar, (2004) conducted a methodological approach based on the

2.3.3.3In Eastern Europe

Caroline Mascarell, (2001) conducted a study called the Odessa Initiative,

Claudious Chikozho, (2002) conducted a study on Shona customary practices

The study recommended that it was of paramount importance for the

Asante, (2010) conducted a study on quantifying the cost of sustainable water

Poor governance of water has dominated the world and is represented by

Uganda National Water Development Report, (2005) was conducted on the

2.4 General Overview of current status of water sector reforms in Cross

To Increase Sustainable Access to Piped Water Networks in The Urban Centres

 Increase Access to Piped Water Networks Nationwide.

 Improve Service Reliabilty and Financial Viability of Water Utilities.

 Create Enabling Environment for Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the

 To improve the reliability of water supply produced by the water treatment

 To increase access to pipe-borne water in Cross River State

 To improve the commercial viability of urban water utility (CRSWBL)

 System Rehabilitation and Expansion

 Public Private Partnership (PPP)

 Sector Reform and Institutional Development

2.4.1 Reforms Activities and Outcomes

a. Rehabilitation and expansion of water supply network in Calabar, Ikom,

b. Rehabilitation and expansion of water supply network in Obubra and Okpoma,

Water production in million M3 Million m3 2.102 7.764 269.4

Total length of Distribution network

No of connections No 3,441 41,729 1,113

Population served from the systems

Efficiency % Billing 50% 59% 9

Total cost of production in

Revenue from Water sales in