PRACTICE TEST 22-8

Part 2. You will hear two students, Bella and Tom, discussing an article they have read about a woman
astronaut. For questions 1-5, decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 pts)
1. The speakers agree that being an astronaut is an unexpected job for woman. T
2. Bella particularly admires the astronaut Ellen Ochoa because of her determination to fulfil a childhood
dream. F
3. Tom was surprised to learn that people who want to become astronauts should have experience as
aeroplane pilots. F
4. Bella thinks the most interesting part of Ellen’s life is coping with unexpected problems. F
5. Tom and Bella both now decide to go to some talks on space travel in films and literature. T

Part 3. You will hear part of a radio interview with an economist. For questions 1-5, choose the answer
(A, B. C or D), which fits best according to what you hear. (10 pts)
1. According to the Fawcett Society,
A. women would need to work into their eighties to earn as much money as men.
B. good qualifications aren’t necessarily rewarded with high wages.
C. women will never earn as much as men.
D. more women have degrees than men.
2. What is said about careers advice in schools?
A. It has been improved but it is still inadequate.
B. It is now quite good for girls but boys are being neglected.
C. There is no advice for girls that are ambitious.
D. Girls are always encouraged not to be ambitious.
3. According to Jim,
A. women are to blame for not insisting on higher wages.
B. new government policies have solved most of the problems.
C. there is nothing more the government can do.
D. women shouldn’t necessarily be encouraged to change their choice of career.
4. A London School of Economics report showed that
A. women who worked part-time found it difficult to get a full-time job later on.
B. after having children, women find it harder to earn as much money as men.
C. women find it hard to find a job after having children.
D. most women want a full-time job after having a child.
5. What does the “stuffed shirt” policy mean?
A. Women are being forced to choose between family commitments and work.
B. Only men can have part-time senior positions.
C. Women don't get the opportunity to train for high-powered jobs.
D. No woman can have a senior position.

Part 4. For questions 1-10, listen to a talk about how curry from India conquered Britain and supply the
blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS taken from the recording
for each answer in the space provided. (20 pts)
Curry is the anglicized version of the Tamil word Kari, meaning a spiced sauce and was commonly used to
describe any 1._stew-like food_ originating from the Indian subcontinent.
Although the first 2.__definite mention_ of curry was in 1598, it was not until mid-18 th century that the first
known curry recipe was published in Britain.
The first Indian restaurant in Britain, albeit 3._shortlived_, served a wide range of dishes.
Chicken curry, which used an elderly fowl, then entered the 4.__mainstream repertoire___.
At the early stage, the British curry stuck to Indian spices, blending meaty stews with a variety of
ingredients but, nonetheless, without 5.__british palates___.
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In the 19th century, however, the British curry started to distance from the original recipe, with mango being
replaced by 6.__pickled cucumbers_____ and ready-made spice mixed with 7.____galore__.
Curry only boomed after the second World War when the 8.__partition of india___ resulted in mass
migration to Britain.
In the 1970s, the dish was both 9._cheap and cheerful___, and catered to the tastes of British people.
In 2001, British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook 10.__declared boldly_ that chicken tikka masala, an Indian
dish, was a true British national dish.

B. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (40 points)

Part 1. Choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes each of the following
sentences. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (20 points)
1. You will find their house __________ you take a good street map with you.
A. as long as B. even if C. unless D. otherwise
2. ......I'd like to help you out, I'm afraid I just haven't got any spare money at the moment.
A. Much as B. Try as C. Even D. Despite
3. Mr. Nixon refused to answer the questions on the _______ that the matter was confidential.
A. reason B. excuses C. grounds D. foundations
4. “Don’t look so worried! You should take the boss’s remarks with a ______ of salt.”
A. teaspoon B. pinch C. gray D. dose
5. I caught the last bus by the skin of my _________.
A. teeth B. leg C. neck D. mouth
6. The police ____ off the street when the bomb had gone off.
A. cordoned B. battened C. fastened D. shuttered
7. She doesn’t like to keep anything hidden: she always _________ her mind.
A. talks B. speaks C. tells D. says
8. We were under no _________ about how difficult it would be to achieve our aims.
A. fantasies B. daydreams C. illusions D. deceptions
9. The local authorities need to _________ down on illegal parking, in my opinion.
A. hit B. force C. move D. crack
10. The doctor thought he had got over the worst, but his condition suddenly _________.
A. deteriorated B. dismantled C. dissolved D. disintegrated
11. I’ve got such a _________ headache that I can’t concentrate on the lecture.
A. beating B. drumming C. hammering D. throbbing
12. _________ cars usually have special and unique things that the owners wish to have.
They are certainly more expensive.
A. Man-made B. Custom-made C. Well-kept D. Well-dressed
13. He is too _____ a gambler to resist placing a bet on the final game.
A. instant B. compulsive C. spontaneous D. continuous
14. The train _______ the bay and then turned inland for twenty miles.
A. coasted B. skirted C. edged D. sided
15. The smoke _________ from the burning tires could be seen from miles.
A. bulging B. radiating C. billowing D. sweeping
16. We intend this to be a(n) _________ project, taking us into the next decade.
A. constant B. incessant C. steady D. ongoing
17. Mr. Parris said he’d like _________ by Monday, if that’s possible.
A. finished the report B. the report finished
C. the report will be finished D. have the report finished
18. _______ at his lessons, he couldn’t catch up with his classmates.
A. Hardly as he worked B. Hard as he worked C. Hard as he do D. Hard as he was
19. I came.......an old friend while I was in the park.
A. in B. across C. over D. for
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20. If you don’t like this pen. Take .................. . There are some left in the box.
A. another B. one other C. others D. the other
II. The passage below contains 10 mistakes. IDENTIFY and CORRECT them. Write your answers in the
space provided.
The notion of work-life balance is something many a 20-something-year-old would have a good chuckle at, for their
is the grim reality of the rat racing, which they are caught up in from the moment they leave university, if, that is, in
the harsh economic climate that exist at present, they are lucky enough to find a job at the first place. And to make
matters worst, exorbitant house prices push them further and further out into the commuter belt , from where they
have to endure long commutes to and from work daily. And even here in suburbia affordable accommodation is
basical a thing of the past, so not only they have to contend with the debt burden they inherited on leaving college,
they also have mortgage or rental payments to cover. In an effort to safeguarding their precious jobs, and, indeed,
their financial futures, they work tirelessly, making overtime and staying in the office after hours hoping to score
brownie points with the boss. They return home late at night having burnt the midnight oil, tired and stressed, and
with little time to unwind after they are into another day’s toil.

C. READING (60 points)

Part 1. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks (15 points)
A LANGUAGE EXPERIMENT
Language is thought to be a (n) (1) ................... for transmitting the information within thoughts. One
experiment used to demonstrate this idea (2) ................. subjects to listen to a short passage of several
sentences, then to repeat the passage. Most people will accurately convey the (3)................... of the passage
in the sentences they produce, but will not come close to repeating the sentences verbatim. It appears that
two (4).................... are occurring. Upon hearing the passage, the subjects convert the language of the
passage into a more abstract representation of its meaning, which is more easily (5).................... within
memory. Then in order to recreate the passage, the subject (6).................. this representation and converts
its meaning back into language.
This separation of thought and language is less intuitive than it might be because language can be a
powerful (7).................. with which to manipulate thoughts. It provides a mechanism to internally rehearse,
critique and (8)...................thoughts. This internal form of communication is (9)................... for a social
animal and could certainly be, in part, responsible (10)………….. the strong selective pressures for
improved language use.
1. A. indication B. mechanism C. obligation D. invention
2. A. requires B. obtains C. demands D. promotes
3. A. hunch B. hub C. gist D. precision
4. A. transformations B. instigations C. iterations D. applications
5. A. stored B. reminded C. acquired D. retrieved
6. A. supplies B. discovers C. reveals D. recalls
7. A. boon B. prompt C. tool D. motive
8. A. obscure B. modify C. reflect D. accept
9. A. incidental B. insignificant C. essential D. definitive
10. A. for B. to C. with D. as

Part 2. Read the following text and fill in the blank with ONE suitable word. Write your answers in
corresponding numbered boxes.
Food for a future
Jon Wynne-Tyson was an original thinker whose best-known book “Food for a future” was
published in 1975. In this classic work, a case was put forward for (1) ____________ can only be described
as a more responsible and humane attitude towards the world’s food resources. It had gradually (2)
____________ clear to Wynne-Tyson that the economics and ecology of meat production did not make

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sense. What justification was (3) ____________, he argued, for using seven tonnes of cereal to produce one
tonne of meat?
Even today, the book’s succinct style makes it compulsively readable. (4) ____________ his
approach is basically an emotional one, Wynne- Tyson goes to great lengths to back (5) ____________
every statement with considerable supporting evidence and statistical data. Thus, even (6) ____________ of
us who are widely read on the subject of vegetarianism will gain fresh insights from this book. It is
generally agreed that his most skillful achievement is the slow revelation of his main thesis (7)
____________ the arguments unfold. The book concludes that a move away from an animal-based diet to
one which is based on plant sources is inevitable in the long-term, in (8) ____________ of the fact that there
is no sound nutritional, medical or social justification for meat eating. (9) ____________ of whether you
agree with such a conclusion or not, the book certainly makes (10) ____________ fascinating read.

Part 4. For questions 76-85, read an extract from an article and choose the answer A, B, C or D that fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
Livestrong - but will the legacy?
In the early- to mid-1990s, Lance Armstrong was on the up-and-up. Success seemed to be written in his stars; he
notched up a stage win at the '93 Tour de France, then another in '95. This cyclist was clearly coming of age in the
sport, and he was, at 24 on registering his second tour win, still a relative baby in cycling terms - most of his career
lay ahead of him. Then, just when it looked like he would conquer all before him, his '96 tour was cut
disappointingly short due to illness. And, as it would soon emerge, this was no ordinary illness; Armstrong had
testicular cancer. Fans were aghast and there was an outpouring of sympathy for him.
But Armstrong would need more than goodwill to get through this. The cancer had metastasized to the lungs and the
brain. The prognosis was not at all good. Months of spirit- and body-breaking chemotherapy followed and a delicate
surgical procedure to remove the malignancies on his brain was performed. Cycling mourned the surely permanent
loss to the sport of one of its most promising young disciples. But Armstrong wasn't finished yet.
In 1998, he made a remarkable, defiant and inspirational return to cycling and competed in the Tour de France again
the following year. But surely his would now only be a cameo role; after all, what could one expect from a cancer
survivor with a compromised liver and the other familiar scars of cancer therapy? Except Armstrong had other
ideas.
Four stage wins later, the legend of Armstrong was born; he had claimed the Tour and defied the odds in the most
emphatic of manners. His victory represented not just his announcement as a force in cycling, but as a force for hope
for millions of cancer sufferers the world over. Indeed, Armstrong threw himself into campaigning for his newly-
established cancer foundation, Livestrong - so much so that he metamorphosed into a sort of human-embodiment of
the cause — lie became the cause, and his annual battle with the French Alps came to represent the struggle against
the deadly disease. So long as Lance could succeed, there was hope.
And succeed he did, beyond the wildest expectations of even the most optimistic of his supporters, amassing a
further six titles — so seven in consecution — before he retired in 2005. [A] His achievements were simply
remarkable; his story absorbing; his book a must-read for all cancer sufferers — their ray of hope; proof that
hopefulness should never fade and that sanguinity can and does make light of the odds - the tunnel, though long and
at times excruciating to pass through, has an end, and it is a happy one — the light is in sight.
[B] After his seventh victory, he retired and the sporting world entered congratulatory mode, writing his eulogies.
[C] There were whispers of a comeback, confirmed in 2009, and so it was that the legend would ride again.
But the renewed focus on him wasn't all good; there were whispers of another kind, too; sources, some credible,
were claiming he had had an illicit ally all through his exploits; he was, they claimed, in bed with the syringe. [D]
Our champion laughed off and dismissed these claims but the rumours persisted and a cloud began to form over his
legacy. Surely Armstrong could not have earned his victories clean, some said.
We may never know for sure. Fast-forward to 2012 and despite an abandoned federal case, those sharpening their
knives for Armstrong seem to have finally nabbed him; ASADA, the U.S. body tasked with cracking down on drug
offenders charged Armstrong with doping and the trafficking of drugs - and some say his failure to contest is
indicative of his guilt. At any rate, because he pleaded no-contest, he will now be stripped of all his titles; his legacy
has been pulled from under him.
And yet he has not, and now may never he tried, so we have not seen the evidence against him. We do not know if he
is guilty or innocent, and it still remains fact that he never failed an official drugs test. Did he cheat? Does it matter?

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Does anyone care? Time may tell, but for now, though his legacy is tainted, his legend, in the eyes of many of his
loyal supporters, lives on.

76. The phrase ‘on the up-and-up’ in the first paragraph could be best replaced by
A. growing physically stronger B. increasingly attracting public attention
C. making steady progress D. flourishing financially
77. What does the writer mean when he says in the first paragraph that Lance Armstrong was 'coming of age in the
sport'?
A. he was of the right age to be a competitive cyclist
B. he was nearly at the age at which it is expected that a cyclist should win
C. he was of a mature age for a cyclist and had few years left in the sport
D. he was beginning to figure as a real contender in his sport
78. Which of the following statements is true about the cancer Armstrong had?
A. he recovered remarkably quickly from it, suffering little
B. it started in the lungs and spread to the brain
C. doctors were optimistic about his chances of survival
D. the generally held view was that it would prevent him from cycling professionally ever again
79. Why does the writer say, 'Except Armstrong had other ideas', at the end of the third paragraph?
A. Armstrong was determined to play some role in the Tour de France again
B. Armstrong's idea of victory had changed since he'd had cancer.
C. Armstrong was determined to defy the odds and become a real contender in the Tour de France.
D. Armstrong didn't want to race for victory, he just wanted to represent cancer victims.
80. What does the writer compare Armstrong's Tour de France campaign struggle each year after his return to the
sport with?
A. the general fight against cancer B.a cancer organisation
C. his fundraising for cancer D.Armstrong's own personal cancer experience
81. What is one of the ways in which his story became about more than just cycling?
A. his published biography became a source of inspiration for cancer sufferers
B. cycling through a tunnel was like fighting cancer
C. he gave people hope that they could one day be professional athletes, too
D. he gave people the belief to fight the disease that is drug-taking in sport
82. In the text, look at the marks [A], [B], [C] and [D] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to
the passage.
But Armstrong had one more surprise for us; he wasn't finished yet.
Where would this sentence fit best?
[A] [B] [C] [D]
83. The word ‘illicit’ in the seventh paragraph is closest in meaning to
A. ill-informed B. illegitimate C. ill-intentioned D. illusory
84. What can be inferred about the rumours of Armstrong's drug-taking?
A. they were disproved in a state court case
B. they have not caused Armstrong's reputation and record any harm
C. they were eventually proved true beyond doubt
D. he had, but passed up, an opportunity to disprove them
85. Which of the following can be implied from the information in the article?
A. Armstrong possessed an innate talent for cycling.
B. Optimism was crucial to Armstrong’s battle against his deadly condition.
C. Cancer came as a shock to Armstrong amid the heights of his career success.

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D. Use of performance-enhancing drugs is legal under specific circumstances.

Part 5. You are going to read an article about advertising to teenagers. For questions 1-10, choose from the
sections (A-E). The sections may be chosen more than once.
Which section
1. questions the ethics of those who advise companies?
2. includes a specific figure that illustrates just how successful one marketing strategy is?
3. calls for greater media awareness among young consumers?
4. explains the reason behind a typical preoccupation of teens?
5. mentions the increase in ads directed at a certain sector of the population?
6. gives examples of hidden advertising?
7. harshly criticizes advertisers for their lack of conscience?
8. describes how advertisers gain an understanding of the adolescent mind?
9. explains why some common features of advertisements are so effective?
10. mentions how young people assist advertisers without realizing it?

Targeting Teens
A. Today, we are surrounded by advertising. We see adverts on TV, on billboards, at sporting events, in magazines
and on social media. And although advertising has been around for many years in one form or another, in recent
years, we have seen a worrying trend in the aggressive targeting of younger consumers, who tend to lack media
awareness. In fact, advertisers spend more than $12 billion per year just to reach the youth market alone. Ads aimed
at teens are incredibly sophisticated. Clever slogans coupled with striking images are part and parcel of many ads.
Many ads also have catchy, upbeat music or memorable jingles. The constant repetition of such ads means that when
shopping, teens are drawn to that specific soft drink, hamburger or sports shoe. According to Peter Logan, who
works for a is watchdog agency committed to protecting the consumer, "There is a whole battery of sales techniques
used by companies to get adolescents to purchase their products."

B. Youth advertising is aimed at creating a need. Teens often claim not to be swayed by ads, but the truth is they may
not even realize why they think something is cool. As Helen Davis, an adolescent psychologist explains, "This type
of advertising works subtly to instil insecurity about your appearance, whether it's body shape, skin condition or
weight. You are then told a certain product can go a long way towards correcting the problem. Teens are subjected to
a constant barrage of messages suggesting which products will enhance their appearance and help them look cool or
feel confident, thereby guaranteeing their popularity." Celebrity endorsement of some of these products by stunning
young teen icons or social influencers on the Internet strengthens the message still further. Such ads shamelessly play
on adolescent anxieties, with the overall message being that you become the person you want to be by making the
right purchase. The fact that teenage girls in the US spend $9 billion a year on make-up and skin products alone is
testament to this.

C. Emphasizing brand names is another technique directed at young people, who are attracted to the prestige that
brands confer. According to school counsellor Andrea Haines, "As the average teenager engages in the difficult task
of carving out their identity, the issue of fitting into a peer group becomes paramount. Brands have become badges
of membership in a social group." Marketing executives are keen to establish brand recognition in teens, and even
pre-teens, in order to win their loyalty to a product. In a recent survey, three-year-olds could match logos to brands
— McDonalds being the most recognized fast food. Companies are increasingly exploiting digital media in their
advertising campaigns to do this. "Manufacturers can reach greater so numbers of adolescent consumers by tapping
into peer relationships on social networking sites," explains Peter Logan. "Teens don't grasp that sharing a video or
meme of a brand they have 'liked' provides free advertising for the manufacturer."

D. According to Helen Davis, psychologists specializing in teenage behaviour are often consulted by advertising
agencies targeting young people. "These experts share their knowledge of teenage anxieties, fantasies and emotional
and social needs with the advertising industry," she explains. "It's a practice seen by many of my contemporaries as
morally questionable." With the help of these insights into the teenage psyche, manufacturers are developing ever
more sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people. Apple's iPod ads are a case in point. They don't ask
teenagers which iPod they prefer, but instead pose a more thought-provoking question: "Which iPod are you?" Thus
they deliberately blur the line between self-image and product.
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E. All of this begs the question as to whether teens have their own taste or whether it is being dictated to them. Many
parents and educators feel that teens should become more savvy regarding advertising. "Young people have to be
made aware of how their preferences are being manipulated," says Andrea Haines. "They could be encouraged to
spot product placement, for example, the Benetton shirt on the hero in their favourite TV series or the Nike shoes in
an action film, both of which register with them almost without their realizing." Analysing their desire for a certain
product could help teens see whether it really reflects their taste or not, and whether they really need it. After all,
being a discerning consumer means not being manipulated by clever advertising into buying something you don't
really need and which is unlikely to make you any happier.

Part 4. Read the passage and answer the questions from 1-10 (15 points)
Read the passage and do the tasks that follow
Stars without the stripes.
Managing cultural diversity is a core component of most masters programs these days. The growth of
Japanese corporations in the sixties and seventies reminded us that there were other models of business than
those taught by Harvard professors and US-based management consultants. And the cultural limits to the
American model have more recently been in underlined by developments in Russia and central Europe over
the past decade.
Yet in Britain, we are still more ready to accept the American model of management than most other
European countries. As a result, UK managers often fail to understand how business practices are
fundamentally different on the Continent. One outcome is that many mergers and acquisitions, strategic
alliances and joint ventures between British and European companies do not achieve their objectives and
end in tears.
Alternatively, managers may avoid a merger or joint venture which makes sense from a hard-nosed strategic
point of view because they fear that different working practices will prevent their goals from being
achieved.
Essentially, Anglo-Saxon companies are structured on the principles of project management. In the eighties,
companies were downsized, with tiers of management eliminated. In the nineties, management fashion
embraced the ideas of business process re-engineering, so organizations were broken down into customer-
focused trading units. Sometimes these were established as subsidiary companies, at other times as profit-
and-loss or cost centers.
Over the past ten years, these principles have been applied as vigorously to the UK public sector as to
private-sector corporations. Hospitals, schools, universities, social services departments, as well as large
areas of national government, now operate on project management principles — all with built-in operational
targets, key success factors, and performance-related reward systems.
The underlying objectives for this widespread process of organizational restructuring have been to increase
the transparency of operations, encourage personal accountability to become more efficient at delivering
service to the customer, and directly relate rewards to performance.
The result is a management culture which is entrepreneurially oriented and focused almost entirely on the
short term, and highly segmented organizational structures — since employee incentives and rewards are
geared to the activities of their own particular unit.
This business model has also required the development of new personal skills. We are now encouraged to
lead, rather than to manage by setting goals and incentive systems for staff. We have to be cooperative team
members rather than work on our own. We have to accept that, in flattened and decentralized organizations,
there are very limited career prospects. We are to be motivated by target-related rewards rather than a
longer-term commitment to our employing organization.
This is in sharp contrast to the model of management that applies elsewhere in Europe. The principles of
business process re-engineering have never been fully accepted in France, Germany, and the other major
economies; while in some Eastern European economies, the attempt to apply them in the nineties brought
the economy virtually to its knees, and created huge opportunities for corrupt middle managers and
organized crime.
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Instead, continental European companies have stuck to the bureaucratic model which delivered economic
growth for them throughout the twentieth century. European corporations continue to be structured
hierarchically, with clearly defined job descriptions and explicit channels of reporting. Decision making,
although incorporating consultative processes, remains essentially top-down.
Which of these two models is preferable? Certainly, the downside of the Anglo- American model is now
becoming evident, not least in the long-hours working culture that the application of the decentralized
project management model inevitably generates.
Whether in a hospital, a software start-up or a factory the breakdown of work processes into the project—
driven targets leads to over-optimistic goals and underestimates of the resources needed. The result is that
the Success of projects often demands excessively long working hours if the targets are to be achieved.
Further, the success criteria, as calibrated in performance targets, are inevitably arbitrary and the source of
ongoing dispute. Witness the objections of teachers and medics to the performance measures applied to
them by successive governments. This is not surprising. In a factory producing cars the output of
individuals is directly measurable, but what criteria can be used to measure output and performance in
knowledge-based activities such as R&D labs, government offices, and even the marketing departments of
large corporations?
The demands and stresses of operating according to the Anglo-American model seem to be leading to
increasing rates of personnel burn-out. it is not surprising that managers queue for early retirement. In a
recent survey, just a fifth said they would work to 65. This could be why labor market participation rates
have declined so dramatically for British 50 year-olds in the past twenty years.
By contrast, the European management model allows for family-friendly employment policies and working
hours directives to be implemented. It encourages staff to have a long-term psychological commitment to
their employing organizations. Of course, companies operating on target-focused project management
principles may be committed to family-friendly employment policies in theory. But, if the business plan has
to be finished by the end of the month, the advertising campaign completed by the end of next week, and
patients pushed through the system to achieve measurable targets, are we really going to let down our
’team’ by clocking out at 5 p.m. and taking our full entitlement of annual leave? Perhaps this is why we
admire the French for their quality of life.
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the writer’s views in Reading Passage? Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO, if the state does not agree with the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

1. Attempts by British and mainland European firms to work together often fail.
2. Project management principles discourage consideration of long-term issues.
3. There are good opportunities for promotion within segmented companies.
4. The European model gives more freedom of action to junior managers.

Questions 5-10
Complete the summary below. Choose the answers from the box and write the corresponding words in
boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet. There are more choices than spaces, so you will not need to use all of
them.
Adopting the US model in Britain has had negative effects. These include the 5……………….. hours spent
at work, as small sections of large organizations struggle to 6………………. unrealistic short-term
objectives. Nor is there 7…………………. on how to calculate the productivity of professional, technical,
and clerical staff, who cannot be assessed in the same way as 8……………… employees. In addition,
managers within this culture are finding the 9………………….of work too great, with 80% reported to be
unwilling to carry on working until the normal retirement age.

List of words
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 argument temperature reach manufacturing
increasing able office pressure negative
predict declining agreement

Question 10: Choose the correct letter A, B, C, or D. Which of the following statements best describes
the writer’s main purpose in Reading Passage?
A. to argue that Britain should have adopted the Japanese model of management many years ago
B. to criticize Britain’s adoption of the US model, as compared to the European model.
C. to propose a completely new model that would be neither American nor European
D. to point out the negative effects of the existing model on the management of hospitals in Britain

D. WRITING
Part 1: Part I. Use the word(s) given in brackets and make any necessary additions to write a new sentence in
such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence. Do NOT change the form of the
given word(s).

1. The reason why the two cars collided has been unknown. Noone
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Our teacher never let us leave the school. To
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….
3. Although he was over slept, Clive wasn’t late for work. Up

4. He really wants to see animals living in the wild. (INTENT)

He ... …………………………………………. .... animals living in the wild.
5. She’s not very good at arranging flowers. (FLAIR)
She .... …………………………………………..... arranging flowers.
6. The handling of the matter has been heavily criticized by the press. (SCORN)
The press has …………………………………………. the handling of the matter.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
7. He didn't want to get into a position where he might lose all his money.
He didn't want to expose ... ………………………………………… all his money.
8. If you remember, I was the one who started this project in 1995.
If you cast ...………………………………………….... I was the one who started this project in 1995.

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