MOBILE COMMUNICATION

ABSTRACT
From mobile telephone, to broadband wireless access, to inside buildings and across campuses, it is clear that wireless communication will become a ubiquitous means of transport for information in the 21st century. In this third generation standard was described. Companies developing 3G equipment envision users having the ability to receive live music, conduct interactive web session, and have simultaneous voice and data access with multiple parties at the same time using a single mobile handset, whether driving, walking, or standing still in an office setting. The current state-of-the-art of broadband millimeter wave systems were presented, along with the vision for wireless LMDS broadband networks as a complement to the existing fiber backbone. Current WLAN developments, and the evolution of WLANs from incompatible low data rate devices to powerful multi-megabit standardized networks were highlighted. Current WLAN standard activities were also presented. Finally, the emergence of Blue tooth, and the concept of a personal area network (PAN) were described. Armed with a high level understanding of the various emerging markets and competing technology choices facing the wireless telecommunication industry.

INTRODUCTION:
The ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radios ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. That was in 1897, and since then new wireless communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people throughout the world. Particularly during the past ten years, the mobile radio communications industry has grown by orders of magnitude, fueled by digital and RF circuit fabrication improvements, new large-scale circuit integration, and other miniaturization technologies which make portable radio equipment smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Digital switching techniques have facilitated the large scale deplyment of affordable, easy-to-use radio communication networks. These trends will continue at an even greater pace during the next decade.

Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks:

3G systems promise unparallel wireless access in ways that have never been possible before. Multi-megabit internet access, communication using voice over internet protocol VoLP), voice-activated calls, unparalleled network capacity, and ubiquitous always-on access are just some of the advantage being touted by 3G developers. Union (ITU) formulated a plan to implement a global frequency band in the 2000 MHz range that would support a single, ubiquitous wireless communication standard for all countries throughout the world. Several variants of CDMA 2000 are currently being developed, but

they all are based on the fundamentals of IS-95and IS-95b technologies. W-CDMA is based on the network fundamentals of GSM, as well as the merged versions of GSM and IS- 136 through EDGE. Countries throughout the world are currently determining new radio spectrum bands to accommodate the 3G networks that will likely be deployed in the 04-05 time frames. ITUs 2000world radio conference established the 2500-2690MHz, 1710-1885MHz, and 806-960MHz bands as candidates for 3G.

3G W-CDMA (UMTS):
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications system (UMTS) is a visionary air interface standard that has evolved since late 1996 under the auspices of the European Telecommunications Standards instuite (ETSI). Several competing wide band CDMA (W-CDMA) proposals agreed to merge into a single W-CDMA standard, and this resulting W-CDMA standard is now called as UMTS. UMTS, orW-CDMA, assures backward compatibility with the second-generation GSM, IS-136, and PDC TDMA technologies, as well as all 2.5G TDMA technologies. The network structure and bit level packaging of GSMdata is retained by W-CDMA, width additional capacity and bandwidth provided by a new CDMA air interface. The various 2G and 2.5G TDMA technologies will evolve into a unified W-CDMA standard. Today, W-CDMA is the primary focus of the 3GPP world standard body, and while ETSI remains the organizational body that coordinates the W-CDMA standards effort, W-CDMA development now involves leading manufactures, carriers, engineers, and regulators from throughout the world within the 3GPP community. The 3GPP standards body is developing W-CDMA for both wide area mobile cellular coverage (using FDD) as well as indoor cordless type application (using TDD). The 3G W-CDMA air interface standard had been designed for always-on packet-based wireless service, so that computers, entertainment devices, and telephones may all share the same wireless network and be connected to the Internet, anytime, anywhere. W-CDMA will support packet data rates up to 2.048Mbps per user (if the user

is stationary) thereby allowing high quality data, multimedia, streaming audio, streaming video, and broadcast type service to consumers. Future version of W-CDMA will support stationary user data rates in excess of 8Mbps. W-CDMA provides public and private network features, as well as videoconferencing and virtual home entertainment (VHE). W-CDMA designers contemplate that broadcasting, mobile commerce (mcommerce), games, interactive video, and virtual private networking will be possible throughout the world, all the world, all from a small portable wireless device. W-CDMA requires a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz, which is an important distinction from the other G standards. Although W-CDMA is designed to provide backward compatibility and interoperability for all GSM, IS- 136/PDC, GPRS, and EDGE equipment and applications, it is clear that the wider air interface bandwidth of W-CDMA requires a complete change out of the RF equipment at each base station. With W-CDMA data rates from as low as 8 kbps to as high as 2 mbps will be carried simultaneously on a single W-CDMA 5 MHz radio channel, and each channel will be able to support between 100 and 350 simultaneous voice calls at once, depending on antenna sectoring, propagation conditions, user velocity, and antenna polarizations. W-CDMA employs variable/selectable direct sequence spread spectrum chip rates that can exceed 16 Mega chips per second per user. A common rule of thumb is that WCDMA will provide at least a six times increase in spectral efficiency over GSM when compared on a system wide basis [buc00]. Because W-CDMA will require expensive new base station equipment, the installation of W-CDMA will likely be slow and gradual throughout the world. Thus, the evolutionary path to 3G will require dual mode or tri-mode cell phones that can automatically switch between the incumbent 2G TDMA technology, EDGE, or W-CDMA service where its available. By 2010-1015,it is likely that W-CDMA will be fully installed, eliminating the need backward compatibility with GSM/GPRS, IS-136, PDC, and EDGE. for

3G cdma2000:

The cdma2000 vision provides a seamless and evolutionary high data rate upgrade path for current user of 2G and 2.5G CDMA technology, using a building block approach that centers on the original 2G CDMA channel bandwidth of 1.25 MHz per radio channel. Based upon the original IS-95 and IS-95A (cdmaone) CDMA standards, as well as the 2.5G IS-95b air interface, the cdma2000 3G standard allows wireless carriers to introduce a family of new high data rate internet access capabilities in a gradual manner within existing systems, while assuring that such upgrades maintain backward compatibility with existing cdmaone and IS9b subscriber equipment. Thus,current CDMA operators may seamlessly and selectively introduce 3G capabilities at each cell without having to change out entire base stations or reallocate spectrum [Tie01], [Gar00], Kim00]. Cdma2000 IX supports an instantaneous data rate of up to 307 Kbps for a user in an packet mode, and yields typical throughout rates of up to 144 Kbps per user, depending on the number of user, the velocity of a user, and the propagation conditions. Cdma2000 IX can also support up to twice as many voice users as the 2G CDMA standard, and provides the subscriber unit with up to two times the standby time for longer lasting battery life. Cdma2000is being developed for both FDD (mobile radio) and TDD (in building cordless) applications. The improvements in cdma2000 IX over 2G and 2.5G CDMA systems are gained through the use of rapidly adaptable base band signaling rates and chipping rates for each user (provides through incremental redundancy) and multi-level keying within the same gross framework of the original cdma One standard. No additional RF equipment is needed to enhance performancethe changes are all made in software or in base band hardware. To upgrade from 2G CDMA to cdma2000 IX, a wireless carrier merely needs to purchase new backbone software and new channel cards at the base station, without having to change out RF system components at the base station. Cdma2000 1*EV provides CDMA carriers with the option of installing radio channels with data only (cdma2000 1*EV-DO) or with data and voice (cdma2000 1*EV-

DV). Using cdma2000 1*EV technology, individual 1.25 MHz channels may be installed in CDMA base stations to provide specific high-speed packet data access within selected cells. The cdma2000 1*EV-DO option dedicates the radio channel strictly to data user, and supports greater than 2.4 Mbps of instantaneous high-speed packet throughout per user on a particular CDMA channel, although actual user data rates are typically much lower and are highly dependent upon the number of user, the propagation conditions, and vehicle speed. Typically users may experience throughout on the order of several hundred kilobits per second, which is sufficient to ports both voice and data user, and can offer usable data rates up to 144 kilobits per second with about twice as many voice channels as IS-95B. The ultimate 3G solutions for CDMA relies upon multicarrier techniques that gang adjacent cdmaOne radio channels together for increased bandwidth. The cdma2000 3*RTT standard uses three adjacent 1.25 MHz radio channels that are used together to provide packet data throughout speeds in excess of 2 Mbps per user, depending upon cell loading, vehicle speed, and propagation conditions. Three non-adjacent radio channels may be operated simultaneously and in parallel as individual 1.25 MHz channels (in which case no new RF hardware is required at the base station), or adjacent channels may be combined into a single 3.75 MHz super channels (in which case new RF hardware is required at the base station). The China Academy of Telecommunications technology (CATT) and Siemens Corporation jointly submitted an IMT-2000 3G standard proposal in 1998, based on Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). This proposal was adopted by ITU as one of the 3G options in late 1999. TD-SCMA relies on the existing core GSM infrastructure and allows a 3G network to evolve through the addition of high data rate equipment at each GSM base station. TD-SCDMA [TD-SCDMA Forum]. The radio channels in TD-SCDMA are 1.6 MHz in bandwidth and rely on smart antennas, spatial filtering, and joint detection techniques to yield several times more spectrum efficiency than GSM. A 5-millisecond

frame is used in TD-SCDMA, and this frame is subdivided into seven time slots, which are flexibly, assigned to either a single high data rate user or several slower users. By using TDD, different time slots within a single frame on a single carrier frequency are used to provide both forward channel and reverse channel transmissions.

Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS:

One of the most promising applications for LMDS is in a local exchange carrier (LEC) network. Figure shows a typical network configuration, where the LEC owns a very wide bandwidth asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) or Synchronous Optical Network (Microwave wireless links can be used to create a wireless local loop (WLL) such as the one shown in figure in many developing nations, capable is too expensive or can take months or years to install. Wireless equipment, on the other hand, can usually be deployed in just a couple of hours. An additional benefit of WLL technology is that once the wireless equipment is paid for, there are no additional costs for transport between the CO and the customer premises equipment (CPE), whereas buried cables often must be leased from a service provider or utility company on a monthly basis. It is possible that WLL system could compete with copper-wire based Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) technologies that are rapidly proliferating. The US LMDS band is 27.5-28.35 GHz, 29.1-29.25 GHz, and 31.075-31.225 GHZ. The IEEE 802.16 standards committee is developing interoperability standards for fixed broadband wireless access. In Europe, a similar standard, HIPERACCESS, is being developed by a standardization committee for Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN) for operation in the 40.5-43.5 GHZ band; it will use TDMA. Also, HIPERLINK

is a very high speed short range interconnection for HIPERLANs and HIPERACCESS, up to 155 Mbps within 150 meters, and is planned to operate in the 17 GHZ band in Europe. In Figure, each rectangle has an area proportional to the amount of radio spectrum allocated to the specified service. For example, the US cellular service was first issued spectrum in 1983 and currently occupies 50 MHz of total bandwidth. The PCS service occupies 150 MHz of bandwidth, and the unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (UNII) band, discussed in section 2.3, occupies 300 MHz. LMDS, on the other hand, was allocated a whopping 1300 MHz of bandwidthenough spectrum to provided over 200 broadcast quality television channels or 65,000 full duplex voice channels. (SONET) backbone switch, capable of connecting hundreds of megabits per second of traffic with the internet, the PSTN, or to its own private network. As long as a LOS path exist, LMDS will allow LECs toinstall wireless equipment on the premises of customers for rapid broadband connectivity without having to lease or install its own cables to the customers.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANS):

The IEEE 802.22 wireless LAN working group was founded in 1987 to begin standardization of spread spectrum WLANs for use in the ISM bands. IEEE 802.11 was standardized in 1997 and provides interoperability standards for WLAN manufacturers using 11 Mcps DS-SS spreading and 2Mbps user data rates (with fallback to 1Mbps in noisy conditions). With an international standard now approved, numerous manufacturers began to comply for interoperability, and the market began to accelerate rapidly. Figure illustrates the evolution of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standards, which also include infrared communications. Figure shows how both frequency hopping and direct sequence approaches were used in the original IEEE 802.11 standard (2 Mbps user throughout), but as of late 2001 only direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) modems had thus far been standardized for high rate (11 Mbps) user data rates within IEEE 802.11. The IEEE 802.11a standard, which will provide up to 54 Mbps throughout in the

5 GHz band. The DS-SS IEEE 802.11.b standard has been named Wi-Fi by the wireless Ethernet compatibility alliance, a group that promotes adoption of 802.11b DS-SS WLAN equipment and interoperability between vendors. IEEE 802.11g is developing Complimentary Code Keying Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CCKOFDM) standards in both the 2.4 GHz (802.11b) and 5 GHz (802.11a) bands, and will support roaming capabilities and dual-band use for public WLAN networks, while supporting backward compatibility with 802.11b technology. The frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) proponents of IEEE 802.11 have formed the HomeRF standard that supports frequency-hopping equipment. In 2001, HomeRF developed an Mbps FH-SS standard called HomeRF 2.0. It is worth noting that both DS and FH types of WLANs must operate in the same unlicensed bands that contain cordless phones, baby monitors, Blue tooth devices, and other WLAN users. In Europe in the mid 1990s, the High Performance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) standard was developed to provide a similar capability to IEEE 802.11. HIPERLAN was intended to provide individual wireless LANs for computer communications and used the 5.2GHz and the 17.1 GHz frequency bands. HIPERLAN provides asynchronous user data rates of between 1 to 20 Mbps, as well as time bounded messaging at rates of 64 Kbps to 2.048 Mbps HIPERLAN was designed to operate up to vehicle speeds of 35 km/hr, and typically provided 20 Mbps throughout at 50 m range. Europes ETSI established a standardization committee for Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRANs). The goal of BRAN is to develop a family of broadband WLAN-type protocols that allow user interoperability, covering both short range (e.g., WLAN) and long range (e.g., fixed wireless) networking. HIPERLAN/2 has emerged as the next generation European WLAN standard and will provided up to 54 Mbps of user data to a variety of networks, including the ATM backbone, IP based networks, and the UMTS core. HIPERLAN/2 is anticipated to operate in the 5 GHz band. Meanwhile, IEEE 802.11a is emerging as North Americas next generation WLAN. Like HIPERLAN/2, IEEE 802.11a supports up to 54 Mbps user data rate for integration into backbone ATM,

UMTS, and IP networks and will operate in the 5.15-5.35 GHz ISM band. Meanwhile, Japans Multimedia Mobile Access Communication System (MMAC) has been developing high data rate (25 Mbps) WLAN standards for use in the 5.15-5.35 GHz band.

BLUE TOOTH AND PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PANs):

Blue tooth is an open standard that has been embraced by over 1,000 manufacture of electronic appliances. It provides an ad-hoc approach for enabling various devices to ommunicate with one another within a nominal 10meter range. Blue tooth operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band (2400-2483.5 MHz) and uses a frequency hopping TDD scheme for each radio channel. Each Blue tooth radio channel. Each Blue tooth radio channel has a 1Mhz bandwidth and hops at a rate of approximately 1600 hops per second. Transmissions are performed in 625 microsecond slots with a single packet transmitted over a single slot. For long data transmissions, particular users may occupy multiple slots using the same transmission frequency, thus slowing the instantaneous hopping rate to below 1600 hops/second. The frequency-hopping scheme of each Blue tooth user is determined from a cyclic of length 2^27-1, and each user has a symbol rate of 1 Mbps using GFSK modulation. The standard has been designed to support operation in very high interference levels and relies on a number of forward error control (FEC) coding and automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes to support a raw channel bit error rate (BER) of about 10^-3. Different countries have allocated various channels for Blue tooth operation. In the US and most of Europe, the FHSS 2.4 GHz ISM band is available for Blue tooth use. A detailed list of states is defined in the Blue tooth standard to support a wide range of applications, appliances, and potential uses of the Personal Area Network. Audio, text, data, and even video are contemplated in the Blue tooth standard [Tra01]. Fig provides a depiction of the Blue tooth concept where a gateway to the Internet via IEEE 802.11b is shown as a conceptual possibility.

The IEEE 802.15 standards committee has been formed to provide an international forum for developing Blue tooth and other PANs that interconnect pocket PCs, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, light projectors, and other appliances [Bra00]. With the rapid proliferation of wearable computers, such as PDAs, cell phones, smart cards, and position location devices, PANs may provide the connection to an entire new era of remote retrial and monitoring of the world around us.

CONCLUSION:
Thus we have discussed elaborately, the role played by 3G networks in wireless communications. The impact of 3G W-CDMA, WLL, LMDS, WLANs, Bluetooth and PANs are fast growing at present and will grow even in the future. Especially the Bluetooth and PANs are developing more fast and act as an International Forum for developing other new schemes and tactics in wireless and mobile communications. It is no doubt that the worlds history may be called as Wireless Era in the near future.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1) Wireless and Mobile Communication by Theoddre.S.Rappaport. 2) Wireless Communication by Schiller.