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Cellular Telephony
Characterized by
High mobility provision
Wide-range Handoff and roaming support Integrated with sophisticated public switched telephone network (PSTN) High transmit power requires at the handsets (~2W) Power falloff actually helps
A common misconception is that since received power is proportional
1/ra, capacity is badly hurt as the pathloss exponent a increases. Wrong!
Smaller cells when range is short give more bandwidth reuse!
Cellular Standards Cellular Networks First Generation • Analog Systems • Analog Modulation, mostly FM • AMPS • Voice Traffic • FDMA/FDD multiple access Second Generation (2G) • Digital Systems • Digital Modulation • Voice Traffic • TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access 2.5G • Digital Systems • Voice + Low-data rate
Systems • One high-power transmitter was used to cover a large area-- -approx. 50km. Located at a very high spot • The mobiles were simultaneously connected using different Frequency channels
Capacity of such systems was
very limited 1G 1G is first-generation wireless telephone technology that are analog- based and were introduced in the 1980s.
• Nordic Mobile Telephone, used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,
Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. • AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States and Australia • TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom • In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-801, TZ- 802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT, while a competing system operated by DDI used the JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System) standard. 2G
Second Generation standards use digital modulation formats and TDMA/FDD
and CDMA/FDD multiple access techniques
The most popular 2G standards include three TDMA standards and one CDMA standard
(a) Global System Mobile (GSM)
Supports eight time slotted users for each 200khz radio channel Widely deployed in cellular and PCS bands in Europe, Australia, South America and some parts of US
(b) Interim Standard I36(IS-136)
Also known as North American Digital Cellular (NADC) or US Digital cellular (USDC) which supports three time slotted users for each 30KHz radio channel 2G
(c) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC)
A Japanese TDMA standard that is similar to IS-136 with more than 50 million users
(d) 2G CDMA standard Interim Standard 95 Code Division Multiple
Access(IS-95) Also known as cdmaOne, supports up to 64 users that are orthogonally coded and simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25MHz channel Widely deployed by carriers in north America (in both cellular and PCS bands) as well as in Korea, Japan, China, South America, and Australia 2G Technologies 2G and Data 2G is developed for voice communications and were designed before the wide spread of the internet
Can send data over 2G channels by using modem
Provides data rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
2G standards are able to support limited Internet browsing and sophisticated
short messaging capabilities using a circuit switched approach. SMS is popular feature of GSM. Increased data rates are required for internet applications
This requires evolution towards new systems: 2.5 G
2.5 G Allow exiting 2G equipment to be modified and supplemented with new base station add-ons and subscriber unit software upgrades to support higher data rate transmission for web browsing, email traffic, mobile commerce.
2.5 G also support a popular new web browsing format language, called Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), that allows standard web pages to be viewed in a compressed format specifically designed for small portable and hand held wireless devices
2.5 G upgrade solution designed for GSM must dovetail with the original GSM air interface standard otherwise be incompatible and require wholesale equipment changes at each base station 2.5 G
2.5G is between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies used to
describe 2G-systems that provide packet switching in addition to circuit switching
2.5G provides some of the benefits of 3G (e.g. it is packet-switched)
and can use some of the existing 2G infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks. Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
Three different paths have been developed for GSM carriers and two of these solutions also support IS-36.The three TDMA upgrade options include
a) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
b) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) c) Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
These options provide significant improvements in internet access speed
over today's GSM and IS-136 technology and support the creation of new internet- ready cell phones. Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
Is a circuit switched technique that allows a single mobile subscriber
to use consecutive user time slots to obtain the higher speed data access in the GSM standard for data transmissions
Increases the available application data rate to 14,400 bps as compared to
original 9,600 bps in GSM specification.
Requires service provider to implement a software change at existing GSM
base stations. Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) allows multiple slots to be
assigned for data connection.
Problem : usage of scarce radio resource, since it is circuit switched allocates
timeslots even when nothing is being transmitted.
Advantage : Good for real-time applications.
Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
General Packet radio service is a packet based data network, which is well suited for non real time internet usage including the retrieval of email, faxes and asymmetric web browsing
GPRS retains the original modulation formats specified in the original
2G TDMA standards, but uses a completely redefined air interface in order to better handle packet data access.
GPRS subscriber unit are automatically instructed to tune to dedicated GPRS
radio channel and particular time slots for always on access to the network Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
GPRS for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
When all eight time slots of a GSM radio channel are dedicated to GPRS, an individual user is able to achieve as much as 171.2Kbps
Implementation of GPRS requires the GSM operator to install new routers and internet gateways at the base station, along with new software that redefines the base station air interface standard for GSM channels and time slots, no new base station RF hardware is required.
GPRS was originally designed to provide packet data access for GSM networks but at the request of IS-136 operators, GPRS was extended to include both TDMA standards. Evolution for 2.5G TDMA standards
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
EDGE stands for Enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution, more advanced upgrade to GSM standard, requires addition of new hardware and software
EDGE introduces new digital modulation format, 8PSK, which is used in
addition to GSM standard GMSK modulation
New handset work on Edge networks at 384kbps.GSM and GPRS only phones will not work in EDGE networks. 2.5G CDMA
IS 95B for 2.5G CDMA
The interim data solution for CDMA is called IS-95B
Like GPRS IS-95B is already being deployed worldwide and provides high speed packet and circuit switched data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple orthogonal user channels Upgrades paths for 2G Technologies 3G 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and technology based on ITU standards under IMT-2000
3G technologies enable network operators to offer users a wider range
of more advanced services Multi-megabit Internet access, communications using Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency.
Services include wide-area wireless voice telephony and broadband
wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Typically, they provide service at 5-10 Mb per second.
International Mobile Telephone
ITU formulated a plan to implement a global frequency band in the
2000MHZ range that would support single wireless communication standard for all countries throughout the world this plan is called International Mobile Telephone 2000(IMT 2000)
Single worldwide standard has not materialized as the world wide user community remains split between the two camps GSM/IS-136/PDC and CDMA 3G Systems Evolution of Systems
CDMA system evolved to CDMA2000, several variants of
• Future systems 8Mbps • Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
New spectrum is allocated for these technologies
3G Systems
The ITU IMT-2000 standard organizations are currently separated into
two major organizations reflecting the two 3G camps
3GPP: 3G partnership Project for Wideband CDMA standards based on backward compatibility with GSM and IS-136/PDC
3GPP2: 3G partnership Project for CDMA 2000 standards based on the backward compatibility with IS-95 Basics Early mobile telephony systems were not cellular. Coverage over a large area was provided by a high powered transmitter mounted on a tall tower. Frequency reuse was not employed. That resulted in very low capacity
The cellular concept arose from the need to restructure the radio telephone system with the increase in demand. The increase in demand could not be satisfied just by additional spectrum allocations
Cellular Concept: replace large transmitters with many smaller
transmitters. Neighboring base stations (BS) are assigned different sets of channels. Capacity can be increased by additional partitions Basics Cell – a geographical area covered by a BS
Frequency Reuse – the frequency
channels allocation scheme
For convenience, the cells are
shown with a hex pattern. A hex pattern is the simplest pattern that can tessellate an area
In practice, cells are not hexagonal
and BS are not exactly in the center of the cell An Example of Cellular Cluster
