• Cellular communications – Explosive growth Since the mid 1990s – 600 millions users in late 2001 – 2 billion (about 30% of the world population) by the end of 2006. Introduction
Figure 2.1 Growth of cellular telephone subscribers throughout the world.
1-G Cellular Networks • First generation cellular systems relied exclusively on – Only Voice – Analog FM – FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) • Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a Channel Access Method used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol. – FDD (frequency-division duplexing) • Separate frequencies are used in FDD for uplink and downlink 1-G Cellular Networks 2-G Cellular Networks • Second generation standards use multiple access techniques – Voice and data – Digital modulation formats – TDMA/FDD – CDMA/FDD 2-G Cellular Networks • Global System Mobile (GSM) – Use TDMA/FDD – Supports eight time slotted users for each 200 KHz radio channel – Deployed widely by service providers in Europe, Asia, Australia, South America, and some parts of the US. – Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) 2-G Cellular Networks • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – The popular 2G CDMA standard Interim Standard 95 Code Division Multiple Access (IS-95) – Also known as CDMAOne . CDMA is widely deployed by carriers in North America, as well as in Korea, Japan, China, South America and Australia. 2-G Cellular Networks 2-G Cellular Networks • Limitations – circuit-switched data modems that limit data users to a single circuit-switched voice channel – Support 9.6 kilobits per second transmission rates for data messages. • Due to relatively small data rates, 2 G standards are able to support limited Internet browsing and sophisticated short messaging capabilities using a circuit switched approach. 2.5-G Cellular Networks • Evolution of 2.5 G – Allow existing 2G equipment to be modified – New base station add-ons and Subscriber unit software upgrades • Support higher data rate transmissions for web browsing, e- mail traffic and location-based mobile services. – Support a popular new browsing format language, called Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), • Allows standard web pages in a compressed format specifically designed for small, portable hand held wireless devices. 2.5-G Cellular Networks
Figure 2.3 Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.
2.5-G Cellular Networks • Upgradations for 2 G – High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) – IS 95B for CDMA 2.5-G Cellular Networks • High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) – It is a circuit switched technique – Allows a single mobile subscriber to use consecutive user time slots instead of limiting each user to only one specific time slot in the GSM TDMA standard. – The application data rate to 14400 bps as compared to the original 9600 bps in the GSM specification. – HSCSD is ideal for dedicated streaming Internet access or real-time interactive web sessions – It requires the service provider to implement a software change at existing GSM base stations. 2.5-G Cellular Networks • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) – GPRS is a packet-based data network – Suited for non-real time internet usage, • including the retrieval of email and web browsing where the user downloads much more data than it uploads. – Unlike HSCSD, which dedicates circuit switched channels to specific users, GPRS supports multi-user network sharing of individual radio channels and time slots. – GPRS can support many more user than HSCSD, but in a bursty manner. 2.5-G Cellular Networks • Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) – More advance upgrade – Requires new hardware and software in existing BS – Use multiple modulation and coding scheme. • Change datarate with channel condition – Use slotting scheme. – Maximum datarate is several mbps to an individual user. 2.5-G Cellular Networks • IS 95B for CDMA – CDMA has a single upgrade path for eventual 3G operation. – The interim data solution for CDMA is called IS-95-B. – IS-95B provides high speed packet and circuit switched data access on a common CDMA radio channel by dedicating multiple user channels for specific users and specific purposes. – IS-95 throughput rate was 9600 bps, IS-95A throughput rate was 14400 bps while IS-95B throughput rate was 64 kbps. 3-G Cellular Networks • Multi-megabit Internet • VoIP • Ubiquitous (anytime any where) • Global frequency band in 2000 MHz range – International mobile telephony 2000 (IMT-2000) • Unfortunately no single worldwide standard for 3G • Split between 2 camps – GSM/IS-136 – CDMA 2000 3-G Cellular Networks • 3G Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) – Also known as UMTS (Universal mobile telecommunications system) – Provide a high capacity upgrade path for GSM • Backward compatible with GSM – Support 2.048 Mbps per user • High quality data, multimedia, audio, video, videoconferencing, m-commerce, etc – Minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz – At least 6 times increase in spectral efficiency 3-G Cellular Networks • 3G W-CDMA disadvantages – Very expensive base station equipments • Slow world-wide installation – Requires duel-mode or tri-mode cell phones • Able to switch between 2G TDMA, EDGE or W- CDMA. – Need to be backward compatible with GPRS, EDGE, IS-136, PDC, etc – It is expected that W-CDMA will be fully installed worldwide by 2015. 3-G Cellular Networks • 3G cdma2000 – Backward compatible with CDMAone, IS-95A and IS- 95B IS-95B. – Also known as G3G-MC-CDMA-1X • 1X indicates only one carrier of multi-carrier • One carrier use 1.25 MHz radio channel • 144-307 kbps data rate • Adaptable signaling rate and chipping rate – No additional RF equipment is needed • Changes from 2G-CDMA are all made in software 3-G Cellular Networks 3-G Cellular Networks
