Telecommunication Networks

University Of Gondar
Department of Electrical Engineering
Presented by:
Communication stream
Elias Kifleyohanes
Gemechu Tesfaye
Eyasu Bekele
Gashaw Dessie
Yibralem Yohanis
 Telecommunication Networks

Overview

1.Compare and Contrast GSM, GPRS and EDGE?

2.Compare WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ with GSMA/GPRS/EDGE in terms of
Duplexing, Multiple Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance?
3.Compare LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro with HSPA/HSPA+ in terms of Multiple Access,
Modulation, Coding and Performance and other capabilities?
4.List and describe the enabling technology of 5th generation mobile network.

1
 Telecommunication Networks

GSM -CONCEPT

• GSM stands for “Global System for Mobile Communications”, but originally “Groupe
Spécial Mobile”.
• is a second-generation (2G) standard employing time-division multiple-Access
(TDMA).
• digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services
• it provides standard features like phone call encryption, data networking, caller ID,
call forwarding, call waiting, SMS, and conferencing.
• operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.
• GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel

2
 Telecommunication Networks

FEATURES OF GSM

• Improved spectrum efficiency.

• International roaming.
• Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN).
• Support for new services.
• SIM phone-book management.
• Fixed dialing number (FDN).
• Real-time clock with alarm management.
• High-quality speech.

3
 Telecommunication Networks

GPRS

• known as General Packet Radio System.

• allows to make voice calls, and access internet on-the-go.
• also Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) users benefit from this system.
• permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol (IP) based core
architecture for integrated voice and data applications.
• supersedes the wired connections, as this system has simplified access to the
packet data networks like the internet.

4
 Telecommunication Networks

Key Features

• Following three key features describe wireless packet data:

 The always online feature - Removes the dial-up process, making applications
only one click away.
 An upgrade to existing systems - Operators do not have to replace their
equipment; rather, GPRS is added on top of the existing infrastructure.
 An integral part of future 3G systems - GPRS is the packet data core network for
3G systems EDGE and WCDMA.

5
 Telecommunication Networks

EDGE

• EDGE means “Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution”.

• technique for increasing the data transmission rate in GSM networks
by introducing an additional modulation method .
• evolution of the GSM technology.
• basically it is a GSM with more bits per baud.
• It uses a backward-compatible extension of GSM of digital mobile
technology.

6
 Telecommunication Networks

Key Features

It provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS.

It is standardized by 3GPP.
EDGE is used for any packet switched application,like an Internet
connection.
 EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel and it increase the
capacity and performance.

7
 Telecommunication Networks

Difference of GSM, GPRS, EDGE

i. GSM
• GSM, stands for Global Systems for Mobile Communications.
• basic standard bearer of 2G technologies.
• the data rate is only 9.6Kb/s,which is very low bit rate for data communication.
ii. GPRS
• GPRS, stands for General Packet Radio Service.
• used to give higher data speed over GSM.
• It allowed subscribers to send videos, pictures or sound clips to each other just like
text messages.
• offers higher bit rate (Up to 171kb/s) by usage of A packet-linked technology over
GSM.
8
 Telecommunication Networks

Difference of GSM, GPRS, EDGE

iii. EDGE
• EDGE stands for Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution.
also termed as Enhanced GPRS
• provide faster data speeds and is often regarded as a stepping stone towards 3G
thus it is called 2.5G
• gives the users the inimitable chance to increase the throughput capacity and the
data speed at least 3 to 4 times higher to what GPRS offers.
• EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology but GPRS is a mobile data service

9
 Telecommunication Networks

Overview

1.Compare and Contrast GSM, GPRS and EDGE?

2.Compare WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ with GSMA/GPRS/EDGE in terms of
Duplexing, Multiple Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance?
3.Compare LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro with HSPA/HSPA+ in terms of Multiple
Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance and other capabilities?
4.List and describe the enabling technology of 5th generation mobile
network.

10
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Duplexing

 WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ :
• deploys a Direct Sequence Code Division Method (DS-CDMA) channel access
method, a frequency division duplexing.
has two modes:
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
• method of separating users by software and hardware.
• They use the code as well as the frequencies to differentiate between the users
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)
• in addition to the frequencies and code another factor time is used to
differentiate between the users. 

11
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Duplexing

 GSM/GPRS/EDGE:
• uses FDD (frequency division duplexing) and provides separate channels for uplink
and downlink
• however, in this link, that the mobile station does not receive and transmit at the
same time.

12
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of multiple access

 WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ :
• Although WCDMA is designed to operate on evolved GSM core networks, it uses
code division multiple access (CDMA) for its air interface.
• The TDD mode of WCDMA actually employs a combination of TDMA and CDMA.
 GSM/GPRS/EDGE:
• The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency-
division duplex (FDD) and TDMA.

13
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Modulation and coding

 WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ :
• was introduced to provide higher data rates in mobile communication.
• two modulation techniques of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) used in WCDMA systems
• HSPA+ introduces higher-level modulation techniques 16-state quadrature
amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and 64-state QAM (64-QAM) in the uplink and
downlink respectively.

14
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Modulation and coding

 GSM/GPRS/EDGE:
• GSM uses a digital modulation format called 0.3GMSK (Gaussian minimum shift
keying).
• 0.3 describes the bandwidth of the Gaussian filter with relation to the bit rate.
• GMSK is a special type of digital FM modulation.
• EDGE uses a different and more efficient modulation scheme,eight-phase shift
key (8-PSK), rather than the Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) .

15
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Performance

• WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ offers a wide area as compared to GSM.

• Also have better efficiency than GSM.
• Also having a fast speed in communication over the network as compared to
GSM.
• While GSM does not support WCDMA , WCDMA support GSM.
• signal can be treated effortlessly In WCDMA, while in GSM can’t.

16
 Telecommunication Networks

Overview

1.Compare and Contrast GSM, GPRS and EDGE?

2.Compare WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ with GSMA/GPRS/EDGE in terms of
Duplexing, Multiple Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance?
3.Compare LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro with HSPA/HSPA+ in terms of Multiple
Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance and other capabilities?
4.List and describe the enabling technology of 5th generation mobile
network.

17
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of multiple access

 LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro
• In LTE, the primary multiple access scheme is Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access (OFDMA).
• OFDMA is a variant of Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA).
• OFDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band by separating
their signals in the frequency domain.
• Multiple access in LTE allows multiple users to share the available spectrum and
communicate with the network simultaneously.

18
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of multiple access

• HSPA/HSPA+
HSPA it uses code division multiple access (CDMA2000).
HSPA+ more spectrally efficient by including world wide inter operability for
mirowave Access (WiMAX) release 1.0.

19
 Telecommunication Networks

in terms of Modulation

 LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro:
• modulation techniques used by 4G LTE networks are Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK).
• LTE Advanced networks use 256 QAM.
 HSPA/HSPA+
• introduces higher-level modulation techniques such as 16-state quadrature
amplitude modulation (16QAM) and 64-state QAM (64QAM) in the uplink and
downlink respectively.

20
 Telecommunication Networks

Performance

• HSPA+ or Evolved High Speed Packet Access is a souped-up version of HSUPA and
HSDPA 3G standards with speeds comparable to the newer LTE networks.
• .Theoretical speeds are said to feature download speeds up to 168Mbps and
uplink of 22Mbps
• On the other hand, LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is considered a “true” 4G
network.
• Theoretical speeds boast downlink speeds of 300Mbps and uploads of 75Mbps.
• LTE is not compatible with 2G and 3G networks and thus, functions on an entirely
different wireless spectrum.
• LTE is fast! While HSPA+ is definitely good enough, the LTE networks(in their
current state) are 20-30% faster.
21
 Telecommunication Networks

Overview

1.Compare and Contrast GSM, GPRS and EDGE?

2.Compare WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ with GSMA/GPRS/EDGE in terms of
Duplexing, Multiple Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance?
3.Compare LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro with HSPA/HSPA+ in terms of Multiple
Access, Modulation, Coding and Performance and other capabilities?
4.List and describe the enabling technology of 5th generation mobile
network.

22
 Telecommunication Networks

enabling technologies OF 5G networks

• The key enabling technologies used in 5G networks include:

 Device-to-device (D2D) communication,
 Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,
 Millimetre Wave,
 Quality of Service (QoS),
 Network Function Virtualization (NFV),
 Vehicle-to-everything (V2X),
 Full-Duplex and
 Green Communication

23
 Telecommunication Networks

Direct Device-to-Device (D2D) communication

direct communication between devices (i.e. users) without data traffic going
through any infrastructure node.
the benefits resulting from D2D operation include:
 highly increased spectral efficiency
 Improved typical user data rate and capacity per area
 extended coverage
 reduced latency
 enhanced cost and power efficiency.

24
 Telecommunication Networks

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication

• form of data communication that involves one or more entities that do not
necessarily require human interaction or intervention in the process of
communication.
• different from the current communication models in the ways that it involves:
 lower costs and effort
 potentially very large number of communicating terminals
 little traffic per terminal

25
 Telecommunication Networks

Millimeter wave technology

• Millimeter wave technology refers to signals with a wavelength that’s measured

in millimeters, defined between 30 GHz and 300 GHz.
• Many of these bands were allocated to other groups of users,long before the
importance of mobile communications was realized.

26
 Telecommunication Networks

Quality of Service (QoS)

• impact of service quality on the trust to (in) 5G networks include:

 Secure Guest Access : Guests obtain restricted network access without
threatening the host network.
 User Authentication:
 Endpoint Integrity : Network performs a health check for devices connecting to
the network.Devices out of compliance can be restricted or repaired.
 Coordinated Security : Security systems coordinate and share information via
the IF_x0002_MAP standard improving accuracy and enabling intelligent
response.
Client-less Endpoint Management

27
 Telecommunication Networks

network functions virtualization ( nfv )

• allows for the separation of communication services from dedicated hardware,

such as routers and firewalls.
• This separation means network operations can provide new services dynamically
and without installing new hardware.
• Additional reasons to use network functions virtualization include:
 Pay-as-you-go: can reduce costs because businesses pay only for what they
need.
 Fewer appliances: Because NFV runs on virtual machines instead of physical
machines, fewer appliances are necessary and operational costs are lower.
 Scalability: Scaling the network architecture with virtual machines is faster and
easier, and it does not require purchasing additional hardware.

28
 Telecommunication Networks

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication

• allows vehicles within a certain distance from each other to share relevant
information.

29
 Telecommunication Networks

Full Duplex

• With 5G, a transceiver will be able to transmit and receive data at the
same time, on the same frequency. This technology is known as full
duplex.

30
 Telecommunication Networks

Green Communication

• strategy to reduce the Carbon footprint produced by the networking sector.

• It consists in using different software and hardware techniques allowing to
minimize the energy consumption of network components.

31
Telecommunication Networks